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American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 15-21 

OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT 

This article discusses the practical importance of adsorbents today, areas of application, and methods of obtaining 

activated carbon adsorbents based on local raw materials. Preparation of adsorbents activated by the method of 

thermochemical activation based on cotton stalks and cotton bolls, functional groups in the obtained adsorbents were 

analyzed by IR spectroscopy. 

KEYWORDS 

Activated adsorbent, cotton stalk, cotton boll, thermal activation, chemical activation, IR spectroscopy. 

INTRODUCTION

  Research Article 

 

PREPARATION OF THERMOCHEMICALLY ACTIVATED CARBON 

ADSORBENTS BASED ON COTTON STEM AND COTTON SHELL AND 

THEIR IR SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS 
 

Submission Date: October 29, 2024, Accepted Date:  November 03, 2024,  

Published Date: November 08, 2024  

Crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume04Issue11-03 

 

 

Qo’chqarova Durdona Ilxomjon qizi 
Doctoral student of Namangan Institute of Engineering Technology, Uzbekistan 

 

Soliyev Mahammadjon Ismatullayevich 
Head of the chemistry department of the Namangan Institute of Engineering Technology, PhD, dots., 

Uzbekistan 

 

Ergashev Oybek Karimovich 
Namangan Institute of Engineering Technology Vice-Rector for Scientific Affairs and Innovations, Ph.D., 

Professor, Uzbekistan 

 

Ganiyeva Nazokat Muxtorali qizi 
Assistant of the Namangan Institute of Engineering Technology, Uzbekistan 

 

 

 

 

Journal Website: 

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com/index.php/ajbspi 

Copyright: Original 

content from this work 

may be used under the 

terms of the creative 

commons attributes 

4.0 licence. 

 

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Volume 04 Issue 11-2024 16 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 15-21 

OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

Currently, activated carbons are used for the purpose 

of cleaning various waste substances contained in 

industrial waters. Production of these used adsorbents 

based on local raw materials is one of the urgent 

problems of today. 

Activated carbon is a carbonaceous material processed 

by special methods, during which organic raw 

materials are thermally and chemically activated. In an 

airless environment, it is heated to reduce the non-

carbon components (a process called carbonization) 

and then reacts with the gas, corroding the surface to 

form a microporous structure (a process called 

activation) [1]. Wastewater treatment using the 

adsorption method is recognized as the most effective 

method, due to the large number of its sources, variety 

of types, low cost from the economic point of view, 

regeneration properties, high efficiency in cleaning and 

ease of use, etc. 

At present, methods such as adsorption, chemical 

treatment, ion exchange, and coagulation are widely 

used for the purpose of wastewater treatment [2]. 

Wastewater treatment using the adsorption method is 

recognized as the most effective method, due to which 

it has a number of advantages, such as the large 

number of sources, variety of types, low cost from the 

economic side, regeneration properties, high 

efficiency in cleaning, and ease of use. . It has been 

proven that the efficiency of the adsorption process 

can be reached up to 99.9% [3]. At the same time, this 

method is a simple and economical method compared 

to other methods, and it has the characteristics of 

good purification of wastewater from many types of 

pollutants, including dyes. 

Cotton stalks are a global agricultural residue with 

limited economic importance, with annual production 

of approximately 50 million tons. The fruit (cotton 

fiber), stem, pod and leaf of Goza plant are 

distinguished by the storage of different amounts of 

cellulose, and this is shown as a promising and 

ecologically stable raw material for obtaining cellulose 

[4]. As a result of studies from the literature, the 

composition of various components of the cotton 

stem was studied. According to their results, the 

content of α-cellulose in cotton stalk was 42.25%, which 

is higher than other lignocellulosic resources, and the 

contents of lignin and ash were 20.62% and 2.71%, 

respectively. is [5]. In the climatic conditions of 

Uzbekistan, cotton is one of the most cultivated types 

of plants. More than 60% of the agricultural areas of our 

republic are specialized in cotton cultivation, especially 

for the cotton crop of 2024, fertile cotton varieties 

obtained by various genetic methods were planted on 

nearly 1 million hectares. After the cotton crop is 

harvested, some of the cotton stalks, which are 

abundant in the fields, are harvested as fuel, and the 

rest is left in the fields, which becomes a problem for 

replanting. 

