







































Volume 04 Issue 03-2024 1 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 03 PAGES: 1-8 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 6.534) 
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT 

This study investigates the potential of Garciniamangostana L. rind extract combined with physical training to mitigate 

oxidative stress in Wistar rats during maximal physical activity. Oxidative stress is a common consequence of intense 

physical exertion and is associated with various health issues. The antioxidative properties of Garciniamangostana L. 

rind extract, coupled with the benefits of physical training, offer a promising avenue for reducing oxidative damage 

in active organisms. Through experimental trials and biochemical analyses, this research evaluates the efficacy of the 

combined intervention in attenuating oxidative stress markers and enhancing antioxidant defense mechanisms in 

Wistar rats subjected to maximal physical activity. 

KEYWORDS 

Garciniamangostana L. rind extract, Physical training, Oxidative stress, Wistar rats, Maximal physical activity, 

Antioxidant defense, Biochemical analysis. 

INTRODUCTION

  Research Article 

 

GARCINIAMANGOSTANA L. RIND EXTRACT AND PHYSICAL TRAINING: 

MITIGATING OXIDATIVE STRESS IN WISTAR RATS DURING MAXIMAL 

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 
 

Submission Date: February 20, 2024, Accepted Date:  February 25, 2024,  

Published Date: March 01, 2024  

Crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume04Issue03-01 

 

 

Angkasa Suharto 
Doctoral Student of Medical Science, University of Udayana, Bali-Indonesia 

 

Arsana Hasan 
Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine, University of Udayana, Bali-Indonesia 

Journal Website: 

https://theusajournals.

com/index.php/ajbspi 

Copyright: Original 

content from this work 

may be used under the 

terms of the creative 

commons attributes 

4.0 licence. 

 

https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume03Issue03-01
https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=
https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=
https://theusajournals.com/
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume04Issue03-01
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume04Issue03-01
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajbspi
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajbspi
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajbspi
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajbspi


Volume 04 Issue 03-2024 2 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 03 PAGES: 1-8 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 6.534) 
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

Oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance 

between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production 

and antioxidant defense mechanisms, is a common 

consequence of intense physical activity. While regular 

exercise is crucial for maintaining overall health and 

fitness, excessive ROS generation during maximal 

physical exertion can lead to cellular damage, 

inflammation, and impaired physiological function. 

Mitigating oxidative stress is therefore essential for 

optimizing exercise performance and minimizing the 

risk of associated health complications. 

In recent years, natural compounds with antioxidative 

properties have gained attention as potential 

supplements to counteract oxidative stress induced by 

physical activity. Among these, Garciniamangostana L. 

rind extract has emerged as a promising candidate due 

to its rich content of bioactive compounds, including 

xanthones, flavonoids, and polyphenols, known for 

their potent antioxidant effects. Concurrently, physical 

training has been shown to enhance antioxidant 

defense mechanisms and improve resilience to 

oxidative stress, highlighting the synergistic potential 

of combining natural antioxidants with regular 

exercise. 

This study aims to investigate the efficacy of 

Garciniamangostana L. rind extract in conjunction with 

physical training to mitigate oxidative stress in Wistar 

rats during maximal physical activity. Wistar rats serve 

as an established model organism for studying the 

physiological responses to exercise and oxidative 

stress, offering valuable insights into the potential 

benefits of interventions aimed at enhancing 

antioxidant capacity and reducing ROS-induced 

damage. 

The rationale behind this investigation lies in the dual 

approach of utilizing both natural antioxidants and 

physical training to combat oxidative stress. 

Garciniamangostana L. rind extract, with its diverse 

array of bioactive compounds, holds promise for 

scavenging ROS and modulating oxidative stress 

pathways. Concurrently, physical training is expected 

to enhance endogenous antioxidant defense 

mechanisms, thereby synergistically augmenting the 

protective effects against oxidative damage induced 

by maximal physical activity. 

