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American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 01     Pages: 17-23 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705)  
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

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ABSTRACT 

The aim of our work is to identify features of morphogenesis in postnatal development, the study of the histological 

structure of different departments and membranes of rat heart at 1-22 days after birth. The object of the study was 

the heart of the 50 rats at 1, 6, 11, 16, 22 days after birth. Notes alternating periods of acceleration and deceleration of 

the growth rate increasing thickness of the atria and ventricles. Endocardial and epicardial thickness increases 

significantly less. The growth rate of the thickness of the ventricular myocardium were observed in rats 6 and 16 days 

of age. Structural changes occur due to the growth of the organism. Feature of the structure and topography of 

microvessels heart is their distribution in the course of cardiomyocytes and the relationship with fibrous connective 

tissue structures of cardiomyocytes. 

 

KEYWORDS 

Rat heart, postnatal ontogenesis, cardiomyocytes, fibrous structure atria and ventricles. 

INTRODUCTION 

  Research Article 

 

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MYOCARDIAL CHANGES 

WHEN EXPOSED TO PESTICIDES 
 

Submission Date: January 20, 2023, Accepted Date:  January 25, 2023,  

Published Date: January 30, 2023  

Crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume03Issue01-03 

 

 

Sagdullayeva Makhmuda Kamalovna 
Tashkent Medical Academy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan 

 

Ibragimova Shahzoda Abdurahimovna 
Tashkent Medical Academy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan 

 

Tolmasov Ruzibek 
Tashkent Medical Academy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan 

Journal Website: 

https://theusajournals.

com/index.php/ajbspi 

Copyright: Original 

content from this work 

may be used under the 

terms of the creative 

commons attributes 

4.0 licence. 

 

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Volume 03 Issue 01-2023 18 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 01     Pages: 17-23 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705)  
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Very often one of the etiological causes of the heart 

disease is the toxic factor. Currently different chemical 

products used in agriculture for the treatment of 

grape, vegetable and especially cotton fields. Most of 

chemical compounds such as pesticides have adverse 

effects on the body. At the present time more than 

1000 kinds of pesticides are being used around the 

worldwide and every year their number is increasing. It 

is well known, that prolonged exposure to even small 

doses of pesticides on the body increases frequency 

and enhances diseases of cardiovascular system, 

myocarditis of various etiologies. Therefore, of great 

interest is the study of pesticide effects on human and 

animals, in particular on the cardiovascular system. 

Significant relevance is acquired by the problem of 

pesticide influence on growing young organisms. Heart 

variability is not only general biological interest, but 

has a curtain significance in the disclosure of 

physiological processes developing therein, depending 

on the environmental conditions.  

The purpose of the study to determine the 

characteristics of anatomical, microscopic, sub-

microscopic and morphometric changes of different 

layers of the heart wall in rats at an early postnatal 

ontogenesis under the influence of pesticides through 

breast milk.  

Material and research methods. In total, 205 rat hearts 

ages a day olds, 6 day olds, 11days olds, 16 days olds and 

21days olds were used. The animals were divided into 3 

groups. To obtain this goal several series of 

experiments were conducted. In the first series after 

the birth of rat pups, to a mother rats were 

administered pesticide cotoran at a dose 1/100 LD50 

intra-gastrically through a catheter. In the first group of 

female mother rats starting from the day after giving 

birth cotoran was administered for 5 days, and rat pups 

died on the 6th day. In the second group cotoran was 

administered to mother rats after giving birth for the 

10 days and the slaughter of animals made on day 11. In 

the third group cotoran was administered to the 

mother rats from the first day after giving birth for 

15days, and rat pups died at 16days of age. In the fourth 

group pesticide was administered to mother rats also 

after giving birth and rat pups died after 21days of age. 

In the second series, pesticide β-tetramethyl at a dose 

of 5MDU was administered in the same way to the 

mother rats, and rat pups died in an analogical 

experiment days. To the mother rats in the control 

group, in the morning on empty stomach depending 

on the term injected 1 ml of distilled water daily. As a 

probe, for female rats subclavial catheters№1. were 

used. The animals were anesthetized with either at 1, 6, 

11, 16, 21 days after birth. We used a range of methods 

including: general histological method, organometry, 

morphometry, ECG of the heart and mathematical 

modeling and prognosis of toxic myocarditis.  

