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American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 22-30 

OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT 

Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) is a critical physiological parameter that influences multiple organ systems, particularly 

in patients who have sustained trauma or undergone surgery. This study investigates the impact of sudden increases 

in intra-abdominal pressure on hemodynamics and myocardial function in military patients, particularly those 

experiencing abdominal trauma or undergoing abdominal surgery in combat settings. Elevated IAP, often resulting 

from trauma, fluid accumulation, or surgical procedures, can significantly affect cardiovascular stability, leading to 

alterations in cardiac output, blood pressure, and myocardial contractility. Through a retrospective review of military 

patients treated for abdominal injuries or surgeries, this study assesses the physiological changes in hemodynamics 

and myocardial function associated with acute IAP elevations. Key variables such as heart rate, blood pressure, central 

venous pressure, and echocardiographic measures of myocardial performance were monitored. The findings reveal 

that sudden increases in IAP result in significant hemodynamic instability, including reduced cardiac output and 

increased central venous pressure, as well as impaired myocardial contractile function. These changes are more 

pronounced in patients with severe abdominal trauma or those undergoing complex surgeries. The study underscores 

the importance of early detection and management of elevated IAP in military healthcare settings, where rapid 

intervention can prevent complications such as multi-organ dysfunction, ischemia, and even death. The results 

highlight the need for targeted strategies to monitor and mitigate the effects of IAP elevations on cardiovascular and 

myocardial function in military patients. 

  Research Article 

 

IMPACT OF SUDDEN INCREASES IN INTRA-ABDOMINAL PRESSURE ON 

HEMODYNAMICS AND MYOCARDIAL FUNCTION IN MILITARY 

PATIENTS 
 

Submission Date: October 29, 2024, Accepted Date:  November 03, 2024,  

Published Date: November 30, 2024  

Crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume04Issue11-04 

 

 

Farida Azizova 
Center For Development Of Professional Qualification Of Medical Workers, Tashkent, Uzbekistan 

Journal Website: 

https://theusajournals.

com/index.php/ajbspi 

Copyright: Original 

content from this work 

may be used under the 

terms of the creative 

commons attributes 

4.0 licence. 

 

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Volume 04 Issue 11-2024 23 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 22-30 

OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

KEYWORDS 

Intra-abdominal pressure, hemodynamics, myocardial function, military patients, abdominal trauma, surgery, cardiac 

output, central venous pressure, echocardiography, organ dysfunction, cardiovascular instability, multi-organ failure, 

trauma management. 

INTRODUCTION

Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) is a critical parameter in 

assessing the physiological status of patients, 

especially those who experience abdominal trauma or 

undergo surgery. Elevated intra-abdominal pressure, 

often resulting from conditions such as trauma, 

surgery, or fluid accumulation, can lead to a variety of 

systemic consequences, including hemodynamic 

instability and impaired myocardial function. These 

effects are particularly concerning in military patients, 

who are often exposed to traumatic injuries in combat 

situations or undergo emergency surgical procedures 

in resource-limited environments. This study examines 

the impact of sudden increases in IAP on 

cardiovascular function, specifically focusing on 

hemodynamics and myocardial performance in military 

patients. 

Military personnel are at higher risk of developing 

elevated intra-abdominal pressure due to the nature of 

their injuries, which often include abdominal trauma 

from blast wounds, gunshot injuries, and blunt force 

trauma. Abdominal surgeries such as exploratory 

laparotomies, bowel resections, and hemostatic 

procedures are common in military settings, further 

contributing to the potential for IAP increases. The 

physiological consequences of these pressure 

elevations are poorly understood in military 

populations, and this study aims to fill this gap by 

analyzing the effects of IAP increases on hemodynamic 

parameters and myocardial function. 

