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American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 06 PAGES: 31-40 

OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

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ABSTRACT 

The choice of this particular topic is due to the need to study morphofunctional studies and compare them with 

radiological data. The literature shows that in order to improve and timely diagnosis and prevention of inflammatory 

diseases of the bronchopulmonary system, the director carries out radiological diagnostic methods. Morphological 

studies of pleural fluid can affect the diagnosis and treatment of children with pneumonia. 

KEYWORDS 

Morphology, bronchopulmonary system, X-ray examination. 

INTRODUCTION

According to recent data, more than 30% of children 

are admitted to hospitals due to inflammatory 

processes of the bronchopulmonary system in 

children.  Connections with this, the development of 

science, technology, industry, and the urbanization of 

today's life have led to the emergence of the problem 

of radiodiagnosis of inflammatory processes of the 

bronchopulmonary system in children.  In addition, the 

  Research Article 

 

MORPHORANGENOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN EARLY DIAGNOSIS 

OF CHILDREN WITH INFLAMMATORY PULMONARY DISEASES 
 

Submission Date: June 10, 2024, Accepted Date:  June 15, 2024,  

Published Date: June 20, 2024  

Crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume04Issue06-06 

 

 

Akhmedov Y. A. 
Samarkand State Medical University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan 

 

Khamidova F. M. 
Samarkand State Medical University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan 

 

Narzikulov Sh. F. 
Samarkand State Medical University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan 

 

 

 

 

Journal Website: 

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Copyright: Original 

content from this work 

may be used under the 

terms of the creative 

commons attributes 

4.0 licence. 

 

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Volume 04 Issue 06-2024 32 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 06 PAGES: 31-40 

OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

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increase in the frequency of pathology of inflammatory 

processes of this system in children has made the 

urgent problem of their radiological diagnosis in the 

structure of childhood diseases, especially at an early 

age (1, 2, 3, 4). 

Respiratory diseases occupy a leading position among 

all diseases. The same trend was noted in pediatric 

practice, where their share is more than 60% (5, 6, 7, 8, 

9). 

The problem of preventing and treating inflammatory 

diseases of the bronchopulmonary system in children 

still remains relevant. In the structure of primary 

morbidity, this pathology occupies one of the first 

places in children of all age groups (10, 11, 12, 13, 14). 

Respiratory diseases are the most common pathology 

in childhood. Pulmonary diseases account for one in six 

deaths worldwide (15, 16, 17, 18, 19). In Russia, the 

incidence of acute respiratory tract infections is 672.1 

per 1000 children. (3, 14, 15, 20). These diseases are 

fraught with various complications. At the same time, 

there is an increase in the frequency of severe chronic 

forms of lung diseases in children, leading to disability 

already in childhood (21, 17, 31, 49, 69, 73, 95).  

The morphology of the functional activity of the 

structures of the airways and lungs under normal 

conditions and in a number of pathological conditions 

has been studied in great detail. Assessing the changes 

that develop in the bronchopulmonary system during 

a particular inflammatory pathological process serves 

as the basis for understanding the patterns of 

compensatory and adaptive reactions in the 

respiratory organs. Respiratory diseases are an urgent 

health problem due to their widespread prevalence, 

occupying one of the leading places in the structure of 

morbidity and mortality of the population. In recent 

years, there has been an increase in the incidence of 

chronic and recurrent lung diseases among children 

and adolescents (13, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26). 

Despite the progress achieved in diagnosis and 

treatment, diseases of the respiratory system still 

occupy one of the first places in the structure of 

morbidity among children and adolescents. Along with 

the high level of morbidity, there is an increase in the 

general population in the number of recurrent and 

chronic forms of respiratory diseases, often leading to 

disability. Broncho-obstructive syndrome is more often 

observed in young children (20.1%). Moreover, in more 

than half of children (57.5%), episodes of obstruction 

recur (26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31)  

Some clinical studies show that computer aided 

diagnosis (CAD) can improve the diagnostic 

performance of junior radiologists. Chest X-ray is one 

of the most accessible radiological methods for 

screening and diagnosing various lung diseases. In 

many modern hospitals, huge numbers of X-ray images 

along with radiology reports are accumulated and 

stored in picture archiving and communication systems 

(PACS). However, it remains an unresolved question 

how such a large database containing valuable imaging 

data (i.e., freely labeled) can be used to support data-

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Volume 04 Issue 06-2024 33 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 06 PAGES: 31-40 

OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

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intensive deep learning paradigms to create truly large-

scale and highly accurate computer-aided diagnostic 

systems (CAD).  