After removing the hearts from thorax measurements 

for the lengths, widths, thicknesses of the rat hearts 

were conducted. To determine the linear methods 

calipers with 0.05 mm scales were used. The length of 

the heart is determined from thee tip to the outermost 

part of the base of the heart. Heart width defined as a 

distance between the most projecting portions at atria-

ventricular groove in a direction from left to right. The 

thickness of the heart is a distance between the most 

prominent parts on the level of atria-ventricular groove 

from front to back. Heart shape is determined visually. 

To determine the heart mass and mass of the rat 

electronic weight is used.  

Histological sections were made in a plane 

perpendicular to the long axis of the heart. Paraffin 

sections with 8-10mcm thickness, made using a rotary 

microtones staining with hematoxyllin and eosin by 

standard methods. Collagen fibers in the connective 

tissue skeleton of the heart walls were detected with 

hematoxyllin and picrofuchsin by Van Gieson’s staining 

method and reticular fibers by a foot in modification of 

N.A Yurina. 

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Volume 03 Issue 01-2023 19 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 01     Pages: 17-23 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705)  
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

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For scanning electron microscopy, tissue was fixed 

with 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution, with osmium 

tetroxide fixation to phosphate buffer, dehydrated in 

alcohol and acetone, and dried by the critical point in 

the HCP-2 device. Gold plated was carried out in IB-2 

device and examined in electron microscopes JEOL 

JSM-6010 LV and Hitachi-S405 and photographing from 

the latest monitor screen using Canon digital camera. 

Research and discussion results. Rat heart 

asymmetrically located in the thoracic cavity and 

occupies a large area on the left. The absolute heart 

weight is significantly increased with increasing body 

mass. Weight of a newborn ups is in average 8±0,4 gr, 

and the absolute heart weight averaged 140±1,7 mgr. 

The highest rate of weight gain in rats observed at 16 

days of age up to 50%, and heart weight at 6days of age 

growth rate equals to 21%. From newborn to 22 days of 

old rat weight increased by 3 times, and the heart 

weight increases by 1.7 times. Our data analogic with 

the data of the authors that the relative weight of 

human heart and rat hearts are greatest during 

neonatal age. Heart weight of newborn rat pups are 

1.75% from body mass. With age, the heart mass is 

reduced in relation to the body weight and on the 22 

day of postnatal ontogenesis it equals to 1.1% (figure1). 

The results of the study show that the shape and size 

of the heart during postnatal ontogenesis at different 

ages is constantly changing. In newborn rat heart 

length in average is -4.5±0,02mm, width in average is- 

4,3±0,3mm, anterior posterior size is-3,8 ±0,2mm. Since 

newborn rats all anatomical parameters are almost the 

same and in most cases the heart shape newborn rats 

come close to spherical. During the early postnatal 

ontogenesis growth in length, width and anterior 

posterior size is irregular. Starting from day 6 rat heart 

length increases more than the width and anterior 

posterior size and shape of the heart approaches 

elongated form. The highest growth rate of anatomical 

parameters observed in rats is at 6 days of age. 

Anterior posterior size of the rat heart increases in 22 

days of age, and heart approaches conical shape. 

 

 

 

  

Body mass, in grams Heart mass, in mgs Coefficient 

Figure-1. Ratio of heart weight to the weight of the rats. 

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Volume 03 Issue 01-2023 20 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 01     Pages: 17-23 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705)  
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Results for morphometric studies on thickness of 

ventricular and atrial heart walls, in control group 

animals showed dynamic growth on the thickness of 

walls for both the left and right atriums and ventricles 

of the heart at different times of postnatal ontogenesis 

and it occurs uneven. Growth dynamics of the wall 

thickness for both left and right ventricles of heart at 

different terms of development depend from the parts 

of the heart wall. Growth rate of the atrial wall 

thickness greater in rats 6 days of age. Ventricular wall 

thickness mostly increases in rats 6 and 22 days of ages. 

The thickness of atrial endocardium is greater on the 

walls of atrium than in the ventricles. The thickness of 

myocardium and epicardium is greater in the left 

ventricle on the posterior part. The thickness of the 

ventricular wall on posterior part increases more than 

the atrial wall and on the anterior part. The thickness 

of the epicardium in age aspect compared with other 

layers varies slightly. 

 

Microscopic examination can be traced a certain 

pattern of development and differentiation in the 

dynamics of early postnatal ontogenesis in the 

histological structure of the structural elements of the 

layers of the wall of the atria and ventricles of the heart 

in intact rats. 

