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American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 05 PAGES: 46-55 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 6.534) (2024: 7.7) 
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

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ABSTRACT 

The aim of this study was to identify the type of pathomorphological alterations in the lung tissue and bronchial wall 

of neonates that, based on gestational age, died from different types of pneumopathy. The study uses materials from 

the corpses of 74 newborns who passed away from various forms of pneumopathy in the Samarkand region's 

perinatal center. The bodies of the newborns were autopsied and studied in the pathoanatomical department of the 

Samarkand regional multidisciplinary hospital. Based on the distinct nosological forms of pneumopathy in neonates 

and their respective periods of maturity, the following groups were identified from the material: 1) Primary lung 

atelectasis by gestation: 22–28 weeks, 29–31 weeks, and 32–37 weeks. 2) Hyaline membrane disease, contingent on 

infant survival. Third, pneumopathy with an edematous-hemorrhagic form of pathology, which is also dependent on 

the period of neonatal life. An autopsy examining the lungs of infants whose primary diagnosis was primary pulmonary 

atelectasis revealed macroscopically reduced volume, cyanotic, inactive lungs with pointed, flat edges that did not fill 

the pleural cavities to capacity. Conclusions: Thus, hyaline membrane disease and primary atelectasis are the 

predominant morphological forms of pneumopathy in premature newborns. 

KEYWORDS 

bronchus, lungs, pneumopathy, atelectasis, gestation, newborns, submucosa. 

  Research Article 

 

PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE BRONCHI AND LUNG 

PARANCHYMA IN RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME DEPENDING ON 

THE GESTATION TIME IN NEWBORNS 
 

Submission Date: May 20, 2024, Accepted Date:  May 25, 2024,  

Published Date: May 30, 2024  

Crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume04Issue05-08 

 

 

Ismoilov Jasur Mardonovich 
Phd Samarkand State Medical University, Uzbekistan 

 

Aminova Nigina Aminovna 
Samarkand State Medical University, Uzbekistan 

Journal Website: 

https://theusajournals.

com/index.php/ajbspi 

Copyright: Original 

content from this work 

may be used under the 

terms of the creative 

commons attributes 

4.0 licence. 

 

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Volume 04 Issue 05-2024 47 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 05 PAGES: 46-55 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 6.534) (2024: 7.7) 
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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INTRODUCTION

Among the most urgent issues in neonatology today 

are respiratory disorders in infants. Due to the 

morphofunctional features of their respiratory system, 

respiratory disorders usually develop in premature 

infants, ranking second in the structure of morbidity 

among newborns at 8:8 percent [1]. 56.7 percent of 

newborn and early child deaths are related to 

respiratory diseases. Of the disorders of the newborn's 

respiratory system, pneumopathy has a unique place. 

A non-inflammatory lung lesion is the pathology that 

affects newborns. Etelectasis, edematous-

hemorrhagic changes, and hyaline membranes are 

found during the pathological examination of 

newborns that died from pneumopathy [3,4]. In 

pneumopathy, the newborn's gestational age typically 

determines the incidence, prevalence, and degree of 

lung damage. The propensity to develop the disease 

increases with shorter gestational ages [2,5,6]. 

Pulmonary destress syndrome, a broad term for the 

clinical signs and symptoms of pneumopathy, is 

defined as varying degrees of critical respiratory 

distress. As soon as the baby is born, breathing 

becomes shallow and frequent due to this pathology. 

Severe cases have widespread swelling, quickly 

worsening cyanosis, heart failure, and foamy fluid 

leaking from the mouth and nose. Pneumopathy forms 

are very difficult to differentiate clinically [3]. 

Study goal: Depending on gestational age, identify the 

type of pathomorphological alterations in the lung 

tissue and bronchial wall of neonates that perished 

from pneumopathy. 

Materials and methods of research: The perinatal 

center of the Samarkand region, along with the 

pathological department of the Samarkand regional 

multidisciplinary hospital, examined the bodies of 74 

newborns who died from various forms of 

pneumopathy. The materials from these corpses are 

included in this study. There were 42 (56.8%) boys and 

32 (43.2%) girls among the 74 newborn bodies 

accounted for. The following is a breakdown of the 

body weight of newborns at birth: 6 (8.2%) weighed 

between 500 and 999 g, 28 (37.8%) weighed between 

1000 and 1459 g, 22 (29.7%) weighed between 1500 and 

2000 g, 12 (16.2%) weighed between 2000 and 2500 g, 

4 (5.4%) weighed between 2500 and 3000 g, and only 2 

(2.7%) weighed more than 3500 g. Newborns are 

distributed according to gestational age: 12 (16.2%) 

were born between 22 and 28 weeks, 21 (28.4%) 

between 29 and 31 weeks, 32 (43.2%) between 32 and 

34 weeks, and 12 (16.2%) between 35 and 37 weeks. 

