American Journal of Business Management, Economics and Banking ISSN (E): 2832-8078 Volume 15, | August, 2023 P a g e | 77 www.americanjournal.org FOREIGN EXPERIENCES ON IMPROVEMENT OF QUARANTINE SERVICE IN PROMOTION OF EXPORT OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTS AND POSSIBILITIES OF THEIR USE Alimov Murodkosim Achilovich Research Institute of Quarantine and Plant Protection A B S T R A C T K E Y W O R D S When joining the WTO, the existing phytosanitary requirements in the Republic of Uzbekistan will have to be harmonized with the international phytosanitary requirements of this international organization. The State Plant Quarantine Inspectorate of the Republic of Uzbekistan must comply with the “Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures” introduced by the WTO organization. Phytosanitary requirements should have a "technical basis". World Trade Organization, harmful organism, Phytosanitary Risk Analysis, technical basis, foreign trade, regional organizations plant quarantine and protection, economic factors, WTO rules. Introduction In the process of international trade, the entry of harmful organisms, diseases and weeds into the territory of the country, crossing national borders, is a specific form of external factors. In this process, what should be the level of protection against the introduction and spread of harmful organisms on the territory of the country. In the agreement in the process of becoming a member of the WTO organization (Article 5 of the agreement), the following economic factors related to such negative consequences were included by the WTO organization: -Determining how much damage the production or trade sector will suffer due to the introduction, survival or spread of a harmful organism; -Determination of the scale of spread of this harmful organism when it is first detected after the importer enters the country, and the amount of costs to fight against it or eliminate it; -Investigate the benefits and alternatives of phytosanitary risk mitigation. In this case, the amount of economic costs and economic damage caused to the environment may vary, and the allocation of funds for the fight against pests, the development of measures to prevent them from spreading will become a part of the state's internal policy. Based on the WTO agreement, it is necessary to analyze the costs specified in the contracts. This allows us to control the costs associated with preventing the expansion and spread of pest and disease areas in the future. American Journal of Business Management, Economics and Banking Volume 15 August, 2023 P a g e | 78 www.americanjournal.org In the existing literature, activities in the field of phytosanitary and sanitation in the international trade of agricultural products are presented mainly in the form of statistical data, and in the study of the theory of international economy, they are given according to optimal tariffs as general relations in the distribution of economic resources. When joining the WTO, the existing phytosanitary requirements in the Republic of Uzbekistan will have to be harmonized with the international phytosanitary requirements of this international organization. The State Plant Quarantine Inspectorate of the Republic of Uzbekistan must comply with the “Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures” introduced by the WTO organization. Phytosanitary requirements should have a "technical basis". Any requests for Plant Quarantine in the process of trade with agricultural products that are not technically justified will be considered as "unreasonable requests" and will cause the exporting countries of plants and plant products to object to the WTO organization about the unreasonable requests of the importing countries. Phytosanitary laws, decrees and decisions, rules, requirements and procedures for finished products and industry-related production and processing methods, testing, certification control processes, plant production, transportation, storage, processing, sampling procedures for laboratory analysis and required quarantine regulations related to phytosanitary risk analysis and documents related to packaging marking processes to ensure product safety are all regulatory documents. Phytosanitary Risk Analysis (FRA) serves as the technical basis for plant quarantine. Scientifically based and formalized phytosanitary risk analyzes within the framework of international requirements and norms are the basis for including these harmful insects, diseases or weeds and other organisms in the list of quarantine organisms and applying phytosanitary measures. Therefore, phytosanitary risk analysis is considered the most important mechanism in the work process of international and national phytosanitary organizations in the quarantine of plants and their protection from harmful organisms. The list of quarantine organisms and phytosanitary requirements currently in effect in the Republic of Uzbekistan should be at the level of international requirements. The successor of the international agreement - GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) concluded in 1947 is the Global Trade Organization. In 1979, as part of the General Agreement on Trade and Definitions, the "Agreement on the Elimination of Technical Barriers to International Trade" was signed, and each sovereign state, while ensuring the phytosanitary safety of its territories, developed and implemented phytosanitary (sanitary and veterinary) measures. it was determined that there will be no obstacles to the trade of agricultural products between countries, and the concept of "technical justification" appeared. Later, by the 80s of the last century, information and methods appeared about the main stages of phytosanitary risk analysis, what information should be used for justification, the development of phytosanitary risk analyzes and the harmonization of national standards with international phytosanitary requirements, as well as the role of plant quarantine activities. In 1995, the WTO was established as an official organization in the WTO system in order to liberalize international trade between member states, regulate trade and political relations. 133 countries are full members, 30 countries, including Russia, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan have observer status and applied for membership in the organization in 1992-93. The five principles of the World Trade Organization: Non-discrimination in trade Reducing trade barriers American Journal of Business Management, Economics and Banking Volume 15 August, 2023 P a g e | 79 www.americanjournal.org Increasing competitiveness in international trade Preference in international trade for developing countries Forecasting the terms of trade and their stability In the 1990s, work on phytosanitary risk analysis was carried out in regional organizations such as the European and Mediterranean countries on plant quarantine and protection, the North American Plant Quarantine and Protection Committee, the South American Cono Sur Phytosanitary Committee, and the Pacific and Asian Commission on Plant Quarantine and Protection on FRA. regional and international standards and a modern system were introduced. Currently, many countries are required to form a group of experts on conducting FRA as one of the conditions for membership in WTO, EU and other international organizations and trade associations. The production by a damaged pest products or the importation of contaminated products causes the spread of harmful organisms. Damage may be limited to the country that imported or produced the contaminated product, while the economies of both