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 VOLUME Vol.05 Issue04 2025 

PAGE NO. 38-42 

DOI 10.37547/ajbspi/Volume05Issue04-09 

 
 
 
 

Prospects for The Development of Enterosorbent 

Preparations Based on Local Glauconite Mineral Raw 

Materials 
 

Umaralieva Nilufar Ravshan kizi 

Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Assistant of the Department of Industrial Technology of Medicinal Products, Uzbekistan 

 

Maksudova Firuza Khurshidovna 

Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Head of the Department of Industrial Technology of Medicinal Products, Doctor of Pharmaceutical 

Sciences, Associate Professor, Uzbekistan 

 

Fayzullaeva Nodira Sultanovna 

Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Drug Form Technology, Uzbekistan 

 

 

Received: 25 February 2025; Accepted: 21 March 2025; Published: 24 April 2025 

 

Abstract: Enterosorbents are widely used in gastroenterology, toxicology, infectious diseases, allergology, 
dermatology, surgery, oncology, hepatology, nephrology, and addiction medicine. 

To expand the range of enterosorbent preparations using natural raw materials, the physicochemical and 
technological properties of the natural mineral glauconite were studied as a promising source for the developing 
granulated, encapsulated, and tablet-form oral enterosorbent preparations. 

 

Keywords: Enterosorbent, adsorption, absorption, endotoxins, exotoxins, technology, oral preparations, 
granules, and capsules. 

 

Introduction: The development of enterosorbent 
preparations with adsorption and detoxification 
pharmacological effects is one of the promising areas in 
pharmaceutical practice.  

Enterosorbents are medicinal substances of various 
structures and nature, whose mechanism of action is 
aimed at binding and eliminating exo- and endotoxins 
from the body through the gastrointestinal tract by 
adsorption, absorption, ion exchange, and complex 
formation. Depending on the mechanism of action, 
sorbents can be divided into: 1) adsorbents - 
substances with ion-exchange properties; 2) 
complexing agents - substances that, in a molecular or 
ionic state, form stable compounds with ligands that, in 
turn, bind and eliminate from the body toxins of 
biologically active substances (antigens, histamines, 
prostaglandins, bilirubin, xenobiotics, etc.), pathogenic 
bacteria, and their toxins.  

In the cases mentioned above, the mechanism of 
sorption is related to both direct and indirect effects. 
The therapeutic-chemical classification of 
enterosorbents includes compounds such as activated 
charcoal, bismuth preparations, pectin, kaolin, 
croscarmellose, attapulgite, diosmectite, and their 
combined compositions [1, 2]. 

Currently, enterosorbent preparations are mainly 
imported into Uzbekistan from abroad and do not fully 
meet the needs of our country. Therefore, expanding 
the range of preparations with sorptive properties is an 
urgent task for modern pharmaceutical technology.  

Based on the above, this study aims is to analyze the 
market of enterosorbent pharmaceutical preparations 
and biologically active additives (BAA) registered in the 
Republic of Uzbekistan and to determine the potential 
for expanding the range of medicinal products and 
BAAs with enterosorbent properties using local natural 

 

https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume05Issue04-09
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume05Issue04-09
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume05Issue04-09
https://doi.org/10.37547/ajbspi/Volume05Issue04-09


American Journal of Applied Science and Technology 39 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajast 

American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745) 
 

 

raw materials with sorptive properties, such as 
glauconite. The study will examine the physicochemical 
and adsorption properties, as well as the 
pharmacological properties of the natural mineral 
sorbent glauconite, to develop granulated and 
encapsulated enterosorbent forms in the future.  

METHODS 

The analysis of official sources of information on 
pharmaceutical preparations and biologically active 
additives (BAA) registered in the Republic of Uzbekistan 
[3, 4] was conducted. The object of the study was the 
natural highly dispersed glauconite powder extracted 
by open-pit mining from the sandstone of the "Changi" 
quarry (Parkent district, Tashkent region, Republic of 
Uzbekistan) and thermally processed to activate it in 
the laboratory production conditions of LLC "Fati-
Derm." The thermal activation process was carried out 
in a laboratory drying oven "SHSU-M1" (Russia) at 
temperatures ranging from 100 to 300°C, as well as in 
a laboratory muffle furnace "MP-2UM" (Vilnius, 
Lithuania) at temperatures ranging from 400 to 800°C. 
Thermogravimetric studies of the sieved fraction of 
glauconite were conducted using a derivatograph from 
MOM company in the temperature range of 200-800°C 
with a heating rate of 10K/min. 

