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American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 12     Pages: 12-20 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705)  
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ABSTRACT 

There are plants in nature that can grow even in saline, arid lands and increase soil fertility and improve soil quality. 

One such plant in the Leguminosae family is licorice, whose scientific name is Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. 

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) possesses high environmentoptimizing function, enriching soil with organic matter and 

improving physical and chemical properties and biological activity of the soil, provides the basis for sustainable 

reproduction of fertility of degraded saline soils. 

In Uzbekistan, 49% of irrigated land is affected by salinity and there are many degraded, abandoned areas. An 

alternative to the modern practice of land desalinization, which requires the use of irrigation water in high quantities 

and in turn aggravation of soil properties, can be a biological method of restoring fertility by growing licorice. 

 

KEYWORDS 

Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn, biological properties, salt tolerance, cultivation technologies, distribution. 

INTRODUCTION 

  Research Article 

 

DISTRIBUTION AND CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY OF LICORICE PLANT IN 

UZBEKISTAN 
 

Submission Date: December 20, 2022, Accepted Date:  December 25, 2022,  

Published Date: December 30, 2022  

Crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume02Issue12-03 

 

 

Mardonova G. 
Uzbekistan National University, Faculty Of Biology, University Street-4, 100174, Tashkent, Uzbekistan 

 

Egamberdieva D 
Institute Of Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre For Agricultural Landscape Research 

(ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany 

 

Journal Website: 

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Copyright: Original 

content from this work 

may be used under the 

terms of the creative 

commons attributes 

4.0 licence. 

 

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American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
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Biological properties of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn 

In the territory of the republic, licorice is a typical tugai 

plant, polycarp is a herbaceous plant with well-

developed stems and a cylindrical structure. The stem 

is woody and 150-160 cm high, sometimes exceeding 

200 cm or more in forest conditions. In saline soils, 

these values are about 50-70 cm. The leaves have a 

complex structure. It consists of 4-8 pairs of leaves, 

arranged in in series on the stems. The leaves are 11-18 

cm long, ovate, elliptic, entire, hairy, 5 cm long and 2.5 

cm wide. The flowers are white-purple, the pollen is 

large and heavy. 

Due to its strong nectar secretion, it attracts bees and 

other insects. The above-ground part of licorice is used 

as nutritious animal feed. The stem contains 11-18% 

protein, 3.3-9.1% oil and other beneficial compounds. 

The bark of the underground part is brown, the length 

of the roots and rhizomes is 180-200 cm. 

Underground Glycyrrhiza glabra The Linn plant has a 

broad root system, with a main root and many side 

roots. The main root, which is harvested for medicinal 

purposes, is soft, fibrous, and the inside is bright yellow 

[22]. 

The content of glycyrrhizic acid in roots and rhizomes 

is 3-24%, glucose-8%, sucrose-11%, starch-34%, fiber-24%. 

The amount of substances that can be extracted in 

water is 43% [13]. Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn has long been 

used in food and medicineIt is known as the sweet 

root. Licorice root is 50 times sweeter than sugar [6.].  

Since GL, a sweet saponin, and GB, a species-specific 

flavonoid, are known to be important index 

compounds for underground parts of G. glabra[4,7], 

HPLC analysis was performed to determine their 

content in the roots and stolons collected in the 

habitat (Table 1). GL contents were found to vary from 

4.76% to 6.13% of dry weight in the roots, and from 

3.33% to 5.98% of dry weight in the stolons, depending 

on the sample[8] 

 

Table 1. Contents of Glycyrrhizin (GL) and Glabridin (GB) in Underground Parts of G. glabra Collected in 

Uzbekistan[8] 

 

  GL GB 

Root 12.3 6.13 0.12 

Root 17.5 4.76 0.08 

Root 20.5 5.87 0.15 

Stolon 6.6 3.33 0.10 

Stolon 10.4 3.35 0.20 

Stolon 15.5 5.98 0.35 

 

 

 

Table 2. Contents of Rutin (RT), Isoquercitrin (IQ), Pinocembrin (PN), Licoflavanone (LF) and Glabranin (GN) in 

Leaves of G. glabra Collected in Uzbekistan[8] 

 

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Plant No. Origin 
Type of 

fruit 

Type of 

HPLC 

profile 

  Content (% of 

dry weight) 

