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 VOLUME Vol.05 Issue03 2025 

PAGE NO. 24-27 

DOI 10.37547/ajahi/Volume05Issue03-07 

 
 
 
 

Determining the water capacity demand of the soil in the 

study area 
 

To’rayev Oktam Ismoilovich 

Independent researcher, 100086, Termez city. I.Karimov street, 288. Termez State University of Engineering and Agrotechnology, 

Uzbekistan 

 

 

Received: 23 January 2025; Accepted: 26 February 2025; Published: 25 March 2025 

 

Abstract: Currently, in a period of expected climate change, specific soil conditions are observed in every part of 
our country. In restoring the soil structure, various chemical elements in the soil, their structure, mechanical 
composition, satisfaction of water demand, as well as the application of organic and mineral fertilizers to the soil 
and its water-holding capacity are of great importance. The main task of today is to analyze the data obtained 
from the analysis of the formation of soil structure depending on physicochemical factors - the amount of 
precipitation, the amount of water and its porosity, the type of soil, and its mechanical composition.   

 

Keywords: Soil, water, irrigation, climate, permeability, temperature, humidity, mechanical composition, 
capacity. 

 

Introduction: The mechanical elements of the soil 
adhere to each other, forming lumps (aggregates) of 
various sizes and shapes. Its property of forming 
aggregates from mechanical elements is called the 
property of forming structures. In soil science, the 
structure of the soil is understood as its property of 
separating into soil aggregates (lumps) of various 
shapes and sizes. From the point of view of agronomy, 
only lumps that are not washed away by water, that is, 
are strong, are considered the best. 

Soil is an important object for the growth and 
development of plants. There were different views on 
the properties of soil in different periods of 
development of agriculture. Of course, these views 
were evaluated relatively depending on the growth and 
development of plants in this soil. If a plant grows well 
and produces fruit in this soil, then this soil is called 
good, and vice versa, bad. Soil is considered a source of 
nutrients and water necessary for plant life, and its 
structural state is one of the important factors affecting 
its fertility. Such clods are water-resistant, and the soil 
formed from them is called strong structural soil. 
Structureless soils are composed of clods that easily 
crumble under the influence of water. 

Depending on the size of the clods, soils are divided into 
the following types: 

- clods with a diameter of more than 10 mm - 
megastructural; 

- clods with a diameter of 0.25 to 10 mm - 
macrostructural; 

- Particles smaller than 0.25 mm in diameter are 
classified as microstructured soil. 

Clasts from 1 to 3 mm in size are considered the best 
water-resistant clasts from an agronomic point of view. 
The rate of formation of the topsoil layer is 
approximately 2.5 cm per 100-1000 years. This 
indicator varies depending on the climate, grasslands, 
soil type and land use. Many living organisms, such as 
bacteria, fungi, worms, insects, participate in soil 
formation. This process is very slow in deserts, high 
mountains and regions close to the Arctic Circle. 

This layer is very thin in our climatic conditions, and in 
the climate of Uzbekistan it takes more than a hundred 
years for one centimeter of fertile soil to form, unless 
other negative factors interfere with this process, of 
course. Therefore, the amount of land suitable for 
growing crops is also very limited: all agriculture in 
Uzbekistan is concentrated along rivers and in narrow 
strips of land between mountains and deserts. It would 
not be wrong to say that only 9.5% of the land in our 
country feeds the population of the republic. This is 

 

https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume05Issue03-07
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume05Issue03-07
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume05Issue03-07
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajahi/Volume05Issue03-07


American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations 25 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559) 
 

 

very valuable capital - not a reserve, but precisely the 
capital that needs to be preserved.     

Soil provides crops from which food, clothing and most 
of the clothing for human needs are obtained. The 
population of the country is growing, and with it the 
needs are also increasing. Man conquers new lands 
without caring about the old ones. The areas suitable 
for cultivating the land are decreasing. And their quality 
is decreasing... The process of deterioration of the 
quality of the land, the decrease in its productivity is 
land degradation. In arid climates, land degradation 
often turns into desertification, when fertile land turns 
into a desert. 