The study of the physicochemical and technological 
properties of thermally activated glauconite, as well as 
the quality indicators of trial samples of granules and 
encapsulating mass of glauconite, was carried out 
according to the methods described in the literature 
[5]. 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

Currently, the State Register of Medicinal Products, 
Medical Devices, and Equipment permitted for use in 
medical practice in the Republic of Uzbekistan includes 
1 pharmaceutical substance with sorptive properties 
and 20 pharmaceutical products and dietary 
supplements (BAA). These medicinal products contain 
enterosorbents derived from substances of 5 types: 
activated charcoal (4), colloidal silica (2), 
polymethylsiloxane polyhydrate (1), dioctahedral 
smectite (5), hydrolytic lignin (2), and 6 types of BAAs 
[3, 4]. The listed enterosorbent products are available 
in the form of powders (suspensions), granules, tablets, 
capsules, pastes, and gels [2, 3]. Among the registered 
enterosorbent products in Uzbekistan, the most 
popular are Smecta®, Polysorb MP, and Enterosgel®. 
For many years, enterosorbents based on wood 
charcoal, wood, limestone, and silica have been widely 
used worldwide. However, as experiments have shown, 
activated charcoal has the lowest sorptive activity—10 
mg/g (D.A. Markelov, O.V. Nitsak, I.I. Gerashchenko, 
2008). Therefore, the demand for these substances is 

gradually decreasing. As a result, scientists from 
various countries are actively researching new 
promising sorptive materials with a wide range of 
sorptive activity [2, 5]. 

Given the above, a promising sorbent with a broad 
spectrum of action is the natural mineral glauconite.  

Glauconite (Glauconite) is a potassium-containing 
aluminosilicate with a complex and variable 
composition (chemical formula - (KNa)(Fe3.AL 
Mg)2(SiAl)4O10(OH)2). Glauconite belongs to the 
group of hydrous micas, a subclass of layered silicates.  

This relatively inexpensive natural mineral has a wide 
range of sorptive activity, high ion-exchange and 
buffering properties (depending on fractionation from 
200 to 600 μm, the sorptive properties of glauconite 
range from 20 to 100 mg/g, and after activation using 
magnetic separation methods, its activity increases by 
an additional 45%). A large absorption area was also 
noted, with the specific sorption surface ranging from 
0.10 to 0.16 mmol/g depending on the pH of the 
medium (pH 5.2-7.5). Additionally, the coating 
(encapsulating) properties of glauconite were studied. 

The sample of glauconite mineral under study is a 
polydisperse powder of a dark olive-green colour, 
odorless and tasteless, and insoluble in water. 
Examination of the glauconite powder under a 
scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the 
particles of glauconite have an isodiametric globular 
form, in the shape of spheres, ovals, and kidney-like 
forms. A significant number of particles have an 
irregular shape with a bumpy, matte surface, and the 
surfaces of the particles are cracked. The density of the 
powder ranges from 2.2 to 2.9 g/cm³; the particle size 
after fractionation was less than 0.2 mm (84.6% = 
2.2%). 

Porosity plays a significant role in the sorption process, 
i.e., the presence of spaces between interconnected 
pores. Porosity is a property of solid bodies 
characterized by the presence of voids between 
granular particles, crystals, and layers. Particles of 
different enterosorbents differ from each other in 
structure and pore radius. The porosity of glauconite 
was determined according to GOST 30629-99, and it 
was found that the porosity of the glauconite fraction 
ranging from 200-500 μm is 22±1.8%. 

Glauconites extracted from various regions of 
Uzbekistan have different chemical compositions 
(Table 1). The type of glauconite in which potassium 
predominates is called celadonite (for example, 
samples of glauconite extracted from the deposits in 
the Namangan region are rich in potassium ions). 

 



American Journal of Applied Science and Technology 40 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajast 

American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745) 
 

 

 
Table 1 

Chemical composition of glauconites mined in the republics of Uzbekistan and Karakalpakstan 

 

The place where the 

raw material is 

mined 

Main Components,  % 

SiO2 Al2O3 CaO MgО Fe2O3 K2O 

Republic of 

Uzbekistan Parkent 

district Tashkent 

region, quarry 

"Changi" 

54.5 1.9 8.8 1.9 10.0 4.5 

Republic of 

Karakalpakstan, 

Krantau mine 

59.4 3.3 5.1 1.29 88.1 6.5 

Republic of 

Uzbekistan Namangan 

region 

52.0 3.1 1.3 1.3 12.0 8.5 

Russian Federation, 

Tambov region, 

Bandarsky district* 

 

66.7 

 

6.6 

 

5.14 

 

1.62 

 

0.28 

 

2.43 

*Glauconite is imported to the Republic of Uzbekistan. 

The results in Table 1 show that the chemical 
composition of the main components of glauconites 
mined in different quarries differs significantly. The 
effect of temperature treatment on the quantitative 

composition of the main components of glauconite was 
also studied (Table 2). 