  

RT IQ PN LF GN 

01B01 Uzbekistan glabra RT-type 0.22 0.03 2.66 0.53 1.07 

01B02 Uzbekistan glabra RT-type 0.25 0.05 1.53 0.21 0.25 

01B03 Uzbekistan glandulifera IQ-type 0.05 0.57 0.45 0.00 0.09 

01B04 Uzbekistan glabra IQ-type 0.04 0.39 1.79 0.16 0.42 

01B05 Uzbekistan glabra RT-type 0.32 0.04 0.98 0.33 0.18 

01B06 Uzbekistan glandulifera IQ-type 0.07 0.53 0.95 0.00 0.24 

01B07 Uzbekistan glabra RT-type 0.29 0.03 1.74 0.12 0.39 

01B08 Uzbekistan glabra RT-type 0.23 0.05 2.34 0.29 0.69 

01B09 Uzbekistan glabra RT-type 0.24 0.05 1.53 0.22 0.22 

01B10 Uzbekistan —a) RT-type 0.25 0.06 2.30 0.28 0.33 

01A1915) Kazakhstan glabra RT-type 0.26 0.03 1.39 0.21 0.52 

01A2015) Kazakhstan glandulifera RT-type 0.27 0.09 0.86 0.23 0.32 

96A1514) Italy glabra IQ-type 0.02 0.32 1.64 1.59 0.73 

96B0214) Spain glabra IQ-type 0.03 0.47 1.21 1.13 0.29 

90A0513) Turkey —a) IQ-type 0.06 0.84 1.09 0.47 0.16 

 

 

Salt tolerance 

Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn is a medicinal plant that the 

locals call qizilmiya. The most important feature of 

Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn is that it can be grown in saline 

soils, which leads to soil recycling [5]  

Licorice is a salt and drought-tolerant native crop in 

arid regions that naturally spreads over approximately 

2000 hectares across the Zarafshan, Sirdarya and 

Amudarya deltas and the Chirchiq and Angren areas of 

Uzbekistan. A total root dry mass in these areas 

accounted for almost 18.5 million tonnes [13]. 

The majority of plant species under water deficiency 

condition primarily retards growth and gradually 

deteriorates morphological and physiological 

properties. Nevertheless, licorice may thrive and even 

generate significant biomass in incredibly harsh 

conditions [9-10]. 

 Since the native licorice population is declining sharply 

in recent years, studying production technology is 

prudent to exclude supply shortages. Given the fact 

that licorice is a drought-tolerant plant [12], 

comparatively few studies have been performed on 

the successful cultivation of licorice in deteriorated 

soils under water deficit condition by using of a proper 

irrigation regime. The cultivation of this climate-

resilient crop is considered a preventive measure for 

combating wide-spread land degradation in the region. 

A hypothesis of this research is if licorice could grow 

well under water deficit conditions, then it might 

contribute to enhance crop productivity and soil 

quality, thereby may rejuvenate the dryland cropping 

system. Therefore, this study focused on evaluating 

the potential of licorice cultivation under different 

water deficit conditions (control 70–80%, moderate 

50–60%, strong 30–40% and intense 10–20% relative 

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water WC in the soil), thereby, contributing to the 

economic and environmental sustainability of 

degraded lands in arid zones.   

 

Licorice increases the content of agro-technically 

valuable, drought-resistant soil aggregates by 70-80%, 

reduces soil density to optimal (1.3-1.4 g / cm3). Roots 

that penetrate to a depth of 3.5-4 m allow groundwater 

to pass through large areas of salinity, reducing their 

salinity. The amount of humus increases from 0.7% to 

1.5-1.64% (depending on the age of the plant), enriches 

the soil with nutrients through the accumulation of 

nitrogen (in the leaves), phosphorus (in the stem) and 

potassium (in the seeds). 