In a soil with a strong structure, due to the large volume 
of non-capillary pores, all precipitation and irrigation 
water are absorbed and stored well, and air exchange 
is much better in it than in fine-grained soil. Therefore, 
due to the sufficient amount of water and air in the 
structured soil, favorable conditions for the life of 
microorganisms are created, as a result of which 
nutrients necessary for plant life accumulate in the soil. 

The soil does not have a solid permanent structure. It is 
formed by the following factors: 

a) mechanical factors - under the influence of tractors, 
people, and animals moving in the fields, and the 
working bodies of working tools; 

b) physicochemical factors - under the influence of 
rainwater and the ammonium and hydrogen ions 
contained in them, the calcium and magnesium 
absorbed by the humus are squeezed out and the 
strength of the soil structure decreases; due to the 
crushing of soil particles under the influence of water 
discharge and, especially, during irrigation, the air 
squeezed out by the water; 

c) biological factors - under the influence of aerobic 
bacteria, the soil can be broken down into small 
particles as a result of the decomposition of humus, 
which binds the soil particles together. 

Soil samples, sieves with a base and lid, with holes of 
10, 7, 5, 3, 2, 1, 0.5 and 0.25 mm in diameter, a 1-liter 
cylinder with a diameter of 7 cm and a height of 45 cm, 
8 large and 9 small porcelain numbered cups, electronic 
scales, a water bath, a container or cylindrical tub with 
a diameter of 30-40 cm and a height of 30-35 cm. 

To restore the soil structure, annual and perennial 
grasses are planted in crop rotation, and organic 
fertilizers are also applied to the soil. The humus layer 
is renewed to form structural lumps and strengthen 
them. When planting annual plants and plowing the 
land with a peat plow in the fall, the structure of fine 
particles of the topsoil of the fields is partially restored. 

During plowing, the scythe plow throws the top layer of 
soil with fine particles, along with plant residues, to the 
bottom of the furrow, while the main body turns the 
soft, firm, lumpy soil of the lower layer, enriched with 
humus due to the anaerobic decomposition of organic 
matter, to the surface. 

There are several methods for studying the structural 
state of the soil.  

These are: 1) N.I. Savvinov's method - a method based 
on macroaggregate analysis by sieving the soil; 

2) V.R. Williams and P.A. Andrianov's method for 
determining the water resistance of soil 
macrostructures; 

3) K.K. Gedroys' method for determining the resistance 
of soil microstructural elements; 

4) D.T. Vilensky's drop method for determining the 
water resistance of aggregates. 

This method was developed at the Department of 
Agriculture of the Moscow Agricultural Academy 
named after K.A.Timiryazev and is based on 
macroaggregate analysis by sieving the soil. 

In this method of studying the state of soil structure: 

a) a soil sample is taken from the area to be examined 
and dried in air. Then 2.5 kg is weighed from it on a 
scale, passed through sieves with different mesh sizes 
and separated into the following 9 fractions: larger 
than 10 mm; 10-7; 7-5; 5-3; 3-2; 2-1; 1-0.5; 0.5-0.25 and 
smaller than 0.25 mm. A tray is placed on the bottom 
of the sieves to collect dust particles, and the top is 
covered with a lid to prevent soil particles from being 
scattered during sieving; 

b) after sieving, each fraction is weighed separately on 
a scale and calculated as a percentage, with 2.5 kg of 
soil being taken as 100%; 

c) To determine the percentage of strength of 
aggregates weighing 50 g, an average sample is taken. 
For this, an amount of soil equal to half the percentage 
of the fraction expressed in grams is taken from each 
sieve. In order to avoid clogging the holes of the lower 
sieve, the average sample may not be taken from a 
fraction with a diameter of less than 0.25 mm (although 
it is taken into account when calculating the average 
sample). The average sample is taken twice; 

g) The average sample obtained is placed in a cylinder 
filled with water and left undisturbed for 10 minutes. 
This is done to allow air to escape, which could 
mechanically damage the pieces during subsequent 
operations. 

