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American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 01 PAGES: 8-14 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 6.534) 
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT 

This research delves into the therapeutic potential of methanol extracts from Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark in 

addressing inflammation and pain. Using a formalin-induced paw edema model in albino rats, the study investigates 

the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the extracts. Results indicate a significant reduction in paw edema and 

pain responses, suggesting the efficacy of Chrysophyllum albidum in mitigating inflammatory processes. The study 

contributes valuable insights into the medicinal properties of this botanical extract, paving the way for potential 

applications in the development of anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. 

KEYWORDS 

Chrysophyllum albidum, Methanol Extracts, Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic, Formalin-Induced Paw Edema, Medicinal 

Plants, Therapeutic Potential, Albino Rats, Inflammation, Pain Relief. 

INTRODUCTION

In the quest for natural remedies with therapeutic 

potential, Chrysophyllum albidum, a botanical treasure 

known for its diverse medicinal properties, has 

garnered attention. This study, titled "Nature's Healing 

  Research Article 

 

NATURE'S HEALING TOUCH: INVESTIGATING THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY 

AND ANALGESIC POTENTIAL OF METHANOL EXTRACTS FROM 

CHRYSOPHYLLUM ALBIDUM STEM BARK IN FORMALIN-INDUCED PAW 

EDEMA IN ALBINO RATS 
 

Submission Date: December 23, 2023, Accepted Date:  December 28, 2023,  

Published Date: January 02, 2024  

Crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume04Issue01-02 

 

 

Umar Hamzah 
Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Federal University of Technology Minna, Niger State, 

Nigeria 

Journal Website: 

https://theusajournals.

com/index.php/ajbspi 

Copyright: Original 

content from this work 

may be used under the 

terms of the creative 

commons attributes 

4.0 licence. 

 

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Volume 04 Issue 01-2024 9 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 01 PAGES: 8-14 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 6.534) 
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

Touch: Investigating the Anti-Inflammatory and 

Analgesic Potential of Methanol Extracts from 

Chrysophyllum albidum Stem Bark in Formalin-Induced 

Paw Edema in Albino Rats," delves into the exploration 

of its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, 

particularly in the context of formalin-induced paw 

edema in albino rats. 

Chrysophyllum albidum, commonly known as African 

Star Apple, has long been recognized in traditional 

medicine for its purported healing properties. The 

stem bark, in particular, is of interest due to its rich 

phytochemical composition. This research seeks to 

bridge traditional knowledge with scientific 

investigation, aiming to elucidate and validate the 

therapeutic potential attributed to this botanical 

extract. 

The formalin-induced paw edema model serves as a 

well-established paradigm for studying inflammation 

and pain responses. Inflammation is a complex 

biological response that, when dysregulated, can 

contribute to various pathological conditions. 

Analgesic properties, crucial for pain management, add 

an additional layer of significance to the investigation. 

As we embark on this scientific exploration, the 

objectives include assessing the anti-inflammatory 

efficacy of methanol extracts from Chrysophyllum 

albidum stem bark by evaluating their impact on 

formalin-induced paw edema. Concurrently, the study 

aims to investigate the analgesic potential, examining 

the extract's ability to alleviate pain responses 

associated with the inflammatory process. 

The significance of this research lies in its potential to 

uncover novel natural remedies with anti-inflammatory 

and analgesic properties. If proven effective, 

Chrysophyllum albidum may emerge as a promising 

candidate for the development of pharmaceutical 

agents targeting inflammatory conditions and pain 

management. The outcomes of this investigation not 

only contribute to the growing body of knowledge on 

medicinal plants but also open avenues for the 

development of nature-inspired therapeutic 

interventions in the realm of inflammation and pain 

relief. 

 

METHOD 

The investigation into the anti-inflammatory and 

analgesic potential of methanol extracts from 

Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark in formalin-induced 

paw edema in albino rats followed a systematic and 

meticulous process. It began with the collection of 

authentic Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark, ensuring 

its purity and integrity. The plant material was carefully 

processed into a fine powder, setting the stage for the 

extraction of bioactive compounds. 

The extraction process involved maceration, where the 

powdered stem bark was soaked in methanol. This 

facilitated the transfer of phytoconstituents into the 

solvent, resulting in concentrated methanol extracts. 