Upon analyzing newborns based on their Apgar score 

at birth, it was discovered that 24 infants (32 %) had 

severe asphyxia at birth, 34 (46 %) had moderate 

asphyxia, and only 16 (21 %) had mild asphyxia. 

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Volume 04 Issue 05-2024 48 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 05 PAGES: 46-55 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 6.534) (2024: 7.7) 
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Four types of pneumopathy were identified from the 

pathoanatomical and additional histological 

examination of the lungs of the deceased newborns: 

hyaline membrane disease in 18 (7.3 percent) of the 

deceased, edematous-hemorrhagic pneumopathy in 8 

(19.5 percent) of the newborns, and combined 

aspiration-pneumopathic syndrome in 2 (8.9 percent) 

of the infants. Primary pulmonary atelectasis was 

identified in 46 (47.7 percent) of the infants in the 

study. The Shor method was used to completely 

remove the organs from the infants' bodies before 

performing a pathoanatomical examination. Chest 

tissue from all lobules, including the main and lobar 

bronchi, was removed for histological analysis during 

the autopsy. The materials were dehydrated in 70, 80, 

90, 96, and 100% alcohols and chloroform for 72 hours. 

They were then fixed in 10% neutral formaldehyde for 

another 72 hours, rinsed under running water for three 

to four hours, and then put into blocks by embedding 

them in paraffin with wax. We used a microtome to cut 

sections that were 3–5 µm thick. In a thermostat set to 

57 o C, paraffin was melted and then removed from the 

sections using acid. Staining of objects in sections of 

lung tissue and bronchi was done using the Van Gieson 

method, which involved staining them with 

picrofuchsin to identify collagen fibers and 

hematoxylin-eosin solution to study their histological 

structure. Using the point counting method, a 

morphometric study of the lung and bronchus mucous 

membrane was conducted, as per G. G. Avtandilov 

(1984). This technique was used with pinpoint eyepiece 

inserts under a microscope. Ten different fields of 

view, roughly evenly spaced throughout the section, 

were examined. The volume fraction of the structural 

components under study was computed using the data 

that was gathered. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained 

histological preparations were used for a statistical 

analysis of the bronchial mucosa tissue. Software 

called Statistica 6.1 (Statsoft Inc. , R USA) was 

employed to analyze the statistical data.  

Results of the study: The material was divided into the 

following groups according to the distinct nosological 

forms of pneumopathy in newborns based on their 

periods of maturity: 1) Primary lung atelectasis by 

gestation: 22-28 weeks, 29-31 weeks, and 32-37 weeks. 

2) Hyaline membrane disease based on an infant's 

prognosis. 3) Pneumopathy exhibiting an edematous-

hemorrhagic pathology, which is also contingent upon 

the neonatal life stage. Using a macroscopical 

approach, an autopsy on the lungs of infants 

diagnosed with primary pulmonary atelectasis showed 

reduced volume, airless, cyanotic, collapsed lungs with 

pointed, flat edges that did not fill the pleural cavities 

entirely. The pleura typically had a moderate sheen; 

subpleurally, there were occasionally multiple pinpoint 

hemorrhages. The lung tissue was doughy-elastic to 

the touch, and the parenchyma was dark, bloody, and 

reddish-blue in color in that area. Small foci of light red 

air parenchyma were seen in some newborns; these 

were thought to be distelectatic and were mostly 

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Volume 04 Issue 05-2024 49 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 05 PAGES: 46-55 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 6.534) (2024: 7.7) 
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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located in the hilar segments. The information from a 

morphometric analysis of the structural elements of 

the bronchial walls' mucous and submucosal layers—

which revealed an atelectatic form of pneumopathy—

is presented below (Table №). 1, 2). 

Table №. 1. Comparative morphometric indicators of the structural components of the mucous membrane of the 

bronchial walls with a diagnosis of primary lung atelectasis in %. 

Gestational age Vsqe  Vce Vgc Vbec 
22-28 weeks 50,5±2,78 9,8±2,22 9,5±1,11 31,2±1,65 
29-32 weeks 43,4±2,09 14.7±1,13 11,6±0,26 30,3±2,08 
33-37 weeks 44,5±2,67 15,9±0,57 13,5±0,19 26,1±1,75 

 

Notes: Vsqe - squamous epithelium of the bronchial mucosa; Vre - ciliated epithelium; Vgc - goblet cells; Vbec - basal 

epithelial cells. 