 



American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations 26 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559) 
 

 

  

Figure 1. Passing soil from a cylinder 

through a set of sieves 

Figure 2. Laboratory equipment for 

determining the state of soil structure 

During the experiment, after 1-2 minutes, although 
most of the air has been released from the soil, a small 
part remains in the form of bubbles in large voids, and 
the remaining air is expelled. To do this, water is poured 
into the cylinder to the top, covered with a glass, 
quickly turned to a horizontal position, and then 
returned to a vertical position. After that, air begins to 
separate from the soil in the form of small bubbles; d) 
10 minutes after the soil sample is placed in the 
cylinder, the cylinder is covered with a glass, quickly 
turned over and held in this position for several 
seconds until large soil particles fall to the bottom. 
Then the cylinder is brought to its original position and 
the soil is expected to sink to the bottom. This 
operation is repeated 10 times. When the cylinder is 
turned over, weak aggregates and lumps with a 
diameter larger than 10 mm are separated into 
components; 

e) 5 sieves with a diameter of 20 cm, a height of 3 cm 
and holes of 0.25; 1; 2; 3; 5 mm are placed one above 
the other in a cylindrical bath filled with water. The 
water level should be 5-6 cm above the edge of the 
upper sieve. j) After the cylinder has been inverted ten 
times, it is brought onto the sieves. The cylinder is 
inverted and the window is opened under water. The 
soil mass in the cylinder falls onto the upper sieve. To 
ensure even distribution of the soil, the cylinder is 
rotated on the sieve without removing it from the 
water. After the main mass (larger than 0.25 mm) falls 
onto the surface of the sieve, 40-50 seconds later the 
mouth of the cylinder is closed again with a window 
under water and removed from the water; 

h) The sieved soil mass is sieved: for this, without 
removing the sieves from the water, all the sieves are 
raised 5-6 cm and quickly immersed in water again. 
They are held in this position for 2-3 seconds until the 
lumps fall back onto the sieve. Then the set of sieves is 
slowly raised and quickly immersed again. The upper 
sieves (5, 3 and 2 mm) are removed after shaking ten 
times, and the lower one is additionally shaken five  

more times and removed from the water; 

i) The lumps on the sieves are washed in a large 
porcelain bowl with a stream of water from the 
washing device, after removing excess water, they are 
placed in small porcelain bowls that have been 
previously weighed and numbered; 

k) Then the bowls are placed in a thermostat and the 
soil is dried at 1050C for 4 hours, then cooled in a 
desiccator for 2 hours. 

l) The mass of dried pellets is determined separately. 
The mass of water-resistant pellets is multiplied by 2.  

 

Where: x – water resistance of the aggregate, in 
percent 

a – mass of water-resistant aggregate, in g. 

N – total mass of the analyzed soil, in g. 100 % 

 

For example, if 50 g of soil (N) contains 5 g of aggregate 
(a) with a diameter of 5-3 mm, the percentage will be 
as follows:   

CONCLUSION 

During the field research, the climatic conditions in the 
experimental field area were perennial values. The soil 
of the experimental field is a light gray, medium loamy 
soil with a low humus content, and the absorption of 
mineral colloids is very fast. The water-physical 
properties of the experimental field soil are density, 
solid phase density, soil porosity, maximum 
hygroscopicity, and moisture reserve. Depending on 
the degree of soil moisture, it is high or low, depending 
on the soil layer, so that the capillary pores are filled 
with water to the lower layers of the soil, and during 
sharp changes in air temperature, it is low in winter and 
high in autumn. The limited field moisture capacity of 
the soil is understood as the ability of the soil to retain 



American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations 27 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajahi 

American Journal Of Agriculture And Horticulture Innovations (ISSN: 2771-2559) 
 

 

water absorbed into the soil to varying degrees in the 
layers. The higher the moisture capacity of the soil at 
the experimental site, the more sufficient moisture is 
provided in the soil for plants. Soil sampling was 
continued until a constant moisture content was 
reached. The constant moisture content was taken as 
the limited field moisture capacity. To determine the 
limited field moisture capacity, samples were taken 
from the plots at the start of the experiments and the 
moisture content was determined.  

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