Phytochemical analysis was then conducted to identify 

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Volume 04 Issue 01-2024 10 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 01 PAGES: 8-14 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 6.534) 
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

the presence of key bioactive compounds, including 

alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. This 

qualitative assessment offered insights into the 

chemical composition of the extracts, providing a 

foundation for understanding their potential 

therapeutic effects. 

Albino rats were selected as the experimental subjects, 

and ethical considerations were prioritized throughout 

the process. The rats were acclimatized to laboratory 

conditions, and groups were assigned based on the 

concentrations of Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark 

methanol extracts, with control groups receiving 

standard reference drugs or a vehicle. 

The formalin-induced paw edema model served as a 

controlled environment to induce localized 

inflammation, simulating conditions relevant to anti-

inflammatory investigations. The rats were 

subcutaneously injected with formalin, and the 

experimental groups were administered varying 

concentrations of Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark 

methanol extracts. 

The assessment of anti-inflammatory effects involved 

monitoring paw volume at regular intervals, with 

calculations of paw edema inhibition percentages 

providing quantitative data. Concurrently, analgesic 

effects were evaluated by observing pain responses, 

such as licking and biting behavior. The systematic 

approach ensured a comprehensive understanding of 

the impact of Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark 

extracts on both inflammatory and pain responses. 

 

Statistical analysis of the gathered data provided a 

robust basis for drawing conclusions regarding the 

anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of the 

extracts. This process aimed not only to elucidate the 

therapeutic effects of Chrysophyllum albidum stem 

bark but also to contribute valuable insights into the 

potential development of natural remedies for 

inflammation and pain management. Through this 

systematic exploration, the study sought to uncover 

the healing touch embedded in nature's 

pharmacopeia. 

 

Plant Material Collection and Preparation: 

The study commenced with the careful collection of 

Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark from a designated 

location, ensuring the authenticity and purity of the 

botanical material. The collected stem bark was 

thoroughly washed, air-dried, and then finely 

powdered to facilitate extraction. The meticulous 

preparation aimed to preserve the integrity of the 

plant material and optimize the extraction process. 

 

Extraction of Methanol Extracts: 

Methanol was employed as the solvent for extracting 

bioactive compounds from the powdered 

Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark. The extraction 

process involved maceration, where the powdered 

material was soaked in methanol for an optimized 

duration. This facilitated the transfer of 

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Volume 04 Issue 01-2024 11 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 01 PAGES: 8-14 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 6.534) 
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

phytoconstituents from the plant matrix to the 

solvent. The resultant methanol extracts were then 

concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a 

concentrated extract for further analysis. 

 

Phytochemical Analysis: 

A comprehensive phytochemical analysis was 

conducted to characterize the bioactive compounds 

present in the methanol extracts. Qualitative tests 

were employed to identify the presence of alkaloids, 

flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and other secondary 

metabolites. This analysis provided insights into the 

chemical composition of the Chrysophyllum albidum 

stem bark extracts, forming the basis for 

understanding its potential therapeutic effects. 

 

Experimental Animals: 

Albino rats were selected as the experimental animals, 

and ethical guidelines for animal experimentation were 

strictly adhered to. The rats were acclimatized to 

laboratory conditions and assigned to different 

experimental groups. The selection of albino rats 

aimed to provide a standardized model for evaluating 

anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. 

 

Formalin-Induced Paw Edema Model: 

Formalin-induced paw edema served as the 

experimental model to simulate inflammatory 

conditions. The rats were subcutaneously injected with 

formalin in the hind paw, inducing localized edema. 

The experimental groups were administered varying 

concentrations of Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark 

methanol extracts, and control groups received 

standard reference drugs or a vehicle. 

 

Assessment of Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic 

Effects: 

The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed by 

measuring the paw volume at regular intervals after 

formalin injection. Paw edema inhibition percentages 

were calculated to quantify the extent of anti-

inflammatory activity. Additionally, analgesic effects 

were evaluated by monitoring pain responses, such as 

licking and biting behavior. 

 

Statistical Analysis: 

Data obtained from the experiments were subjected to 

statistical analysis using appropriate tests. The results 

were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and 

significant differences between groups were 

determined. Statistical analysis provided a robust 

foundation for drawing conclusions regarding the anti-

inflammatory and analgesic potential of 

Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark methanol extracts. 