Table №. 2. Comparative morphometric indicators of the structural components of the submucosal layer of the 

bronchial wall with a diagnosis of primary lung atelectasis in %. 

Gestational age Vsp Vg Vc Vste 

22-28 weeks 55,3±2,25 6,1±0,21 10,5±1,96 28,1±2,39 

29-32 weeks 54,4±2,51 9,7±0,23 12,5±2,12 23,4±3,31 

33-37 weeks 54,8±3,22 10,4±1,14 13,2±1,28 21,6±3,93 
 

Notes: Vsp – submucosal layer of the bronchus; Vg - glands; Vc - cappillaries; Vste - stromal elements 

Large areas of atelectasis, which are typically 

polysegmental and occasionally include lobar 

atelectasis zones, were discovered during a 

microscopic examination of the lungs of newborns 

who was died from primary atelectasis, with 

macroscopically visible complete atelectasis, at the 

light-optical level. 

 The histological appearance of the bronchial tubes, 

which house the intrapulmonary airways, matched the 

gestational age of the neonate. These anatomical 

characteristics included a lack of collagen and elastic 

fibers, underdeveloped smooth muscles, and a low 

density of protein-mucosal glands in the respiratory 

tract. The cells of the lining epithelium of the bronchial 

mucosa in newborns with low gestational ages 

appeared swollen, partially rounded, and there was 

fragmentary or massive desquamation into the bronchi 

lumen with a noticeable and extensive subepithelial 

edema (Fig. 1.) The mucous membrane in the interlobar 

bronchi was folded both finely and coarsely, and 

epithelial cell desquamation foci were visible (Fig. 2.)

 

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American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 05 PAGES: 46-55 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 6.534) (2024: 7.7) 
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Fig. 1. Severe subepithelial edema of the bronchial wall with primary atelectasis. Hematoxylin and eosin staining. 
Ob.10x40. 
Fig. 2. Desquamation of the epithelium in primary atelectasis. Hematoxylin and eosin staining. Ob.10x20. 
 

In the morphological study of deceased infants one day 

later at a gestation period of 22-28 weeks, primary 

pulmonary atelectasis was most often recorded. The 

epithelium of the bronchi was partially exfoliated, their 

lumens were free, and in some infants the bronchi 

looked asleep. The proper layer of the bronchial 

mucosa is built from a delicate network of collagen 

fibers; smooth muscle cells were detected in the 

muscle layer. Collagen fibers were detected in the 

submucosa of the bronchi. Cartilaginous plates were 

identified in large bronchi; they had a rounded shape 

and were connected to each other by collagen fibers. 

Respiratory bronchioles were dilated, immaturity of 

the pulmonary parenchyma was revealed with the 

presence of unstraightened alveolar ducts, multiple 

glandular and tubular formations, lined with cuboidal 

epithelium, separated by wide layers of loose 

connective tissue, with a sharp congestion of 

microcirculation vessels. In isolated cases, fragments 

near the amniotic fluid, amniothelial scales and 

meconium bodies were detected in the bronchi. 

 In newborns who died after 6-7 days, the 

mucous membrane of the bronchi had uneven edges, 

and some had no cilia. The submucosa of the large 

bronchi contained fuchsinophilic collagen fibers. The 

cartilaginous plates in the large bronchi were defined 

as round in shape and were connected to each other 

by collagen fibers, forming a fibrocartilaginous sheath. 

In small and terminal bronchioles, the mucosal 

epithelium was cubic.  

The lumens of the respiratory bronchioles contained 

desquamated epithelial cells and eosinophilic masses. 

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VOLUME 04 ISSUE 05 PAGES: 46-55 

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A tiny number of single segmented leukocytes and 

flakes of amniotic fluid were found in the acinar alveoli 

and terminal alveolar ducts. The epithelium was 

flattened, and the alveoli had a round or unevenly oval 

shape. There were wide interalveolar septa. There 

were perivascular accumulations of red blood cells, the 

veins were somewhat dilated and full of blood, and the 

capillaries appeared deserted. The veins were 

somewhat full of blood, the lymphatic vessels were 

dilated, the pulmonary artery lumens were free, and 

some of the veins had blood clots in their lumens. The 

following histological picture of the bronchi was found 

in newborns with a gestational age of 29–32 weeks 

who died within 24 hours of birth: hyaline cartilaginous 

plates, a small number of elastic and collagen fibers, a 

small number of mucous glands, and insufficient 

expression of smooth muscles. The bronchi exhibited a 

slit-like lumen and a deformed appearance when 

atelectasis was present. The interlobar bronchi's 

mucous membrane folded in medium and large sizes, 

with large foci of desquamation and columnar 

epithelial cells lining them. Desquamated epithelial 

cells were found in layers and in groups within the 

lumens of terminal bronchioles and small bronchi.  The 

morphological characteristics of the newborns in this 

group's lungs included edematous fluid in numerous 

alveoli and dilated alveolar ducts, which contain trace 

amounts of hyaline-like masses. The pulmonary artery 

branches appeared somewhat clogged, and the 

lymphatic vessel lumens were dilated. Subpleural 

hemorrhages were seen, and the pleural tissue 

appeared loose. 