METHODS 

In the production of activated carbon, the starting 

material is first heat-treated in an airless environment, 

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Volume 04 Issue 11-2024 17 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 15-21 

OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

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as a result of which volatile substances (moisture and 

partial resins) are removed from it. As a result of 

thermochemical activation, part of the organic matter 

burns, and the rest turns into coal with a large internal 

surface, characterized by a porous structure [6]. 

The cotton stem (P.P) was crushed in 2-3 cm sizes, and 

the cotton stalk (P.Ch) was separated and crushed 

(picture: 1). 

 

       

Picture 1: cotton stem and cotton shell 

It was dried in a drying cabinet for 24 hours at a 

temperature of 105℃ to get rid of moisture. 200g 

(accurate to 0.1g) was taken from the dried cotton boll. 

The raw material was sent to the pyrolysis unit for 

pyrolysis. The part of the pyrolysis device where raw 

materials are placed is made of stainless steel. In the 

production of activated carbon, the starting material 

was first pyrolyzed for 1.5 hours at different 

temperatures in an airless environment. As a result, 

volatile substances (moisture and partial resins) were 

removed from it (figure 2). The obtained coal product 

was crushed using a porcelain mortar. The production 

yield of cotton-based charcoal adsorbent was 

calculated. 

 

𝐴𝑈=
𝑀𝐴𝐶

𝑀𝐵
∗ 100%  [1] 

AU – Product of activated adsorbent, % 

MAC – Activated adsorbent mass, g 

MB – Initial raw material mass, g 

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Volume 04 Issue 11-2024 18 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 15-21 

OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

 

Picture: 2 After thermal treatment of cotton steam 

The obtained coal product was crushed using a 

porcelain mortar. Then it was transferred to the 

chemical activation process. A chemical method was 

chosen for activation. Solutions of different 

concentrations of KOH and NaOH were used as 

chemical activators. Chemically activated at 400℃ for 

1.5 hours. After the activation, it was boiled and 

washed with distilled water in order to get rid of excess 

alkali in the coal. The boiling wash was carried out for 

30 minutes, then filtered. This process was carried out 

3 times (500 ml of water was used for each wash). Then 

it was treated with 0.n HCl for de-ashing. It was washed 

again with distilled water. The change in pH was 

monitored on an indicator piece of paper. It was dried 

at 105℃ for 24 hours (to absolute dry mass). The mesh 

was passed through a sieve with a size of 0.1 mm. The 

mass was measured. 

Analysis of the structure of adsorbents obtained on the 

basis of plant residues by the IR-spectroscopy method. 

Infrared spectroscopy is the measurement of the 

interaction of infrared radiation with matter through 

absorption, emission, or reflection. It is used to study 

and identify chemical substances or functional groups 

in solid, liquid or gaseous form. The method or 

technique of infrared spectroscopy is performed using 

a device called an infrared spectrometer (or 

spectrophotometer) that produces an infrared 

spectrum. 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

Quantitative and qualitative composition of functional 

groups in coal adsorbents obtained on the basis of 

plant residues was determined using the IR-

spectroscopy method. Traces were analyzed by 

infrared (IR) spectroscopic analysis on a Shimadzu 

IRTracer100, Japan in the range of 400-4000 cm-1. 

 

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Volume 04 Issue 11-2024 19 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 15-21 

OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

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Picture: 3 IR spectra of adsorbents obtained by thermal treatment of cotton stalk and 

cotton shell 

IR spectroscopy of thermally activated adsorbents 

based on cotton stalks and cotton bolls was studied. 