Structural changes in the respiratory organs detected 

during the analysis of biopsy samples of the bronchial 

mucosa, in comparison with the study of bronchial 

washings and induced sputum, can serve as the basis 

for determining tissue, cellular and molecular 

predictors of severe bronchial asthma, as well as 

differential criteria between bronchial asthma and 

chronic obstructive disease lungs (32, 33, 34). 

Chest diseases and pulmonary abnormalities are the 

leading causes of death according to global statistics 

for 2017 (15, 35). Clinical methods for evaluating chest 

diseases include chest X-ray (CXR), computed 

tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging 

(MRI). Chest X-ray, a painless test, remains one of the 

most commonly used radiological methods for 

screening and diagnosing chest diseases (10, 16, 25). A 

single x-ray may reveal abnormalities such as 

atelectasis, cardiomegaly, effusion, pleural thickening, 

and pneumonia. However, the diagnosis of chest 

diseases using radiography largely depends on the skill 

of the radiologist, and achieving highly accurate 

diagnostic results remains a significant challenge. 

Chest X-ray (CXR) is an inexpensive but effective 

medical imaging technology. However, a shortage of 

qualified radiologists may significantly limit the use of 

this method. To improve the efficiency and accuracy of 

diagnosing abnormalities in chest X-rays, new 

technologies such as deep learning should be used. 

Deep learning algorithms based on convolutional 

neural networks (CNNs) have made significant 

progress. The success of CNN in image classification 

has prompted researchers to explore its usefulness as 

a diagnostic tool for identifying and characterizing lung 

diseases. To achieve this goal, we leverage and extend 

the EfficientNet family of deep artificial neural 

networks, known for their high accuracy and small size 

in other applications. A collection of three datasets is 

used to train the proposed approach. The results show 

that the proposed approach produced a high-quality 

model with an overall AUC of 0.871 and an overall 

sensitivity of 79.4%, while having 5 to 30 times fewer 

parameters than other architectures (36, 37). 

When comparing high-resolution computed 

tomography studies of the lungs with histological lung 

remodeling in explants with usual interstitial 

pneumonia, HRCT findings were found to be typical of 

UIP and HRCT of the lungs correlated best with 

bronchiolectasis histologically. The NSIP pattern is 

common and is associated with CT detection of HGO. 

Histologic features were compared with three HRCT 

findings: diagnostic appearance (UIP, probable UIP, or 

incompatible with UIP), degree of honeycombing, and 

degree of ground-glass opacification (38). 

Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia is a 

histologic pattern associated with the clinical 

presentation of acute lung injury that differs from the 

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Volume 04 Issue 06-2024 34 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

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(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 06 PAGES: 31-40 

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classic histologic patterns of DAD, BOOP, or EP. Similar 

to these patterns of acute lung injury, the AFOP 

pattern can occur in idiopathic settings or with a 

number of clinical associations. The overall mortality 

rate is similar to DAD and may therefore represent a 

histological variant; however, AFOP appears to have 

two distinct patterns of disease progression and 

outcome. The need for mechanical ventilation was the 

only parameter correlated with prognosis. None of the 

patients with subacute clinical course required 

mechanical ventilation (39). 

Medical imaging methods allow us to identify and 

record abnormalities in the human body. These 

techniques are critical for the assessment, diagnosis 

and treatment of lung diseases. Currently, there are a 

variety of research methods: ultrasound of the 

respiratory organs, densitometry, digital radiography, 

fluoroscopy of the lungs, CT scan of the lungs, MCT and 

other research methods. Radiation diagnostics is the 

main method of radiation examination in children of 

the first age, which allows identifying functional and 

clinical changes in the lungs (40, 41, 42).  