By employing a combination of biochemical analyses 

and experimental trials, this study seeks to evaluate 

the impact of Garciniamangostana L. rind extract 

supplementation and physical training on oxidative 

stress markers and antioxidant enzyme activities in 

Wistar rats subjected to maximal physical activity. The 

findings of this research have the potential to inform 

the development of novel strategies for mitigating 

oxidative stress and enhancing exercise performance 

in both athletes and the general population. 

METHOD 

The process of mitigating oxidative stress in Wistar rats 

during maximal physical activity involved a systematic 

approach integrating Garciniamangostana L. rind 

extract supplementation and structured physical 

https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume03Issue03-01
https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=
https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=


Volume 04 Issue 03-2024 3 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 03 PAGES: 1-8 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 6.534) 
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

training. Initially, male Wistar rats were randomly 

allocated to four experimental groups: control, 

Garciniamangostana L. rind extract (GME), physical 

training (PT), and combined GME and PT (GME+PT). 

Following a one-week acclimatization period, the rats 

received the assigned interventions according to the 

experimental design. 

Garciniamangostana L. rind extract was prepared using 

standardized extraction protocols, ensuring the 

extraction of bioactive compounds with antioxidant 

properties. The extract was administered orally to rats 

in the GME and GME+PT groups at appropriate 

dosages tailored to their body weight. Concurrently, 

rats in the PT and GME+PT groups underwent a 

structured physical training program involving 

treadmill running sessions. The training protocol 

gradually increased in intensity and duration over 

several weeks to optimize the rats' physical fitness 

levels. 

 

 

After the intervention period, all rats underwent a 

maximal physical activity test on a treadmill to induce 

oxidative stress. This test involved subjecting the rats 

to progressively increasing speeds and inclinations to 

simulate intense physical exertion. Physiological 

parameters such as oxygen consumption and heart 

rate were closely monitored throughout the test to 

assess the level of physical exertion and oxidative 

stress induction. 

https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume03Issue03-01
https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=
https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=


Volume 04 Issue 03-2024 4 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 03 PAGES: 1-8 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 6.534) 
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

Following the maximal physical activity test, blood and 

tissue samples were collected from the rats for 

biochemical analysis. Serum and tissue samples were 

analyzed for markers of oxidative stress, including lipid 

peroxidation and protein carbonylation, using 

standard biochemical assays and spectrophotometric 

techniques. Additionally, antioxidant enzyme activities 

were assessed to evaluate the efficacy of the 

interventions in enhancing antioxidant defense 

mechanisms. 

The data obtained from the biochemical analysis were 

subjected to rigorous statistical analysis to assess the 

effects of Garciniamangostana L. rind extract 

supplementation, physical training, and their 

combination on oxidative stress parameters and 

antioxidant enzyme activities in Wistar rats during 

maximal physical activity. The systematic integration of 

Garciniamangostana L. rind extract supplementation 

and physical training aimed to provide comprehensive 

insights into novel strategies for mitigating oxidative 

stress and enhancing exercise performance in rodent 

models, with potential implications for human health 

and fitness. 

Animal Model and Experimental Design: 

Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four 

experimental groups: control, Garciniamangostana L. 

rind extract (GME), physical training (PT), and 

combined GME and PT (GME+PT). Each group 

comprised a sufficient number of rats to ensure 

statistical power. The rats were acclimatized to 

laboratory conditions for one week prior to the 

commencement of the experiment. 

Garciniamangostana L. Rind Extract Preparation and 

Administration: 

Garciniamangostana L. rind extract was prepared using 

standard extraction protocols. The extract was 

administered orally to rats in the GME and GME+PT 

groups at a predetermined dosage, calculated based 

on body weight. Dosage and administration schedules 

were optimized to ensure effective delivery of 

bioactive compounds. 

Physical Training Protocol: 

Rats in the PT and GME+PT groups underwent a 

structured physical training program consisting of 

treadmill running sessions. The training program 

included gradual increases in intensity and duration 

over a period of several weeks. Training sessions were 

conducted under controlled conditions to ensure 

consistency and minimize variability. 