Since the structure of the raw materials is close to each 

other, the results of IR spectra are also similar to each 

other. 

According to the IR spectra, valence vibrations specific 

to the OH group were detected in the 3335 cm-1 region, 

and these valence vibrations indicate the presence of 

partial water molecules between the coal pores. 

Valence vibrations characteristic of C-H bonds of 

saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons were 

observed in the peaks of the 2884 cm-1 spectrum. 

Valence vibrations characteristic of unconfigured C=O 

group in lignin and hemicellulose were observed in 

1673cm-1 and 1653 cm-1 areas, respectively. The 

formation of aromatic compounds such as aldehydes, 

ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons here occurs as a result 

of the thermal decomposition of lignin and 

hemicellulose, which are the main components of raw 

materials. In the 1394 cm-1 area, deformational 

vibrations characteristic of the C-H bond of saturated 

hydrocarbons were observed. The deformation 

vibrations observed in the 1219cm-1, 1189cm-1, 1137cm-1 

areas represent the C-C bonds in the structure of 

cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, which are the main 

components of raw materials. 

We have chosen 400℃ as the optimal temperature in 

the thermal and thermochemical activation processes 

for obtaining activated adsorbents, and the activation 

processes were carried out at this temperature. For 

this reason, thermally activated adsorbents based on 

cotton stalks and cotton wicks, adsorbents activated 

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Volume 04 Issue 11-2024 20 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 15-21 

OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

with sodium hydroxide on the basis of cotton stalks 

and cotton wicks, and adsorbents based on cotton 

stalks and cotton wicks In adsorbents activated with 

potassium hydroxide, valence and deformation 

fluctuations of IR spectra were also shown in similar 

areas. 

 

Picture 4: Thermally activated adsorbent based on cotton wick (red), adsorbent activated 

with NaOH on the basis of cotton wick (green), adsorbent activated with KOH on the basis of 

cotton wick (black) IR spectra of adsorbents 

CONCLUSION 

We have chosen 400℃ as the optimal temperature in 

the thermal and thermochemical activation processes 

for obtaining activated adsorbents, and the activation 

processes were carried out at this temperature. For 

this reason, thermally activated adsorbents based on 

cotton stalks and cotton wicks, adsorbents activated 

with sodium hydroxide on the basis of cotton stalks 

and cotton wicks, and adsorbents based on cotton 

stalks and cotton wicks In adsorbents activated with 

potassium hydroxide, valence and deformation 

fluctuations of IR spectra were also shown in similar 

areas. 

REFERENCES 

1. D.I.Qo’chqarova, M.I.Soliyev UGLERODLARNI 

FAOLLASHTIRISH YO’LI BILAN ADSORBENTLAR 

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muammolari hamda ularning innovatsion 

yechimlari” Xalqaro ilmiy-amaliy anjuman 

Namangan – 2024. 

2. V. K. Gupta, I. Ali, T.A. Saleh, A. Nayak, Sh. Agarwal. 

Chemical treatment technologies for waste-water 

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Volume 04 Issue 11-2024 21 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Biomedical Science & Pharmaceutical Innovation    
(ISSN – 2771-2753) 
VOLUME 04 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 15-21 

OCLC – 1121105677     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

3. P. 9050–90664. R. Rashid, I. Shafiq, P. Akhter, M. J. 

Iqbal, M. Hussain. A state-of-the-art review on 

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Deshmux, Sunil Kumar, Madhu, T. Anita, V. 

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/Unlocking the potential of cotton stalk as a 

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advancements and emerging 

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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129456 

5. D.I.Qo`chqarova M.I.Soliyev QISHLOQ XO`JALIGI 

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integratsiyalari”, Qo‘qon davlat pedagogika 

instituti2024 yil. 71-72 b 

6. М.Г. Белецкая, Н.И. Богданович, Л.Н. Кузнецова, 

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