 

Table 2 

Results of changes in the chemical composition of glauconite mined in the Parkent district of the Tashkent region of the 

Republic of Uzbekistan during the purification process 

 

Purification method Main Components,  % 

SiO2 Al2O3 CaO MgО Fe2O3 

Sample of purification 54.5 1,9 8.8 1.,9 10.0 

After 20 minutes of heat 

treatment (at a 

temperature of 400 0C) 

54.2 2.0 6.1 1.6 10.0 

After 30 minutes of heat 

treatment (at a 

temperature of 400 0C) 

54.0 3.1 5.0 1.5 12.0 

In order to study the possibility of producing oral 
granulated and encapsulated enterosorbent 
pharmaceutical preparations, the physicomechanical 
properties of thermally activated glauconite samples 
were examined after heating for 30 minutes at 400°C. 
The results of the studies are presented in Table 3. 

As shown by the results of the study of the 
physicomechanical properties of the thermally 
activated glauconite substance: it is a polydisperse 
powder, the particles of which are isodiametric in 
shape (spherical grains of various sizes), olive-green in 
colour, odourless, tasteless, and insoluble in water. 
During fractionation, it was found that the majority of 

the particles are less than 200 μm in size (69.84%). This 
indicates the need for further grinding of the substance 
and sieving through a sieve with a hole diameter of 150 
μm. 

The following properties of glauconite, such as relative 
density, bulk density, flowability, angle of repose, 
degree of compaction, and residual moisture, are 
within the normal range. However, the compressibility 
index is unsatisfactory; glauconite powder is classified 
as an elastic substance, and to obtain quality granules 
and encapsulating mass, a wet granulation process with 
the use of binders with high adhesive activity is 
required.   

 

 

 

 

 



American Journal of Applied Science and Technology 41 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajast 

American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745) 
 

 

Table 3. 

 

Comparative study of the physical and mechanical properties of activated glauconite and its granules and 

encapsulating mass 

№ 

 

Studied indicators Unit of 

measurement 

Results obtained 

Purified and activated 

substance 

Granules Encapsu

lated 

mass 

1. Appearance  "Glauconite-Neo" Granules in the 

form of irregularly 

shaped particles, 

various sizes, 

olive-green in 

color, odorless 

and tasteless, 

insoluble in water 

Particles 

of 

various 

shapes 

and 

sizes, 

green in 

color, 

odorless 

and 

tasteless

, 

insolubl

e in 

water 

2. Fractional composition:                         

                    +1000  

        - 1000 +800 

        - 800 +500 

        - 500 +200 

        -  200 +150 

        -  150 +100 

                 -  100 

Mkm, % 

 

 

0,1 

3,9 

56,9 

18,5 

16,5 

3,0 

1,1 

 

37.18 

24.25 

21.15 

16.22 

1.20 

- 

- 

 

0,03 

1,24 

10,25 

42,11 

46,20 

0,15 

0,02 

3. Relative density g/cm³ 1,26±0,6 1.50.1 1,4±0,1 

4. Bulk Density kg/m3 413,2±2,2 1232±2,2 678,5±1

,5 

5. Flowability 10-3 kg/s 4,19±1,2 13,20,7 7,50,2

5 

6. Angle of natural repose degree 23,21,2 26.20.2 35,20,

5 

7. Degree of compaction  1,22±0,10 1.07±0.03 2,57±0,

03 

8. Compressibility N 26±1,5 37±1.7 36,6±1,

2 

9. Residual moisture %, (40 0С) 2,02±1,4 2.04±1.8 2,25±1,

5 

When preparing model granules and encapsulating 
mass, highly effective binders were used: a 5% starch 
paste, 3-5% gelatin solution, 1-2% solutions of 
methylcellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose, 
as well as 1%, 3%, and 5% solutions of polyethylene 
oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, and low molecular weight 
polyvinylpyrrolidone. The studies determined the 
feasibility of using a 3% solution of low molecular 
weight polyvinylpyrrolidone, which ensures good 
binding of glauconite particles, and the resulting  

granules retain their sorptive properties. For obtaining 
the encapsulating mass, the use of a 2% solution of low 
molecular weight polyvinylpyrrolidone was found to be 
appropriate. 

CONCLUSION  

As a result of the analysis of official sources of 
information on pharmaceutical drugs and dietary 
supplements, it was established that the range of 
enterosorbent drugs in the Republic of Uzbekistan is 
relatively broad: 1 pharmaceutical substance, 14 



American Journal of Applied Science and Technology 42 https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajast 

American Journal of Applied Science and Technology (ISSN: 2771-2745) 
 

 

pharmaceutical drugs, and 6 named dietary 
supplements. These drugs are mainly available in the 
form of powders (42.9%), tablets (42.9%), and capsules 
(7.1%), as well as one original product in a sachet-paste 
form, "Enterosgel" (7.1%). The composition of the 
listed dietary supplements is diverse, and they are 
available in the form of powders, capsules, tablets, and 
syrup for drinking. Since most enterosorbent drugs are 
imported into the Republic of Uzbekistan, a promising 
direction is the study of the physicomechanical 
properties of glauconite to develop the composition 
and technology for granulated and encapsulated 
enterosorbent oral drugs based on it.  

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