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 VOLUME Vol.05 Issue03 2025 

PAGE NO. 29-32 

DOI 10.37547/ajbspi/Volume05Issue03-07 

 
 
 
 

Transformation of adventitious species into the urban 

flora of Samarkand 
 

Gafurova Gulkhayo Shavkat kizi 

PhD student, Samarkand State University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan 

 

Received: 29 January 2025; Accepted: 28 February 2025; Published: 31 March 2025 

 

Abstract: The article provides information about adventitious species that have recently rapidly entered the local 
flora. It has been determined that there are various factors in the penetration of adventitious species into other 
regions. Some adventitious plant species distributed in the urban area are presented. It is emphasized that 
anthropogenic factors, logistical connections, and the introduction of ornamental plants play a key role. 

 

Keywords: Urban flora, adventive, floristics, field research, plants, species. 

 

Introduction: The study of urban flora is one of the 
priority areas of modern floristics and phytogeography, 
and its scientific importance is increasing day by day 
due to the intensification of anthropogenic pressure 
both in time and space. In particular, as a result of the 
increase in the level of urbanization in our republic in 
recent years, the rapid development of tourism, 
logistics and economic sectors, 82% of the natural 
landscape of the territory of Uzbekistan has been 
affected by anthropogenic factors, and 18% has been 
completely mastered. As a result of the intensification 
of anthropogenic impact, determining the composition 
of urban flora in the country's natural and artificial 
landscapes, protecting rare species, maintaining a 
register of adventive species, and studying their impact 
on urban biodiversity are of important scientific and 
practical importance [1]. 

Anthropogenic changes in natural flora are explained 
by the rapid growth of plants. Over the past 20 years, 
the process of adventitia of flora has been enriching the 
composition of natural flora with new species. This 
situation has become especially noticeable in urban 
flora. When studying the composition of various urban 
floras, one can see a high concentration of specific 
species [2]. 

Alien plants enter territories in various ways. Although 
common features of the introduction of these species 
have been observed, they differ depending on the 
geographical location of the territories, climatic 
conditions, socio-economic relations, tourism potential 

and other factors. Numerous studies on the trends of 
change of adventitious species in urban flora.[3] 
(Grossheim, 1936; Vyunkova, 1985; Richardson, 2000; 
Pyshek et al., 1995) 

It is shown that random plants penetrate in different 
directions, but no special system has been developed 
for them. 

When identifying many new plants, researchers 
emphasize that they are "alien species" for the studied 
area and that their origin is associated with economic 
activity. A.A. Grossheim (Grossheim, 1936) and N.A. 
Vyunkova (Vyunkova, 1985) emphasize that the 
appearance of adventitious plants in other areas is not 
a natural process of florogenesis, but the result of 
anthropogenic influence on the flora. At present, it is 
difficult to determine the time of introduction and 
origin of some adventitious species, most of which have 
adapted to the local flora or have become 
cosmopolitan species after spreading over great 
distances. From this perspective, it is difficult to 
distinguish between "native" and "alien" species.[4] 
(Richardson, 2000; Pysheket al, 1995; Carlton, 1996; 
Heywood, 1989). Such situations are currently being 
observed in our republic, especially in the urban flora 
of Samarkand, where the number of adventitious 
plants is increasing. 

METHODS 

It is planned to conduct research on the urban flora of 
Samarkand city in 2024-2026. As a result of field 
research in 2024, herbarium samples were obtained. 

 

https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume05Issue03-07
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume05Issue03-07
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume05Issue03-07
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume05Issue03-07


American Journal of Applied Science and Technology 30 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajast 

American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745) 
 

 

The collected herbarium samples are being identified 
based on scientific sources and the transformation 
processes of adventitious species have been identified. 
[5], [6]  

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

In 2024, field research was conducted on the urban 
flora of Samarkand. A grid-system map was 
determined, divided into 174 indexes, on which field 
research was carried out. Research was conducted in 
67 indexes out of a total of 174 indexes. As a result of 
the research, more than 3000 herbarium specimens of 
plants were collected. Field research is currently 
ongoing. When analyzing the collected plants, 
adventitious plants were recorded in them. 

The following criteria were used to identify these 
species: to be an adventive species, it must have at 
least one of the following characteristics [7]. a) the area 
where the species is found must be far from its original 
distribution zone; b) the new species found must not 
have been found in this area before; c) local conditions 
must not correspond to the ecological characteristics of 
the species; d) the place where the plant grows must 
be in an anthropogenic environment. To determine 
whether these species were introduced into the urban 
flora of Samarkand from abroad, the works of "Flora 
Uzbekistana" (Flora Uzbekistana, 1941-1963; 2016-
2017; 2019), "Opredelitel rastenii Sredney Azii" 
(Opredelitel rastenii Sredney Azii, 1968-2015), H.Q. 
Esanov (Esanov and Usmonov, 2018; Esanov and 
Kechaykin, 2016; Esanov, 2017; Sennikov, 2018) were 
used. 