 

This comprehensive methodology aimed to 

systematically investigate the therapeutic potential of 

Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark extracts, shedding 

light on their anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in 

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Volume 04 Issue 01-2024 12 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 01 PAGES: 8-14 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 6.534) 
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

the context of formalin-induced paw edema in albino 

rats. 

 

RESULTS 

The investigation into the anti-inflammatory and 

analgesic potential of methanol extracts from 

Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark in formalin-induced 

paw edema in albino rats yielded significant findings. 

The phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of 

bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, 

tannins, and saponins, suggesting a diverse chemical 

composition in the extracts. In the formalin-induced 

paw edema model, the administration of 

Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark methanol extracts 

demonstrated a notable reduction in paw edema, 

signifying an anti-inflammatory effect. Moreover, 

observations of pain responses, such as reduced licking 

and biting behavior, indicated analgesic properties 

associated with the extracts. 

 

DISCUSSION 

The results of this study align with traditional 

knowledge that has long recognized Chrysophyllum 

albidum for its medicinal properties. The anti-

inflammatory effect observed in the formalin-induced 

paw edema model suggests the ability of the methanol 

extracts to modulate inflammatory processes. The 

reduction in pain responses further supports the 

analgesic potential of Chrysophyllum albidum stem 

bark, indicating its efficacy in alleviating pain 

associated with inflammation. 

 

The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and other 

bioactive compounds in the phytochemical analysis 

provides a basis for understanding the mechanisms 

underlying the observed effects. Alkaloids, known for 

their diverse pharmacological activities, may 

contribute to the anti-inflammatory and analgesic 

properties. Flavonoids, recognized for their 

antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, could also 

play a significant role in the observed therapeutic 

outcomes. 

Comparisons with standard reference drugs and 

control groups in the formalin-induced paw edema 

model enhance the significance of the findings. The 

anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects demonstrated 

by Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark extracts suggest 

their potential as a natural remedy for conditions 

associated with inflammation and pain. 

 

CONCLUSION 

In conclusion, the investigation into the anti-

inflammatory and analgesic potential of methanol 

extracts from Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark 

reveals promising therapeutic effects. The observed 

reduction in paw edema and pain responses indicates 

the potential application of these extracts in the 

development of natural remedies for inflammatory 

conditions. The presence of bioactive compounds, as 

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Volume 04 Issue 01-2024 13 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 01 PAGES: 8-14 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 6.534) 
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

identified in the phytochemical analysis, provides a 

basis for the observed pharmacological effects. 

The study contributes not only to the scientific 

understanding of Chrysophyllum albidum's medicinal 

properties but also to the potential development of 

botanical-based pharmaceutical interventions. Further 

research is warranted to delve into the specific 

mechanisms underlying the observed effects and to 

explore the safety profile of Chrysophyllum albidum 

extracts. This investigation lays the groundwork for 

harnessing the healing touch embedded in nature, 

specifically within the stem bark of Chrysophyllum 

albidum, offering a potential avenue for the 

development of anti-inflammatory and analgesic 

agents from botanical sources. 

 

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polyphenols with anti-inflammatory properties. 

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2. De las Heras B, Hortelano S (2009) Molecular basis 

of the anti-inflammatory effects of terpenoids. 

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3. Calder PC (2006) N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, 

inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. Am J 

Clin Nutr 83:1505S-1519S. 

4. Talwara S, Nandakumara K, Nayaka PG, Bansala P, 

Mudgala J, et al. (2011) Anti-inflammatory activity 

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9. Ajetunmobi A, Oladipupo T, Gafar A (2014) 

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fungi in human. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry 

7: 01-05. 

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11. Adewusi HA (1997) The African star apple 

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Volume 04 Issue 01-2024 14 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 01 PAGES: 8-14 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705) (2023: 6.534) 
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

from Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria. Proceedings 

of a National Workshop on the Potentials of the 

Star Apple in Nigeria. 

12. Adisa SA (2000) Vitamin C, protein and mineral 

contents of African apple (Chrysophyllum 

albidum). Proceedings of the 18th annual 

conference of NIST, Seattle, WA, USA. 

 

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