 

This provision is the conclusion of the development 

and differentiation of the structural elements of the 

atrial wall and ventricular dynamics in early postnatal 

ontogenesis. In the early period (6 th and 11 th days) 

study the structural elements of all layers of the heart 

wall remain undifferentiated, especially in the 

myocardium, where cellular elements predominate 

over the myofibrils. The left ventricle distinguish 

subendocardial, subepicardial and intermediate layers. 

Subendocardial infarction layer is more differentiated 

than the other layers and is composed of parallel 

beams cardiomyocytes that are parallel to the 

endothelium. Subepicardial myocardial layer has a 

loose structure and puchkoobraznoe, cardiomyocytes 

it arranged randomly and are larger. In individual 

cardiomyocytes myofibrils thicker in others - a vague 

and vacuolated. The intramural layer left ventricular 

myocardial muscle cells are arranged perpendicular to 

the subendocardial layer. The interventricular septum 

myocardium heart denser, thicker form 

cardiomyocytes parallel beams. Around 

cardiomyocytes and around the vessels are arranged 

bundles of collagen and elastin fibers. Reticular fibers 

are arranged between the cardiomyocytes as a 

winding dark brown fibrous structure that envelop the 

individual muscle bundles, forming melkopetlistuyu, 

and around the vessels in the epicardium - 

krupnopetlistuyu network. 

 

In the later stages of research, to the 21 th day, the 

structural elements of all layers of the heart wall is 

completely formed, gaining their true morphological 

and functional features. In the wall of the left ventricle 

of the heart, all three layers are clearly distinguishable 

as compared with the previous study periods well 

developed subendocardial layer which is thicker than 

the other layers. From the endocardial penetrate deep 

cracks and Tebeziya vessels that reach the intramural 

myocardium layer. This layer of the myocardium loose 

and consists of multiple individual beams of 

cardiomyocytes, between which there are enlightened 

cracks, small vessels and soft connective tissue stroma. 

Intramural myocardial layer is presented in parallel 

reaching cardiomyocytes myofibrils which significantly 

prevail over the nuclear structures. Subepicardial layer 

compared to other layers composed of thin and cut 

transversely cardiomyocytes that exist between 

arterial and venous vessels. This venous sinus have 

different shape and size, some of them form large 

elongated blood lake. In histochemical staining 

according to the method of Van Gieson in the walls of 

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Volume 03 Issue 01-2023 21 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 01     Pages: 17-23 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705)  
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

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arteries, arterioles revealed large bundles of collagen 

fibers, and in the walls of the veins and in the stroma 

infarction - the gentle collagen and discontinuous 

fibers. When painting PAS-reaction compared to 

previous periods of research in the walls of blood 

vessels, and connective tissue in epicardium defined 

decrease in PAS-positive substance. In the walls of 

blood vessels increases the amount of elastic fibers. 

Especially thickens subendothelial inner elastic 

membrane, which is represented by a thick winding 

material of uneven thickness deep purple color. The 

muscular and adventitial layers of artery walls elastic 

fibers is small, and they are presented in the form of 

bluish shadow structures.  

 

The blood vessels of the rat heart are presented by 

arterioles, capillaries, venules and sinusoids. The 

myocardial blood vessels are directed along the bundle 

of cardiomyocytes. Around the cardiomyocytes and 

vessels located bundles of collagen and elastic fibers. 

Parallel arrangement of muscular fibers and capillaries 

in the myocardium may create conditions for even 

pressure on the walls of capillaries thus preventing its 

clamping in systole. There is no significant difference in 

diameters of the blood vessels walls of a right and left 

ventricles.  

 

Arterioles are characterized by thin inner layer, clearly 

pronounced middle layer, and outer layers. Inner layer 

of arterioles are presented by the nuclei of endothelial 

cells with round shape. They are located at a slight 

distance from each other. Well pronounced middle 

layer consist of circular bundles of muscular fibers. 

They form two layers. The outer layer is formed by 

loose fibrous tissue and adventitial cells. The inner 

diameter of arterioles of newborn rats of control group 

on average varies11.7±0,6mcm, up to the 6th day there 

is the greatest pace of growth up to 40% in diameter of 

arterioles, in the next age group there is an 

insignificant growth rate for inner diameter of 

arterioles. 

 

Capillaries have a diameter in average 4.7±0,6microns. 

