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 VOLUME Vol.05 Issue03 2025 

PAGE NO. 25-28 

DOI 10.37547/ajbspi/Volume05Issue03-06 

 
 
 
 

The influence of immunity on the regulation process of 

the homeostatic mechanism in animals 
 

L.А. Xujanova 

Assistant, PhD at Samarkand Zarmed University, Uzbekistan 

 

X.I. Babamurotova 

Teacher at Zarmed University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan 

 

P.O. Maxmadoliyeva 

Student at Zarmed University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan 

 

Received: 25 January 2025; Accepted: 27 February 2025; Published: 28 March 2025 

 

Abstract: This study examines the role of the immune system in regulating the homeostatic mechanisms of 
animals, particularly in conditions of physiological stress such as pregnancy. The research highlights how 
deficiencies in essential microelements like zinc, copper, and cobalt can impair immune resistance and disrupt 
metabolic processes. It was observed that reduced immunity contributes to the weakening of non-specific 
resistance, especially in newborn calves, leading to primary immunosuppressive conditions. These changes affect 
the body's ability to maintain homeostasis, resulting in a decline in animal health and economic productivity. The 
findings emphasize the importance of monitoring immune and metabolic parameters to prevent 
immunodeficiency-related disorders in livestock. 

 

Keywords: Animal immunity, homeostasis, metabolic disorders, immunosuppression, zinc deficiency, immune 
resistance, livestock health, physiological stress. 

 

Introduction: It is well known that the growing global 
population is increasingly making the provision of 
nutritious food a global issue. To ensure the population 
is supplied with high-quality meat products, it is 
necessary to develop a herd of pedigree cattle. In 
determining the health and adaptability of pedigree 
cows, homeostatic indicators are considered essential. 
The immune system of an animal's body depends on 
the functional activity of growth and development, as 
well as the level of mineral and vitamin metabolism. 
Highly productive animals are significantly more 
demanding in terms of feeding and maintenance 
conditions compared to those with low or medium 
productivity. 

The essence of the specific features of metabolism in 
animals lies in the fact that the processes of food intake 
and milk synthesis are not subordinated to 
neurohumoral and hormonal regulation [1; pp. 37–39]. 

Zinc (Zn) is one of the rare essential elements and, in 

terms of importance, competes with iodine, iron, and 
magnesium [8; pp. 6–15]. 

In immunological analyses, neglecting the assessment 
of zinc levels in the body of high-milk-producing cows 
leads to intensified metabolic processes and increases 
the demand for the quality of consumed feed, the 
organization of complete nutrition, proper storage, and 
early diagnosis and treatment of metabolic disorders 
[4; pp. 109–111]. 

In most cases, the increase in milk productivity in cows 
is directly related to metabolic disorders and the onset 
of diseases. This is because highly productive animals 
react much more quickly even to minor mistakes in 
feeding, compared to animals with low or medium 
productivity. These issues are especially observed 
during pregnancy and postpartum periods. 

A lack of micro- and macroelements, inadequate 
feeding with nutritious food, and insufficient colostrum 
lead to a decrease in non-specific resistance not only in 

 

https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume05Issue03-06
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume05Issue03-06
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume05Issue03-06
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume05Issue03-06


American Journal of Applied Science and Technology 26 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajast 

American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745) 
 

 

pedigree cows but also in their offspring. Under 
modern conditions of livestock intensification, the 
impact of numerous anthropogenic and stress factors, 
as well as the widespread use of antimicrobial and 
biological preparations, leads to a disruption of 
immune mechanisms. 

Immunological monitoring conducted on pedigree 
cows and their calves allows for the identification of 
immune deficiencies in newborn calves caused by 
untimely and insufficient colostrum intake. Calves 
suffering from gastrointestinal diseases are 
characterized by decreased levels of total protein and 
immunoglobulins in their immune status. 

The homeostatic mechanism plays an important role in 
adapting the animal's body to environmental and 
metabolic changes and regulates immune responses in 
the animal's body. 

METHODS 

Currently, the dynamics of non-specific parameters and 
the decline in immune characteristics in cattle against 
the background of life-threatening deficiencies caused 
by a lack of microelements have not been sufficiently 
studied in pedigree cow systems. Therefore, as one of 
the most important indicators, we studied non-specific 
resistance parameters at the “Chortut” breeding cattle 
farm in the Pastdargom district of Samarkand region. 