Maximal Physical Activity Test: 

Following the intervention period, all rats underwent a 

maximal physical activity test to induce oxidative 

stress. The test involved subjecting rats to a 

standardized exercise protocol on a treadmill, with 

progressively increasing speed and inclination. Oxygen 

consumption, heart rate, and other physiological 

parameters were monitored throughout the test to 

assess the level of physical exertion. 

  

https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume03Issue03-01
https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=
https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=


Volume 04 Issue 03-2024 5 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 03 PAGES: 1-8 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 6.534) 
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

 

 

 

 

Biochemical Analysis: 

Blood samples were collected from rats immediately 

after the maximal physical activity test. Serum and 

tissue samples were analyzed for markers of oxidative 

stress, including lipid peroxidation, protein 

carbonylation, and antioxidant enzyme activities. 

Standard biochemical assays and spectrophotometric 

techniques were employed to quantify oxidative stress 

biomarkers and assess antioxidant defense 

mechanisms. 

Statistical Analysis: 

Statistical analysis of data was performed using 

appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests, 

depending on data distribution and experimental 

design. Group comparisons were conducted to 

evaluate the effects of Garciniamangostana L. rind 

extract supplementation, physical training, and their 

combination on oxidative stress parameters and 

antioxidant enzyme activities. 

https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume03Issue03-01
https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=
https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=


Volume 04 Issue 03-2024 6 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 03 PAGES: 1-8 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 6.534) 
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

 

 

Ethical Considerations: 

All experimental procedures involving animals were 

conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines 

and ethical standards for animal research. Care was 

taken to minimize animal discomfort and suffering 

throughout the experimental period. 

Overall, the methodological approach adopted in this 

study enabled systematic investigation of the effects 

of Garciniamangostana L. rind extract and physical 

training on oxidative stress mitigation in Wistar rats 

during maximal physical activity. 

RESULTS 

The investigation into the effects of 

Garciniamangostana L. rind extract and physical 

training on oxidative stress mitigation in Wistar rats 

during maximal physical activity revealed significant 

findings. Rats supplemented with Garciniamangostana 

L. rind extract exhibited lower levels of oxidative stress 

markers, including lipid peroxidation and protein 

carbonylation, compared to the control group. 

Similarly, rats subjected to physical training 

demonstrated enhanced antioxidant enzyme 

activities, indicative of improved antioxidant defense 

mechanisms. 

https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume03Issue03-01
https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=
https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=


Volume 04 Issue 03-2024 7 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 03 PAGES: 1-8 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 6.534) 
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

Furthermore, rats in the combined intervention group 

(GME+PT) displayed the most pronounced reduction in 

oxidative stress markers and the highest levels of 

antioxidant enzyme activities compared to all other 

groups. These findings suggest a synergistic effect 

between Garciniamangostana L. rind extract 

supplementation and physical training in mitigating 

oxidative stress during maximal physical activity in 

Wistar rats. 

DISCUSSION 

The observed reduction in oxidative stress markers and 

enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activities in rats 

supplemented with Garciniamangostana L. rind extract 

highlight the potential antioxidative properties of the 

extract. Garciniamangostana L. rind extract is rich in 

bioactive compounds such as xanthones and 

flavonoids, which possess potent antioxidant 

properties. These compounds may scavenge reactive 

oxygen species (ROS) generated during physical 

activity, thereby reducing oxidative damage to cellular 

components. 

Physical training is known to induce adaptive 

responses in antioxidant defense mechanisms, 

resulting in increased enzymatic activities of 

antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase 

(SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase 

(GPx). The observed enhancement of antioxidant 

enzyme activities in rats subjected to physical training 

underscores the importance of regular exercise in 

bolstering endogenous antioxidant defenses and 

mitigating oxidative stress. 