 

Nigmatov S.X. according to the data, when Glabra L 

seeds are planted in saline soils for several years, they 

develop the ability to grow even in saline soils. Seeds 

grown on non-saline soils were able to germinate at a 

salinity of 10–15 g/l, while seeds grown on saline soils 

were able to germinate at 15–20 g/l. When grown in the 

field, the salt tolerance of plants has increased in their 

ontogeny. Data on fruit, productivity and root 

collection were obtained. It has been found that 

licorice is more resistant to salts when planted through 

the roots (compared to those planted from seeds), and 

dies when the salt content is 15%. Most of the seedlings 

did not germinate when the salt content was 2.5%. The 

transition to high salinity led to a sharp slowdown in 

plant growth and development. In the chloride-

sulphate area, water evaporation decreased and 

osmotic activity increased. As the roots grew rapidly, 

they absorbed more water from the lower layers of the 

earth, causing the groundwater to recede. The bulk of 

the roots accumulate in the top layer of soil, making 

them easier to dig. 

 

These stress adaptability functions of licorice plants 

allow them to survive under extreme conditions. i.e., 

drought, salinity, and heat stresses, and thereby 

develop proper tolerance mechanisms. In agreement 

with these phenomena, the results of this experiment 

also showed a slight reduction in the weight of the dry 

root compared with that of the shoot mass. More 

specifically, in the 50–60% WC application, the plant 

growth parameters were higher than in the 70–80% WC 

procedure, suggesting a low water deficit promotes 

growth and biomass development of the licorice plant. 

This impact is consistent with a depth rooting method 

and an effective licorice transpiration process that 

retains growth dynamics over a long vegetative period, 

also under a deficit irrigated environment. It is well-

known that licorice accumulates less secondary 

metabolites in the roots under stress environment, 

defining sufficient WC is essential for normal 

biosynthesis processes [17]. Glycyrrhizic acid level 

varies between 5–10% of the weight of the root of the 

licorice plant depending on various growing 

conditions. In our experiments, this value ranged 

between 6.04 to 7.40%, which are in agreement with 

previous reports [24]. However, this experiment 

confirms that a low water deficit may induce secondary 

metabolite biosynthesis in the licorice roots, improving 

the quality of the raw products. This outcome is 

consistent with the findings of several researchers who 

confirmed that low drought-stress plants generally 

produce higher levels of secondary metabolites [3]. It 

is highly likely that mutualistic association of beneficial 

microbes in the rhizosphere of licorice contributed to 

utilising water and nutrients more efficiently and 

improved soil quality. Many researchers have noted 

that crop residues decrease soil bulk density and 

temperature while maintaining a good plant growth 

condition [1,2,7] 

 

Consistent with these findings, licorice residues in this 

study also had many beneficial effects on the 

improvement of soil physical structures, chemical 

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compositions and possibly biological functions. It 

turned out that the enhanced abundance of 

macronutrients in the soil contributes to the beneficial 

actions of microbes in the root rhizosphere to secrete 

organic acids and lower the pH in their area, which 

could have induced the breakdown of bound 

phosphates in the soil [15]. It is well documented that 

the significant effects of soil microorganisms depend 

on soil moisture [14,23,25] 

 

According to Shantz et al. (2016), a number of 

processes have developed in licorice to thrive under 

exceptionally harsh conditions, including mutualism 

with beneficial soil microbes that promote nutrient and 

water absorption and improve drought stress 

tolerance of plants [21] 

 

Cultivation technologies 

 

Licorice is grown vegetatively in degraded or low-

yielding areas where other crops are unprofitable. In 

one place, licorice can grow for more than ten years. 

When the crop rotation is over, the rhizomes are 

removed and the field is prepared for growing other 

crops. 

 

There are additional benefits of growing licorice for 

reclamation purposes: root and surface biomass, 

which have medicinal properties and valuable 

nutritional properties for animal feed. With proper 

care, the roots can be harvested as early as the third 

year, with a yield of 10 t. The profit can be about 11 

million from 1 hectare of land ... 

 

The licorice plant is propagated in three main ways: by 

seeds, rhizomes, and seedlings. The first method is by 

sowing seedsThis requires the selection of well-

established, well-plowed, weed-free, mulched, 

machined, leveled in autumn areas. The seeds are sown 

at a depth of 1-3 cm. Sowing can be done by 

mechanization in autumn and early spring. 4-5 kg of 

seeds are sown per hectare. After sowing, the field is 

irrigated and the topsoil is required to remain moist 

until the grass is formed. As the soil temperature rises 

above 10 C, sprouting of grasses is observed. Grasses 

are mainly cultivated between rows when they reach 

20-25 cm. During the growing season, the plant site is 

watered 8-10 times. After every 2-3 irrigations, 

loosening and processing of row-spacings with ketmon 

and care for them are carried out. However, given the 

relatively low germination of seeds on saline soils (1.5-

2.0%), the cultivation of industrial crops by growing 

licorice seeds is impossible..[33] 