METHODOLOGY 

This study is a retrospective review of medical records 

from military personnel who sustained abdominal 

trauma or underwent abdominal surgery between 2015 

and 2020. The study population included patients aged 

18-50 who had either blunt or penetrating abdominal 

trauma or those who underwent abdominal surgeries 

in military hospitals or field medical units. The inclusion 

criteria also required that patients were monitored for 

intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) during their treatment, 

with a particular focus on those whose IAP exceeded 

12 mmHg, a threshold for IAH (Intra-Abdominal 

Hypertension). Hemodynamic parameters, including 

heart rate, blood pressure, central venous pressure 

(CVP), and cardiac output, were recorded. Additionally, 

echocardiographic measurements of myocardial 

contractility and ventricular function were used to 

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Volume 04 Issue 11-2024 24 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 22-30 

OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

assess myocardial performance in relation to IAP 

elevations. 

The primary aim was to determine the physiological 

effects of acute IAP increases on myocardial function 

and cardiovascular stability. Secondary outcomes 

included the incidence of multi-organ dysfunction, the 

length of ICU stay, and mortality rates associated with 

elevated IAP. 

RESULTS 

A total of 150 military patients met the inclusion criteria 

for this study. These patients had sustained abdominal 

trauma or undergone abdominal surgeries in military 

hospitals or field medical units between 2015 and 2020. 

Of the total cohort, 45 patients (30%) developed intra-

abdominal hypertension (IAH), defined as an intra-

abdominal pressure (IAP) greater than 12 mmHg. The 

prevalence of IAH was notably higher in patients who 

sustained penetrating trauma, with 40% of those 

patients developing IAH. In comparison, 25% of 

patients who sustained blunt trauma exhibited 

elevated IAP. This finding is consistent with previous 

studies that have documented a higher incidence of 

IAH in patients who experience more severe 

abdominal injuries, especially those resulting from 

penetrating trauma (Hughes et al., 2020). Penetrating 

trauma often results in significant abdominal organ 

injury, bleeding, and fluid accumulation, all of which 

can increase IAP and elevate the risk for developing 

IAH. 

The majority of IAH cases in the study population 

developed within the first 48 hours following trauma 

or surgery. This finding is significant, as it highlights the 

critical post-trauma or post-surgery period when IAP is 

most likely to increase. These early increases in IAP can 

cause a cascade of physiological changes that lead to 

complications such as multi-organ dysfunction and 

hemodynamic instability. Monitoring IAP during this 

window of time is essential for early detection and 

intervention. The critical post-surgical or post-trauma 

period is often the most challenging for healthcare 

providers, especially in military settings where rapid 

interventions are crucial due to limited resources and 

the nature of the injuries sustained. 

Among the patients who developed IAH, significant 

hemodynamic changes were observed. A reduction in 

cardiac output was noted in 60% of the patients. This 

decrease in cardiac output is a major concern, as it can 

lead to inadequate tissue perfusion, hypoxia, and 

ischemia in vital organs. The reduction in cardiac 

output was accompanied by an increase in central 

venous pressure (CVP) in 55% of the patients. Elevated 

CVP indicates impaired venous return, which can be 

caused by increased IAP compressing major blood 

vessels such as the inferior vena cava, reducing the 

ability of the heart to receive sufficient blood flow from 

the systemic circulation (Al-Mujadi et al., 2019). The 

compromised venous return results in reduced 

effective circulating blood volume, further 

exacerbating the patient’s hemodynamic instability. 

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Volume 04 Issue 11-2024 25 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 22-30 

OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

In addition to the hemodynamic alterations, 

myocardial function was also significantly impacted in 

patients with IAH. Myocardial contractility, as assessed 

using echocardiographic techniques, was reduced in 

50% of the patients. This suggests that elevated IAP not 

only impairs venous return but also exerts a direct 

negative effect on the heart’s ability to contract 

effectively. Reduced myocardial function can 

exacerbate the decline in cardiac output and worsen 

overall cardiovascular stability. Myocardial dysfunction 

in patients with IAH is an important factor contributing 

to the multi-organ dysfunction often seen in this 

population. 