Densitometry is a key method in multislice computed 

tomography (MSCT), which helps to detail pathological 

changes in the organs of the chest cavity. Chronic 

progressive inflammatory process of the airways, 

especially respiratory bronchioles and pulmonary 

parenchyma, leads to obstructive disorders of the 

ventilation function of the lungs, mucociliary 

dysfunction, accumulation of neutrophils in the 

respiratory tract mucosa and bronchial remodeling (43, 

44, 45).  

In children with pneumonia, chest X-ray (CXR) is usually 

the first diagnostic test. If complications such as 

abscesses or empyema occur, repeat X-rays or CT scans 

are often required, increasing radiation exposure. This 

retrospective study assessed the potential of radiation-

free chest MRI to detect complications initially and 

later compared with chest radiography and pulmonary 

ultrasound (LPUS). CXR and USL are usually sufficient, 

but in cases where USL is not possible or the 

combination of CXR+USL is ineffective, MRI should be 

preferred. However, the use of contrast agents is not 

necessary (46, 50). 

USL has high internal consistency (IRR) for detecting 

consolidation. Compared with CT, ultrasound and 

chest x-ray (CXR) show similar sensitivity, but CXR has 

greater specificity in diagnosing pneumonia (46, 17, 49, 

50) 

Chest X-ray (CXR) is the mainstay of diagnosis for 

community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Some authors 

have recently suggested that chest ultrasound (CUS) 

can effectively complement or even reliably replace X-

ray examination in the diagnosis and surveillance of 

CAP. We examined the clinical utility of USG in a large 

sample of patients with CAP to challenge the 

hypothesis that it can replace radiography.  

To improve understanding of the clinical, radiological 

and pathological features of acute fibrinous and 

organizing pneumonia (AFOP), the clinical data of 5 

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Volume 04 Issue 06-2024 35 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

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VOLUME 04 ISSUE 06 PAGES: 31-40 

OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

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patients with AFOP were retrospectively reviewed. 

AFOP was diagnosed using percutaneous lung biopsy 

guided by computed tomography (CT) of the chest. 

The predominant findings on chest HRCT were bilateral 

infiltrates with a diffuse and pathotype distribution. A 

pathological examination revealed slightly dilated 

alveolar septa, lymphocytic and plasmacytic 

infiltration, as well as the presence of intra-alveolar 

fibrin in the form of fibrin “balls” (organizations) inside 

the alveolar spaces. No neutrophilic, eosinophilic 

infiltration, or hyaline membrane formation were 

observed, which was in contrast to other well-known 

histologic features of acute lung injury such as diffuse 

alveolar injury, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, and 

eosinophilic pneumonia. All patients received 

corticosteroids and showed significant clinical and 

radiological improvement. Thus, acute fibrinous and 

organizing pneumonia has no specific features, and its 

diagnosis depends on pathological examination. 

However, whether this is a unique interstitial disease 

requires further clinical investigation (47). 

CONCLUSIONS 

Thus, literature data show that in order to improve and 

timely diagnosis and prevention of inflammatory 

diseases of the bronchopulmonary system, it is 

advisable to carry out radiological diagnostic methods. 

Morphological studies of pleural fluid can affect the 

course of diagnosis and treatment of children with 

pneumonia. Ultrasound examination revealed 

pulmonary consolidation in more than 70% of patients 

with radiographic community-acquired pneumonia, 

but gave false negative results in 26.5% of cases. 

Longitudinal results from some authors support the 

role of USG in the surveillance of detectable lesions. In 

summary, USG should be considered as an additional 

tool for monitoring pneumonia rather than as a 

primary imaging modality. Digital radiography 

(CheXGAT) is considered more sensitive, reliable, and 

highly specific. Multislice computed tomography gives 

less radiation exposure to the child’s body, and in 

addition, in relation to digital radiography, it is more 

sensitive, specific and reliable. 

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American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
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Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

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