The synergistic effects observed in the combined 

intervention group (GME+PT) suggest that 

Garciniamangostana L. rind extract supplementation 

and physical training may act through complementary 

pathways to mitigate oxidative stress. The extract may 

augment the antioxidant capacity of the rats, while 

physical training enhances the efficiency of antioxidant 

enzyme systems. Together, these interventions confer 

greater protection against oxidative damage induced 

by maximal physical activity. 

CONCLUSION 

In conclusion, the findings of this study support the 

efficacy of Garciniamangostana L. rind extract 

supplementation and physical training in mitigating 

oxidative stress in Wistar rats during maximal physical 

activity. The antioxidative properties of 

Garciniamangostana L. rind extract, coupled with the 

adaptive responses induced by physical training, offer 

promising strategies for enhancing antioxidant 

defense mechanisms and reducing oxidative damage 

associated with intense exercise. 

These findings have implications for the development 

of novel interventions aimed at promoting health and 

fitness while minimizing the risk of oxidative stress-

related complications. Further research is warranted to 

elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action and 

assess the translational potential of these 

interventions in human populations. By harnessing the 

https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume03Issue03-01
https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=
https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=


Volume 04 Issue 03-2024 8 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 03 PAGES: 1-8 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 6.534) 
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

synergistic effects of natural antioxidants and regular 

exercise, it may be possible to optimize exercise 

performance and enhance overall well-being. 

REFERENCES 

1. Kürkçü,  R.,  Tekin,  A.,  Özda,  S., and Akçakoyun,  

F., 2010. The Effects of Regular Exercıse on 

Oxıdatıve and Antıoxıdatıve Parameters ın Young 

Wrestlers. African   Journal   of   Pharmacy   and   

Pharmacology.4(5): 244-51. 

2. Waris,  G.  andAhsan,  H.  2006.  Reactive  Oxygen 

Species:  Role  in  The  Development  of  Cancer  and 

Various Chronic Condition. Journal of 

Carcinogenesis.5 (14): 1-8. 

3. Ngurah,I.B.  2007.  Peranan  Antioksidan  pada  olah 

raga. Medicina.38 (1): 3-6. 

4. Figueiredo,  P.  A.,  Mota,  M.  P.,  Appell,  H.  J.,  and 

Duarte,  J.  A.  2008.  The  Role  of  Mitochondria  in 

Aging of Skeletal Muscle. Biogerontology.9: 67-84 

5. Marciniak,  A.,  Brzeszczyoska,  J., Gwoździoski,  K., 

and   Jegier,   A.   2009.   Antioxidant   Capacity   and 

Physical Exercise. Biology of Sport.26 (3):197-213. 

6. Harjanto.  2006.  Antioksidan  dan  Latihan  

Olahraga. Jurnal Kedokteran  Yarsi. 14 (1): 070-7. 

7. Gaeini,  A.  A.,  Rahnama,  N.,andHamedinia,  M.  R. 

2006.   Effect   of   Vitamin   E   Supplementation   on 

Oxidative   Stress   at   Rest   and   After   Exercise   

to Exhaustion in Athletic Students. J. Sports Med. 

Phys. Fitness.46: 458-61. 

8. Traber,   M.   G.   2006.   Relationship   of   Vitamin   

E Metabolism   and   Oxidation in   Exercising   

Human Subjects. British  Journal  of  Nutrition. 96  

(Suppl.1): 34-7. 

9. Kim,  H.  T.  and.  Chae,  C.  H.  2006.  Effect  of  

Exercise and -Lipoic  Acid  Supplementation  on 

Oxidative Stress in Rats. Biology of Sport.23(2):114-

53. 

10. Jung, H. A., Su, B. N., Keller, W. J., Metha, R. G., and 

Kinghorn,  A.  D.    2006.  Antioxidant  Xanthones  

from The Pericarp of Garcinia 

mangostana(Mangosteen). J. Agric. Food 

Chem.54: 2077-82. 

https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume03Issue03-01
https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=
https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query=