For the study, 10 head of Holstein breed pedigree cows 

from German selection were selected and divided into 
control and experimental groups based on analog 
principles. 

The following were determined in the blood (according 
to V.I. Georgievsky): 

• Hemoglobin – using a Sahli hemometer; 

• Erythrocytes and leukocytes – using a Goryaev 
counting chamber; 

• Types of leukocytes – by counting the types of 
leukocytes in a blood smear using the Goryaev 
chamber. 

Blood was collected from the jugular vein of 10 cows 
from each group in the morning before feeding. 
Morphological examinations were conducted in the 
veterinary room of the farm, while biochemical 
analyses were carried out at the immunology 
laboratory of the Veterinary Scientific and Educational 
Center of Samarkand region. 

RESULT 

Hematological studies revealed mild leukocytosis in the 
cows. In the experimental group, leukocyte levels were 
within 10.16±1.48 x10⁹/L (Table 1). The number of 
erythrocytes was 6.20±0.15 x10¹²/L, and the 
hemoglobin level was 90±4.76 g/L, indicating the 
development of hypochromic anemia. 

 

Figure 1. 

In hypochromic anemia, red blood cells with low hemoglobin content appear  

colorless.

 
Colorless erythrocytes with 

low hemoglobin content in 

hypochromic anemia. 

 

Normal, healthy erythrocytes. 

 

Below is the identified dynamics of morphological  blood parameters of cattle in the “cow-calf” system at 



American Journal of Applied Science and Technology 27 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajast 

American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745) 
 

 

the “Chortut” cattle breeding farm. 

Table 1 

Blood test results of pregnant cows and their newborn calves 

 

 Morphological blood 

indicators: 

Pregnant cows   Calves 

1. Erythrocytes, x10¹²/L   6,20±0,15 6,28±0,79* 

2 Hemoglobin, g/L   90±4,76 95,09±5,0 

3. Leukocytes, x10⁹/L   10,16±1,48 8,34±0,9** 

4. Hematocrit, % 30,5±0,89 27,5±2,5** 

5. Leukocyte formula, % 

6. Basophils   0,55±0,10 0,2±0,1* 

7. Eosinophils   8,92±0,95 1,3±0,56* 

8. Young neutrophils   1,22±0,18 10,0±0,18** 

9. Band neutrophils   4,89±0,60 19,2±0,31** 

10. Segmented neutrophils   22,39±1,21 51,2±1,52** 

11. Lymphocytes   57,81±2,27 17,0±1,36** 

12. Monocytes 4,17±0,78 1,0±0,83** 

Note: * - P<0.05; ** - P<0.01 

When analyzing the morphological blood parameters 
and leukocyte formula of the calves, they were 
characterized by a neutrophil profile, which is a 

physiological feature of the animals on the farm (Table 
1). The hemoglobin level was 95.09±5.0 g/L and 
erythrocytes – 6.28±0.79x10¹²/L, which indicates the 
development of hypochromic anemia. 

Table 2 

Immunoglobulin levels in the blood serum of cows in the 8th month of pregnancy and 

their calves 

 Immunoglobulin indicators: Pregnant cows   Calves 

1. Immunoglobulin A, mg/ml   1,1 ± 0,2 1,63±0,18 

2 Immunoglobulin G, mg/ml   12,15 ± 0,2 16,75±1,2 

3. Immunoglobulin M, mg/ml 0,98 ±0,1 1,21±0,05 

In the experimental cows, a low level of immune 
resistance was observed. 

CONCLUSION 

In livestock, deficiency of cobalt, copper, and 
nutritionally derived zinc is most common and leads to 
intensive metabolic activity (during pregnancy). 
Humoral regulation acts as a factor that decreases the 
level of immunity. A reduction in the parameters of 
non-specific resistance of the organism contributes to 
the development of primary immunosuppressive  

conditions in the offspring. This process, in turn, 
represents an etiopathogenetic aspect of the 
development of secondary immune deficiency and 
leads to disruption of homeostasis. As a result, a 
decline in the health and economic value of livestock is 
observed. 

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