 

The second way is propagation by rhizomes. In this 

method, the plant material, i.e. rhizome, dug out from 

the fields. With the help of tools with a sharp blade, 

rhizomes 10-15 cm long are cut. It is recommended to 

spend 2000-3000 kg of rhizomes per hectare. Pre-

prepared and well-established fields are plowed with 

an interval of 90 cm, and the rhizomes are planted to a 

depth of 5-8 cm mechanized. This process is carried out 

both in autumn and early spring. Taking into account 

soil moisture, frequent watering of the rhizome and 

maintaining soil moisture is effective. Depending on 

the condition of the plants, agrotechnical measures are 

carried out on the sown areas, they are watered and 

cared for 6-8 times a year (during the growing season). 

From the 2nd year of vegetation, the irrigation rate is 

reduced depending on soil conditions. This method is 

mainly effective in the construction of large industrial 

areas. However, when multiplied by this method by 

12000-3000 kg of valuable raw materials are 

consumed(1 ha)[ 33]. 

 

The third method is to sow the seeds in the gray soil, 

grow seedlings from them, and then transplant them 

to saline soils.Including, when seedlings that have 

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American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
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VOLUME 02 ISSUE 12     Pages: 12-20 

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gone through one vegetation period are transplanted 

to saline soils, their growth and maintenance is 70-80%. 

From 4-5 years of vegetation, the raw material ripens. 

The raw material of industrial importance consists of 

roots and rhizomes, the bark is brown, the inside is 

orange, with a characteristic odor and a very sweet 

taste. From one hectare it is possible to grow 8-10 tons 

of fodder and 20-25 tons of nutritious fodder. The 

underground part of the plant is mainly dug to a depth 

of 0-50 cm, cleaned of soil and dried. 

 

Thus, it is advisable to use rhizomes and seedlings in 

the cultivation of licorice, which is a valuable raw 

material. 

 

Distribution and cultivation in Uzbekistan 

 

Glycoriza glabra L. grows in Southeast Europe, 

Southwest Asia, the Middle East and Central Asia. 

Grows well in sunny valleys near streams. Currently, 

licorice is widespread in India, Iran, Afghanistan, China, 

Pakistan, Iraq, Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan. Glycyrrhiza 

glabra Linn is found in the wild, but can also be grown 

on farms. 

The licorice family includes 13 species, 12 of which grow 

in our country. Licorice is widely distributed in the 

north-west of Uzbekistan. Growing licorice has proven 

beneficial for Uzbekistan for three reasons: 

environmental, economic and social. In Uzbekistan, in 

the face of environmental challenges such as declining 

Aral Sea levels, soil salinization, climate change, 

sandstorms and water scarcity, licorice cultivation is 

mitigating the severe side effects of environmental 

change. This is the most effective way to rehabilitate 

the land. 

 

Most species of the glycyrrhiza family are plants of the 

Mediterranean flora. Despite the fact that the species 

is widespread in the Mediterranean floristic region, the 

main raw material base of G. glabra is the regions of 

Central Asia and Kazakhstan, as a result of 

uncontrolled mining of licorice root, raw material 

reserves have tripled in recent years [ 20] 

 

In Uzbekistan, its goloy series is widespread in the 

Kyzylkum and Karakum deserts, on the banks of the 

Pamir-Alay, Tien-Shan, Amudarya and Syrdarya rivers. 

The Korzhinsky type is widespread in the Aral Sea, the 

lower reaches of the Caspian Sea. Glycyrrhiza glabra 

Linn prefers fertile, sandy and loamy soils near rivers or 

streams, where the plant thrives in the wild. 

Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn grows in nutrient-rich soils in 

subtropical climates.  

 

The licorice plant is found mainly along rivers, streams 

and ditches. Due to its well-developed root system, it 

grows in deserts, mountain slopes with deep 

groundwater, as well as in low mountains and saline 

soils. In terms of distribution, licorice occupies the 

largest area compared to other species in this 

category, and is most common in the Amudarya and 

Syrdarya basins. 