exporting and importing countries can be harmed, sometimes with global effects. The following two characteristics of pests and diseases are defined depending on the damage they cause to the environment. a) geographical distribution of species, penetration of external pests and diseases and the mechanism of their action as well as distribution by trade, distinguishing from existing forms of damage caused by the production or import of damaged products; b) External factors related to pests and diseases are not static problems. They evolve over time and an appropriate trade policy should take this into account. The economy of SFS policy is related to the economy of the organizations that control them. Consideration should be given to the optimal internal control of the pest to be controlled and the conditions under which its eradication will be effective or ineffective. Pest populations play an important role in trade. Organisms that are not expected to have significant risk to trade are irrelevant in trade policy. Invasive pests and diseases must be prevented from entering and spreading, or the possibility of re-introduction after eradication. It will be necessary to search for ways to formulate an optimal trade policy, taking into account the possibility of the spread of the harmful organism over time. Regional Organizations of Plant Quarantine and Protection (RPPO) is an interstate organization as a regional regulatory body for the activities of national plant protection organizations (NPPO). Not all national organizations that are members of the World Plant Protection Organization are members of the Regional Organization, or vice versa, not all members of the Regional Plant Quarantine and Protection Organization are members of the World Plant Quarantine and Protection Organization. Also, National Plant Quarantine and Protection Organizations may be members of more than one Regional Plant Quarantine and Protection Organization in some countries. Currently, 10 Regional Plant Quarantine and Protection Organizations have been established in the world: -Asian and Pacific Plant Protection Commission (APPPC. 25 member countries. Established in 1955.) - Caribbean Agricultural Health and Food Safety Agency (CAHFSA Established in 1967. 22 member countries) -Comunidad Andina (CAN.founded in 1969 with 5 member countries) -Comite de Sanidad Vegetal del Cono Sur (COSAVE, 5 member countries established in 1989). - European and Mediterranean Plant and Protection Organization (EPPO https://www.ippc.int/external-cooperation/regional-plant-protection-organizations/cahfsa/ https://www.ippc.int/external-cooperation/regional-plant-protection-organizations/comunidadandina/ https://www.ippc.int/external-cooperation/regional-plant-protection-organizations/cosave/ American Journal of Business Management, Economics and Banking Volume 15 August, 2023 P a g e | 80 www.americanjournal.org Convention 1951-15 countries. Currently 52 countries are members.) - Inter-African Phytosanitary Council (IAPSC established in 1956, 16 member countries) - Near East Plant Protection Organization (NEPPO was established in 2009. 10 member countries) - North American Plant Protection Organization (3 countries are members of NAPPO established in 1976.) - Organismo Internacional Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (OIRSA was established in 1953. 9 countries are members) - Pacific Plant Protection Organization (PPPO was established in 2017. 11 countries are members.) Clause IX of the charter of the International Plant Protection Organization (IPPC) stipulates that Regional Plant Protection Organizations participate in all activities in the field of implementation of the tasks set by the International Plant Protection Organization. In this paragraph, the obligations of the RPPO are defined, as well as the obligations of cooperation with the secretariat and the Commission of the Committee on phytosanitary measures and international standards development. Due to this, Regional Plant Protection Organizations play an important role in the implementation of the tasks defined in the IPPO charter. Article IX of the Charter of the International Plant Quarantine and Protection Organization (IPPO) defines the following as the main functions of Regional Plant Quarantine and Protection Organizations: - Coordination of the activities of the National Plant Quarantine and Protection Organizations, which are members of the RPPOs, to promote and implement the goals of the National Plant Protection Committee and participate in activities in this direction; - Development of interregional cooperation to ensure harmonization of phytosanitary measures; - Collecting and promoting information related to the fields related to the activities of IPPO; - Cooperation with the Secretariat and the Commission of the Committee on phytosanitary measures and development of international standards. Each RPPOs carries out its activities on phytosanitary measures and their harmonization, prevention of the spread and introduction of harmful organisms, as well as the development and implementation of measures. Technical consultations are held every year with the participation of representatives of the Secretariat of the International Plant Quarantine and Protection Organizations and the Regional Plant Quarantine and Protection Organizations. To date, 21 technical consultations have been held. Each NPPO carries out its activities on phytosanitary measures and their harmonization, prevention of the spread and introduction of harmful organisms, as well as the development and implementation of measures. In this work is organized in cooperation with IPPO. The National Plant Quarantine Organization of the Republic of Uzbekistan is currently a member of the European and Mediterranean Plant Quarantine and Protection Organization. Work is underway to harmonize national phytosanitary measures and standards and regulatory documents with international standards and phytosanitary measures. Studying the activities of the above-mentioned regional plant quarantine and protection organizations and putting their experiences into practice, especially maintaining the integration of the Andean countries agreement, was facilitated by the existence of common tasks, traditions of integration and specific measures in the economic, scientific, scientific- technical and cultural spheres among its members. This experience will be useful in the interaction of various economic associations within the CIS countries and in the participation of the CIS countries in other international organizations. https://www.ippc.int/external-cooperation/regional-plant-protection-organizations/interafricanphytosanitarycouncil/ https://www.ippc.int/external-cooperation/regional-plant-protection-organizations/neppo/ https://www.ippc.int/external-cooperation/regional-plant-protection-organizations/oirsa/ https://www.ippc.int/external-cooperation/regional-plant-protection-organizations/pacificplantprotectionorganisation/ American Journal of Business Management, Economics and Banking Volume 15 August, 2023 P a g e | 81 www.americanjournal.org Literature: 1. General Council decision, November 1996, “Agreements between the WTO, IMF and World Bank. 2. The WTO in global economic policy-making.For more information, visit the IPPC website. 3. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. 4. Принципы комплексного управления границами во внешнем сотрудничестве Европейской Комиссии. 5. Regional Plant Protection Organizations, website. https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/coher_e/wtl194_e.doc https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org5_e.htm#cooperation