In children who died 6-9 days after birth, dystelectasis, 

hemorrhage, and bleeding foci in the alveoli were 

identified. Bronchi of different calibers maintained a 

free luminescence; attention was drawn to a small 

amount of dense epithelium and the presence of a 

large amount of mucus. Collagen fibers were found in 

the submucosa of the large bronchi. Cartilaginous 

plates were identified in the large bronchial structures 

in round form, connected by collagen fibers, and 

formed the fibrocartilaginous membranes of the large 

bronchial structures. In small and terminal bronchioles, 

the mucous membrane epithelium forms as a cubic 

one. The alveolar ducts looked large, and the inner 

walls of many of them were covered with hyalin 

membranes. 

In alveoli without hyalin membranes, epithelial cells 

had homogeneous eosinophilic cytoplasms, with a flat 

appearance, and were partially exfoliated in the lumen. 

The vessels of the interalveolar septa had enlarged 

endothelium protruding into the lumen. They are 

located along the periphery of the septa and contain 

aggregated red blood cells. The lymphatic vessels were 

dilated and the peribronchial and interlobar connective 

tissues appeared loose. In some observations of 

newborns born at 33-37 weeks of gestation and dying 

7-14 days later, primary atelectasis was complicated by 

the development of small-sided pneumonia. In two 

cases, it was pulmonary parenchyma combined with 

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Volume 04 Issue 05-2024 52 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 05 PAGES: 46-55 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 6.534) (2024: 7.7) 
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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aspiration and pneumopathology. The mucous 

membranes of the large and medium bronchi were 

lined with prismatic epithelium in several rows; in the 

small bronchi, epithelium was single-layer, cubic in 

type. In the wall of the bronchi, compact muscle cells 

and fibers of the connecting tissue layers have been 

detected. 

 Small amounts of elastic fibers were detected, as well 

as mucous glands. The cartilage plates of large 

bronchis consist of a basophile interstitial material and 

individual chondrocytes. The medium-sized bronchi do 

not contain cartilage plates. In atelectasis, bronchial 

areas often had deformed appearances and lumens 

similar to slits. There was a medium and large folding 

of the mucous membrane of the interlobal bronchi, 

surrounded by cylindrical or glass cells with large 

dequamation foci. The bronchial tree's inner 

epithelium was significantly desquamated. There was 

an accumulation of neutrophil leukocytes in the lumen 

of the alveoli, the presence of alveolar macrophages, 

and a sharp confluence of microvasculature with 

edema and focal hemorrhages. The accumulation of 

myeloid cells was observed in the respiratory 

bronchioles. In newborns with hyaline membrane 

diseases who died before 24 hours of life, the lungs 

were macroscopically significant airless, dark red, and 

densely matched. The lumens of the bronchi have a 

star-shaped shape, many of them are cystically dilated, 

and the bronchioles were identified as being 

transformed into cystically dilated alveoli, forming 

bizarre cavities (Figure 3). In these formations, lamellar 

decamination of the epithelium was observed, and in 

the dilated bronchioles, the epithelium was preserved 

and flattened. Table No. 3 and 4 show morphological 

indicators of the structural components of the mucous 

membrane and submucous membrane of the bronchial 

wall in newborns who died of hyalin membrane 

disease. 

Table №. 3. Comparative morphometric indicators of the structural components of the mucous membrane of the 

bronchial wall with a diagnosis of hyaline membrane disease in %. 

Gestational age Vsqe  Vce Vgc Vbec 
22-28 weeks 51,5±2,78 10,4±2,22 9,2±1,11 28,9±1,65 
29-32 weeks 44,7±2,09 13,2±1,13 12,4±0,26 29,7±2,08 
33-37 weeks 46,5±2,67 14,9±0,57 13,2±0,19 25,4±1,75 

 

Notes: Vsqe - squamous epithelium of the bronchial mucosa; Vre - ciliated epithelium; Vgc - goblet cells; Vbec - basal 

epithelial cells. 