Capillaries of myocardium consist of 3 layers. The inner 

layer is formed by endothelial cells. Middle layer is from 

basal membrane and outer layer from elastic 

membrane. Mainly capillaries of myocardium are found 

in subepicardial layer. In subepicardial layer blood 

vessels are rare. 

 

The wall of the venules is presented by the endothelial 

cells which are located at a great distance from each 

other. Muscular layer in venules are underdeveloped. 

Venules thickness on average varies 16.7±1,2mcm. In 

the walls of left ventricles sinusoids are found. The 

walls of the sinusoids by structure do not differ from 

the capillaries. By the diameter sinusoids are bigger 

than capillaries and reach up to 35-42mcm. Sinusoids 

usually are oval or round shape.  

The study of morphometric data of the left and right 

atrium and ventricles inexperimental group show that 

under the exposure to cotoran observed a decrease in 

all parts of the heart wall.  

 

Analysis of the table shows that rats 6days of age have 

decreased thickness down to 10% on the walls of left 

and right atrium under the exposure to cotoran. The 

thickness of the left and right ventricles are less in 

atrium part by 11-13% compared with control group 

under the exposure to cotoran.  On the 11th day 

there is an 18% decrease of the thickness of the left and 

right ventricles are less in anterior part by 23% 

compared with control group under the exposure to 

cotoran.. The thickness of the left and right ventricles 

are less in posterior part by 16-20% compared with 

control group under the exposure to cotoran.  

 

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Volume 03 Issue 01-2023 22 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 01     Pages: 17-23 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705)  
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

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At 16days of age there is a 13% decrease of the thickness 

of the left and right atria under the exposure to 

cotoran. The thickness of the left and right ventricles 

are less in anterior part by 19% and in posterior part 17% 

compared with control group under the exposure to 

cotoran . 

 

In rats at 21days of age there is a 9% decrease of the 

thickness of the left and right atriums under the 

exposure to cotoran. The thickness of the left and right 

ventricles in anterior part are less in anterior part by 9% 

and posterior part by 11% compared with control group 

under the exposure to cotoran.  

 

Findings  

 

1. In postnatal ontogenesis changes in heart 

position of rat pups occur from cranial to caudal 

direction. The greatest increase in length, width and 

anterior posterior sizes occur from the moment of 

birth to 6 days of age, further mostly the length of the 

heart grows. From birth to 21 days of age, the ratio 

relative heart weight to the body weight is reduced 

from 1.75 to1.1.During the postnatal development of rat 

pups heart position is displaced from cranial to caudal 

part. Comparative changes occur in heart, body mass 

and in their rate, and also there are changes in the 

shape of the heart and the development of the chest.  

2. Traced a definite pattern of development and 

differentiation in the dynamics of early postnatal 

ontogenesis in the microscopic structure of the 

structural elements of the wall layers of the atria and 

ventricles of the heart in control rat hearts.  

3. The toxic effects of pesticides on the heart of 

rats manifested pathologic-morphologic changes 

developing in the wall of arterioles and capillaries in the 

form of disorganization of fibrous structures, the 

development of proliferative processes of proper cell 

walls of blood vessels as well as changes in myocardial 

muscle fibers in the form of protein dystrophy, 

disintegration of myofibrils and dis-complexion of 

nuclear-cytoplasmic ration. 

 

REFERENCES 

 

1. Akhmedova S.M. Morphological 

characteristics of the development of the walls 

of the heart of rat pups. Science and Peace. 

2015; 1(7): 85-87. 

2. Akhmedova S.M., Mirsharapov U.M. Some 

morphofunctional changes of heart at the 

influence of pesticides. Bulletin of the Doctor 

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3. Bokeria O.L., Akhobekov A.A. Sudden cardiac 

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4. Boldueva S.A. , Shabrov A.V., Lebedev D.S. 

Prognosis and prevention of sudden cardiac 

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5. Gorbunov A.A. Connective tissue component 

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6. Kurbanov R.D., Mullabaeva G.U., Kilichev A.A., 

Kevorkova Yu.G., Saifitdinova N.B. Efficacy of 

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7. Lebedinets A.N., Voloshin N.A., Chugin S.V. 

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rat heart in the postnatal period after 

intrauterine exposure to antigens of various 

nature. Pathology. 2011; 2:43–45. 

8. Michela N. F. Inform the Heart: Control of 

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American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 01     Pages: 17-23 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705)  
OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Dependent Paracrine Sign als Developmental 

Cell. 2009; 16:161. 

 

 

 

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