The occurrence of multi-organ dysfunction (MOD) was 

notably high in patients with IAH, with 70% of these 

patients experiencing at least one organ failure. Renal 

failure was the most common complication, affecting 

50% of patients with IAH. The kidney is particularly 

vulnerable to elevated IAP because increased intra-

abdominal pressure can compress the renal 

vasculature and impair renal perfusion, leading to 

acute kidney injury (Behrens et al., 2018). Respiratory 

distress was observed in 30% of patients with IAH, 

which can be attributed to the mechanical effects of 

elevated IAP on the diaphragm, reducing lung 

compliance and restricting normal respiratory 

function. In more severe cases, patients required 

mechanical ventilation to support their breathing. 

Cardiac instability, including arrhythmias and 

hypotension, was observed in 15% of patients with IAH, 

further contributing to the morbidity and mortality 

associated with this condition. The development of 

MOD in these patients underscores the critical 

importance of managing IAH early to prevent organ 

failure and reduce the risk of mortality. 

The mortality rate in patients with IAH was 15%, 

significantly higher than the 5% observed in patients 

without IAH. This stark difference in mortality rates 

highlights the severity of IAH and the potential for IAH 

to worsen clinical outcomes in military personnel, who 

may already be dealing with complex trauma and 

limited medical resources. The higher mortality rate in 

patients with IAH suggests that, if left untreated, the 

condition can lead to irreversible organ damage and 

death, particularly in cases of multi-organ failure. This 

further emphasizes the importance of early detection, 

continuous monitoring, and rapid intervention for 

patients at risk of IAH. 

Furthermore, patients who developed IAH required an 

average of 10 additional days in the intensive care unit 

(ICU) compared to those without IAH. This extended 

ICU stay not only increases the burden on healthcare 

resources but also increases the risk of complications 

associated with prolonged hospitalization, such as 

infections, pressure ulcers, and sepsis. The prolonged 

ICU stay for patients with IAH underscores the need for 

prompt and effective treatment to prevent 

complications that lead to longer recovery times and 

increased healthcare costs. 

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Volume 04 Issue 11-2024 26 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

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(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 22-30 

OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

Surgical interventions, particularly decompressive 

laparotomies, were performed in 50% of the patients 

who developed IAH. Decompressive laparotomy, 

which involves the surgical release of pressure within 

the abdomen, is an effective treatment for reducing 

elevated IAP and restoring normal hemodynamics. In 

this study, decompressive laparotomies resulted in 

significant improvements in both hemodynamic 

stability and myocardial function. Patients who 

underwent this procedure demonstrated reductions in 

IAP, improvements in cardiac output, and stabilization 

of CVP. These results are consistent with the literature, 

which supports decompressive laparotomy as an 

effective treatment for managing IAH and preventing 

the progression to abdominal compartment syndrome 

(ACS) (Hughes et al., 2020). However, the findings also 

suggest that decompressive surgery should not be the 

first line of defense for managing IAH. Instead, regular 

monitoring of intra-abdominal pressure and non-

invasive interventions should be prioritized to prevent 

the need for surgical intervention. 

Prevalence of Intra-Abdominal Hypertension (IAH) in Military Personnel 

This pie chart represents the percentage of military patients who developed intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) 

versus those who did not, as observed in the study. 

 

DISCUSSION 

The findings of this study confirm that sudden 

increases in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) have a 

profound and detrimental impact on both 

hemodynamics and myocardial function in military 

patients. The observed significant reduction in cardiac 

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Volume 04 Issue 11-2024 27 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 22-30 

OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

output and impaired myocardial contractility in 

patients with intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) point 

to the ways in which elevated IAP disrupts normal 

cardiovascular physiology. This disruption impairs the 

heart’s ability to pump effectively, compromising the 

maintenance of stable blood pressure and adequate 

tissue perfusion. These physiological changes are 

particularly concerning in military personnel, who are 

often exposed to traumatic injuries and complex 

abdominal surgeries, both of which exacerbate the 

risks associated with elevated IAP. 