 

Table No. 4. Comparative morphometric indicators of the structural components of the submucosal layer of the 

bronchial wall with hyaline membrane disease in %. 

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Volume 04 Issue 05-2024 53 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

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(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 05 PAGES: 46-55 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 6.534) (2024: 7.7) 
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Gestational age Vsp Vg Vc Vste 

22-28 weeks 54,7±2,25 6,4±0,21 10,7±1,96 28,2±2,39 

29-32 weeks 54,4±2,51 9,7±0,23 12,5±2,12 23,4±3,31 

33-37 weeks 54,8±3,22 10,4±1,14 13,2±1,28 21,6±3,93 
 

Notes: Vsp – submucosal layer of the bronchus; Vg - glands; Vc - cappillaries; Vste - stromal elements 

During microscopic examinations, bronchial lumens 

were freely preserved in newborns who died of hyalin 

membrane disease, regardless of the gestational age. 

The lumens of the bronchi contained a small amount of 

desquamated epithelium and mucus, and segmented 

leukocytes were observed. The alveolar epithelium 

submersion membrane thickened, was loose in some 

places, the alveolocytes looked thickened and larger, 

many of which had hypochromic nuclei in a state of 

lysis and caryorrhexis, and pericapillary edema was 

noted. In premature newborns with hyalin membrane 

diseases, a microscopic examination of respiratory 

parenchyma revealed all signs of immature lung tissue 

(Fig. 4). 

 

Fig. 3. Lung of a 34-week newborn with hyaline membrane disease. The alveolar ducts and alveoli contain hyaline 

membranes. Hematoxylin and eosin staining.  10x40. 

 

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VOLUME 04 ISSUE 05 PAGES: 46-55 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 6.534) (2024: 7.7) 
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Fig. 4. Lung of a 34-week newborn with hyaline membrane disease. Accumulation of segmented leukocytes and 

emphysematous areas. Hematoxylin and eosin staining.10x40. 

The lumens of the vessels of the microcirculatory bed were dilated, full of blood, in the lumens there was a reaction 

of blood cells sludge, diapedesis of erythrocytes and a strong confluence of capillaries that erupted in the lumens of 

the alveoli. When death occurred 25-48 hours after birth, the bronchial lumens were enlarged and formed large 

cavities, partly covered with sharply flat epithelium. These cavities are often combined with areas of varying degrees 

of severe alveolar emphysema (Fig. 5), which are observed in all infants, and blood cranial foci have also been observed 

in the interalveolar septa, under the pleura, around the vessels and in the bronchial walls. 

 

Fig. 5. Lung of a 36-week newborn with hyaline membrane disease. In the alveoli there are fibrin-like masses and 

segmented leukocytes. Hematoxylin and eosin staining. About. 10x40. 

 

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Volume 04 Issue 05-2024 55 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 05 PAGES: 46-55 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 6.534) (2024: 7.7) 
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Fig. 6. Lung of a 36-week newborn with hyaline membrane disease. alveolar emphysema of varying degrees. 

Hematoxylin and eosin staining. 10x40. 

The alveoli had a polygonal or square shape, and in 

some children they had an extended shape, the shape 

of a process. In the lumen of the alveoli, amniothelial 

scales, fibrin-like masses and segmented leukocytes 

were detected (Figure 6). Severe alveolar emphysema 

was observed. Arteriovenular anastomoses and lymph 

vessels were dilated. Bowel arteries were detected 

around vessels of the bronchial walls and under the 

pleura.  

CONCLUSION 

Thus, the most important morphological forms of 

pneumopathy in premature newborns are primary 

atelectasis and hypoglycan membrane disease. The 

nature and severity of morphological changes in 

bronchial and lung walls depend on the patient's life 

expectancy and the gestational age of the newborn. 

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1. Baibarina E.N., Antonov A.G., Lenyushkina A.A. 

Clinical recommendations for the care of newborns 

with extremely low birth weight // Issues. Practical 

Pediatrics 2006; 4 (1): 96-97. (in Russ). 

2. Geppe N.A., Volkov I.K. Prospects for the 

development and problems of pediatric 

pulmonology in Russia // Pulmonology 2007; 4: 6. 

(in Russ). 

3. Golubev A.M., Perepelitsa S.A., Smerdova E.F., 

Moroz V.V. Clinical and morphological features of 

respiratory disorders in premature newborns // 

General resuscitation, 2008, (IV 3): 49-55. (in Russ). 

4. Golubev A.M., Perepelitsa S.A., et al. Changes in the 

lungs in premature newborns with hyaline 

membrane disease (clinical and morphological 

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