 

According to Borisov D.A., licorice habitats range from 

hot and humid subtropics to sharply continental: dry 

and hot summers and cold winters. The plant grows in 

temperatures down to -17.8 ° C. Humidity is 206-2465 

mm in the areas where these crops grow, and the 

humidity coefficient is 0.22-3.60.  

 

Muinova S.S. (1985) studied up to 3 generations in the 

vicinity of Tashkent in order to study the 

morphobiological and valuable economic indicators of 

hairless licorice species. He conducted experiments on 

the populations of the Amu Darya, Zarafshan, Kura, 

Araks, Terek and Astrakhan. According to Muinova 

S.S., the germination rate for native populations was 

20.1-24.5%, and for introducers - 18.2-20.2%. Seeds from 

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American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 12     Pages: 12-20 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705)  
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the Amudarya and Zarafshan regions sprouted at the 

end of March, and seeds from the Kura, Andokhan and 

Terekzon regions - in mid-April. In the second year, all 

populations grew rapidly, reaching a plant height of 85-

92 cm. Many branches grew, and by May 20, plant 

height was 133.5-135.4 cm, Kura - 114.0 cm, and the 

lowest - Terek. The mass of roots in 4 years was 18-26 

t/ha.The largest number of root crops was taken from 

the Kura 26.4 t/ha, Amu Darya 21.4 t/ha and Astrakhan 

up to 16.1 t/ha.  

 

CONCLUSION 

 

Thus, Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn has been proven to be 

one of the most important reclamation plants. The fact 

that the licorice plant can grow even in saline soils and 

loosen dense soil layers, and that it is widespread even 

in adverse climatic conditions, allows us to study it in 

more depth. Stress adaptability features of licorice, i.e., 

drought and salt tolerance, allow for this plant’s 

cultivation under extremely harsh environments and 

might be used as a valuable practice to combat 

desertification through developing a highly value-

added sustainable crop production system in arid 

regions. In our next study, we aim to study the extent 

to which these properties of licorice are related to its 

microbiological world. 

 

REFERENCES 

 

1. . Allanov, K.; Sheraliev, K.; Ulugov, C.; 

Ahmurzayev, S.; Sottorov, O.; Khaitov, B.; Park, 

K.W. Integrated Effects of Mulching Treatment 

and Nitrogen Fertilization on Cotton 

Performance under Dryland Agriculture. 

Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 2019, 50, 1907–

1918. [CrossRef] 

2. . Liu, Y.; Li, Y.; Luo, W.; Liu, S.; Chen, W.; Chen, 

C.; Wei, G. Soil Potassium is Correlated with 

Root Secondary Metabolites and Root-

associated Core Bacteria in Licorice of Different 

Ages. Plant Soil 2020, 456, 61–79. [CrossRef]  

3. . Selmar, D.; Kleinwächter, M. Influencing the 

Product Quality by Deliberately Applying 

Drought Stress During the Cultivation of 

Medicinal Plants. Ind. J. Crops Prod. 2013, 42, 

558–566. [CrossRef 

4. Armanini, Decio, et al. "Licorice (Glycyrrhiza 

glabra)." Encyclopedia 

of Dietary Supplements, Coates P (ed.). Marcel 

Dekker Inc.: New York (2005) p.391-392.33 

5. Chen K. Z., Song H., Ruyu C. Licorice industry in 

China: implications for licorice producers in 

Uzbekistan.Intl Food Policy Res Inst, 2014. P.51  

6. Dagar J.C. et al. Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra): 

a potential salt-tolerant, highly remunerative 

medicinal crop for remediation of alkali soils 

//Current Science.  2015. p. 1683-1688. 

7. Fess, T.L.; Benedito, V.A. Organic Versus 

Conventional Cropping Sustainability: A 

Comparative System Analysis. Sustainability 

2018, 10, 272. [CrossRef]  

8. Hayashi H. et al. Field survey of Glycyrrhiza 

plants in Central Asia (3). Chemical 

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American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 12     Pages: 12-20 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705)  
OCLC – 1121105677    METADATA IF – 5.896 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

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https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajbspi


Volume 02 Issue 12-2022 20 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 12     Pages: 12-20 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2021: 5. 705) (2022: 5. 705)  
OCLC – 1121105677    METADATA IF – 5.896 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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