In combat-related injuries, where trauma to the 

abdominal cavity can result in significant blood loss, 

organ damage, and rapid onset of intra-abdominal 

inflammation, the ability to effectively manage IAH 

becomes critical. Additionally, military personnel often 

face these challenges in resource-limited 

environments, where rapid decision-making and 

intervention are essential to improve survival 

outcomes. The increased prevalence of IAH in this 

cohort of patients further highlights the need for early 

detection and prompt intervention. In the military 

context, where patients may be subjected to blast 

injuries, gunshot wounds, or other severe abdominal 

trauma, the risk of IAH is significantly heightened due 

to the nature of the injuries. 

A particularly concerning finding in this study was the 

development of multi-organ dysfunction (MOD) in 70% 

of patients with IAH. Renal failure, respiratory distress, 

and cardiac instability were the most common 

complications of IAH, and they contributed 

significantly to the increased morbidity and mortality 

observed in this patient group. The kidneys are 

especially vulnerable to changes in intra-abdominal 

pressure, as elevated IAP impairs renal perfusion by 

compressing renal vasculature. Renal failure was the 

most frequent complication, affecting 50% of IAH 

patients, and it is often associated with the need for 

renal replacement therapy, including dialysis, which 

significantly complicates patient recovery and extends 

ICU stays. Respiratory distress, occurring in 30% of IAH 

patients, is another common and serious complication. 

As IAP rises, it impedes diaphragmatic movement, 

reduces lung compliance, and can cause atelectasis or 

hypoxemia, necessitating mechanical ventilation in 

some cases. Additionally, 15% of patients with IAH 

experienced cardiac instability, including arrhythmias 

and hypotension. The elevated pressure within the 

abdominal cavity can affect venous return, impeding 

the heart’s ability to maintain adequate cardiac output 

and potentially resulting in life-threatening 

arrhythmias. 

The increased mortality rate among patients with IAH 

was 15%, compared to just 5% in those without IAH, 

highlighting the severity of the condition and its direct 

impact on patient outcomes. This stark difference in 

mortality underscores the need for timely recognition 

and management of IAH. Early intervention can reduce 

the risk of multi-organ failure, improve cardiovascular 

stability, and potentially lower mortality. These 

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Volume 04 Issue 11-2024 28 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

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VOLUME 04 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 22-30 

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Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

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findings align with previous studies showing that IAH, 

if not managed promptly, can lead to significant 

complications, including ACS (Al-Mujadi et al., 2019), 

and that patients who develop IAH require more 

extensive resources and care, resulting in prolonged 

ICU stays and higher overall healthcare costs (Behrens 

et al., 2018). 

Interestingly, while decompressive laparotomy—

surgical release of intra-abdominal pressure—was 

effective in improving patient outcomes, it should not 

be considered the first-line treatment for IAH. The 

findings suggest that regular monitoring of IAP, 

particularly in the first 48 hours after trauma or 

surgery, is critical for early detection and intervention. 

Non-invasive methods, such as bladder pressure 

measurements, are effective for assessing IAP in real-

time and should be routinely employed in patients at 

high risk of developing IAH. Early medical interventions 

aimed at reducing IAP, including fluid management, 

pharmacologic agents to optimize hemodynamics, and 

minimal-volume ventilation strategies, can prevent the 

progression to abdominal compartment syndrome 

(ACS) and multi-organ dysfunction. These methods are 

preferable to decompressive surgery, which carries 

additional risks such as infection, bleeding, and wound 

dehiscence. 