However, at present there is no single classification of 
adventitious plant species. The variability of 
adventitious species is expanding due to the increase in 
the scale of anthropogenic factors. At the same time, 
methods of adaptation to their historically formed 
distribution, expansion of their range are noted based 
on modern trends (transport, tourism, trade, 
introduction of ornamental plants) [8]. 

Samarkand is one of the oldest cities in Uzbekistan, and 
is visited by more than a thousand foreign tourists from 
Europe and Asia every year. Species recorded as 
adventitious species in Samarkand are found in the 
central streets of the city, around hotels, educational 
institutions, markets, alleys and lawns. In the cities of 
Uzbekistan, especially in Samarkand, the 
transformation of adventitious species has been 
observed in three main ways: 

1.Directly by people. The degree of influence of this 
factor is assessed by the fact that Samarkand is one of 
the major tourist centers and the geography of tourism. 
The natural growth areas of these plants are South and 
North America (Erigeron bonariensis L.), Central and 

Western Europe (Amaranthus viridis L.), They 
complement the list of species unintentionally brought 
by tourists. Currently, these species have been 
observed to be widespread in many areas of the city. 

2. Rapid development of transport and logistics. The 
second factor is explained by the location of the study 
area (Samarkand city) in the center of the Great Silk 
Road and the dense network of modern logistics, as 
well as the connection of Samarkand city with the M39 
international highway. This factor is the main means for 
the introduction of adventitious species such as 
Geranium pusillum L., Stizolophus balsamita (Lam.) 
Cass. ex Takht. It is the species Centaurea solstitialis L 
that was recorded in the vicinity of the M39 
international highway. 

3. Introduction of plant species into urban conditions. 
The third factor is the source of the rapid development 
and introduction of adventitious species in recent 
years. They are introduced into urban areas through 
the creation of new avenues or the introduction of 
species adapted to different natural and climatic 
conditions, as well as through turfing. Such species 
include Oxalis corniculata L., Rorippa sylvestris (L.) 
Besser. and others. 

On August 25, 2007, the 2750th anniversary of the city 
of Samarkand was celebrated in our country. On this 
occasion, large-scale improvement work was carried 
out, cultural centers and parks were established. 

Ornamental tree and shrub seedlings were brought 
from foreign countries for introduction to Samarkand. 
As a result, alien species have also entered this area 
(Samarkand city). In particular, Sonchus arvensis L., 
Trifolium campestre Schreb., Euphorbia helioscopia L., 
and others can be cited. 

The Samarkand Summit of the Shanghai Cooperation 
Organization — the summit of the heads of state of the 
organization held in Samarkand on September 15-16, 
2022. On the occasion of the SCO summit, along with 
new buildings, trees and seedlings have also increased 
in Samarkand. Two-thirds of the tourist center is 
occupied by the garden area, where more than 50 
thousand roses, 30 thousand bushes and hundreds of 
thousands of shrubs from Germany, Belgium, Italy and 
the Netherlands have been planted. It can also be 
admitted that the summit has made Samarkand even 
greener. The current appearance of adventitious 
species such as Euphorbia peplus in the flora is 
associated with the arrival of various types of trees and 
shrubs from foreign countries, as well as numerous 
visits by tourists. 

Representatives of the Amaranthus L. species are also 
widespread in the urban flora of Samarkand. Among 
them, Amaranthus viridis L. can be cited as an invasive 



American Journal of Applied Science and Technology 31 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajast 

American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745) 
 

 

species [9]. Amaranthus viridis L. (Amaranthaceae) – a 
new invasive species for the flora of Uzbekistan. 
Austria. Stapfia Reports., 127-130, Erigeron bonariensis 
L. - this species is found not only in the urban flora, but 

also as a dominant species in other settlements. 

 

 
Figure 1. General view of Erigeron bonariensis L. 

 
Figure 2. General view of Amaranthus viridis L. 

Currently, the introduction of invasive species into local 
flora is accelerating, and they are negatively affecting 
native species. Research is ongoing to study such 
situations. 

CONCLUSION 

In conclusion, the various effects of modern 
anthropogenic factors have accelerated the process of 
adventitious flora. This is especially evident in cities 
with well-developed socio-economic and logistical 
connections. The penetration of adventitious species 
into foreign territories is caused by human movements, 
transport, the introduction of ornamental plants, etc. 
This situation varies in different regions. 

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