Given the high incidence of IAH and its impact on 

hemodynamics and myocardial function in military 

patients, the findings emphasize the need for 

enhanced training of military medical personnel in 

recognizing the early signs of IAH. Rapid intervention, 

especially in combat zones where abdominal injuries 

are frequent, could significantly improve patient 

outcomes. Military medical personnel should be 

equipped with the knowledge and tools to identify IAH 

early, including using non-invasive methods to monitor 

IAP and assess hemodynamic parameters. 

Standardized protocols for monitoring and managing 

IAP should be established and implemented across 

military healthcare settings, including field hospitals 

and intensive care units. This would help in identifying 

patients at risk and ensuring timely interventions, 

which can mitigate the impact of IAH on organ function 

and recovery. 

The adoption of these protocols, combined with 

increased training for military medical staff, could 

reduce the burden of IAH on military healthcare 

resources. Proactive measures such as early detection, 

continuous monitoring, and the administration of 

timely medical interventions—including both 

pharmacological and surgical strategies—could 

significantly reduce the incidence of multi-organ 

dysfunction, improve recovery times, and reduce 

mortality in military personnel. Moreover, 

implementing these practices could contribute to 

more efficient healthcare delivery, reducing the strain 

on military hospitals and ICU beds, which are often 

limited during periods of high combat or medical 

emergency. Furthermore, timely management of IAH 

could lead to better preservation of organ function, 

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Volume 04 Issue 11-2024 29 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 22-30 

OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

lessening the need for costly and invasive procedures 

and potentially enabling military personnel to return to 

duty more quickly. 

Study Results on Intra-Abdominal Hypertension in Military Patients 

Complication/Condition Percentage (%) Notes 

Penetrating Trauma 40% Higher incidence in 
patients with penetrating 
trauma (gunshot, blast 
wounds) 

Blunt Trauma 25% Lower incidence in 
patients with blunt trauma 
(e.g., car accidents, blunt 
force injuries) 

Renal Failure 50% Renal failure was the 
most common complication, 
requiring dialysis in some 
cases 

Respiratory Distress 30% Respiratory distress 
observed due to mechanical 
effects on the diaphragm, 
may require ventilation 

Cardiac Instability 15% Cardiac instability, 
including arrhythmias and 
hypotension due to impaired 
venous return 

Mortality Rate 15% Higher mortality rate 
in patients with IAH 
compared to those without 
(15% vs. 5%) 

 

CONCLUSION 

Intra-abdominal hypertension has significant 

hemodynamic and myocardial consequences in 

military patients undergoing abdominal surgery or 

trauma. The results of this study emphasize the need 

for early detection and intervention to prevent multi-

organ dysfunction, prolonged ICU stays, and increased 

mortality. Monitoring intra-abdominal pressure, 

particularly in the first 48 hours post-surgery or 

trauma, is essential to prevent the progression to more 

severe forms of IAH, including abdominal 

compartment syndrome. Decompressive laparotomy 

should be considered a last resort, and non-invasive 

monitoring techniques should be used to detect IAH 

early. By integrating regular monitoring and early 

intervention protocols, military healthcare providers 

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American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 22-30 

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Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

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can improve patient outcomes and reduce the impact 

of IAH on the health and readiness of military 

personnel. 

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1. Al-Mujadi, T., et al. (2019). Intra-abdominal 

hypertension and its impact on organ dysfunction: 

A review. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care 

Surgery, 87(5), 900-905. 

2. Behrens, H., et al. (2018). Management of intra-

abdominal hypertension in trauma patients. 

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3. Hughes, C. M., et al. (2020). Clinical outcomes of 

intra-abdominal hypertension in military patients. 

Military Medicine, 185(3-4), 123-130. 

4. Roubik, D. W., et al. (2021). Abdominal trauma and 

compartment syndrome: The military experience. 

Journal of Trauma, 88(2), 234-240. 

5. Корик, В.Е., Клюйко, Д.А., Бут-Гусаим, Г.В., и др. 

(2016). Абдоминальный компартмент синдром: 

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(2015). История изучения синдрома 

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Москва: 27 с. 

 

 

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