American Journal of Business Management, Economics and Banking ISSN (E): 2832-8078 Volume 11, | April, 2023 P a g e | 27 www.americanjournal.org THE ROLE OF TOURISM IN THE SUSTAINABILITY OF ANCIENT CITIES / MOSUL'S OLD CITY AS A MODEL Elham Khudair Abbas Shubbar Researcher and academic specialist in tourism economics elhamshubbar@yahoo.com Naser Nazar Mohamed Raof North Technical University /Nenava Technical Institute A B S T R A C T K E Y W O R D S The problems of preserving the old city of Mosul with its historical landmarks has become one of the necessities of preserving its identity and history of Mosul, which faced great challenges of events, wars and destruction and required reconstruction in order to preserve the identity, culture and history of the old city of Mosul, and ignoring the role of tourism in preserving the old city of Mosul and its monuments of archaeological, historical, religious and cultural value, as it is not only dealing with its landmarks, but must be expanded to include what surrounds it in order to Preservation, and highlighting the stages of reconstruction witnessed by the old city of Mosul and its landmarks, and the weak interest in its buildings of historical, archaeological, cultural and religious value, and the severe lack of basic services in the old city of Mosul, which in turn makes it an obstacle to the sustainability of the old city in terms of tourism, the old city of Mosul faced a conflict between destruction and reconstruction, as the preservation of the old city of Mosul with its landmarks of tourist value has become a complex challenge, especially in the face of the destruction of its infrastructure and landmarks, and the subsequent stages of reconstruction in its various dimensions, and the developmental role of tourism in the sustainability of cities is one of the effective trends, especially in historical cities with a tourist dimension, and that sustainable tourism is one of the elements of preserving historical cities for their direct adherence to their landmarks. Especially in historical cities with an archaeological, historical, religious and cultural fabric such as the old city of Mosul, and the research aims to develop mechanisms to maintain the sustainability of the old city of Mosul through the development of the developmental aspect of tourism, which is breezed with the city, and through that the research adopts a number of tourism, sustainability, sustainability of ancient cities American Journal of Business Management, Economics and Banking Volume 11 April, 2023 P a g e | 28 www.americanjournal.org research methodologies, and ending with the applied approach that sheds light on the experience of the sustainability of the old city of Mosul, in which the most important obstacles and challenges that stand in front of the sustainability and development of the old city of Mosul are identified, and solutions that contribute to the preservation of the old city of Mosul with its landmarks, especially through the development and development of the tourism side, and the research concludes ways to develop the tourism aspect for the sustainability of the city by clarifying the most important rehabilitation and reconstruction projects, and employing them positively in proportion to the historical status of Mosul and culturally and touristically. Table of Content the address page number content list A,B the introduction 1 Research Methodology 2 The first topic Theoretical and conceptual framework for the developmental role of tourism and the sustainability of cities 1- The concept of tourism 3 2- The concept of sustainability 3 3- The concept of sustainable cities 3 4- The basic dimensions of tourism in the sustainability of ancient cities 3-4 5- The relationship between the goals of tourism and the sustainability of ancient cities 5 The second topic Selected experiences on tourism and the sustainability of ancient cities 1- The basics necessary for tourism to sustain the ancient cities 6 2- The different trends of tourism in preserving the sustainability of historical cities 7 3- The desired goals of tourism for the sustainability of historical cities 7 4- The importance of tourism for the sustainability of historical cities 1- 8 5- Countries' experience in sustainable development 8 The city of Aleppo in the sustainability of its tourist and historical features 8 - 9 The third topic The reality of the ancient city of Mosul, projects and challenges in its sustainability 1- The ancient city of Mosul is the origin of the name 10 2- The ancient city of Mosul historically 10 American Journal of Business Management, Economics and Banking Volume 11 April, 2023 P a g e | 29 www.americanjournal.org 3- The old city of Mosul site 10 4- Characteristics of the ancient city of Mosul 10 5- Reviving the old ones 11 6- Its doors 12 7- Its markets 13 8- Its streets 13 9- Its religious features 13- 14 10- Its historical landmarks 14- 15 11- Its cultural features 15 12- Monitoring the experience of the ancient city of Mosul for the sustainability of its tourist attractions 15- 16 13- Challenges and obstacles faced by local and foreign projects in the process of sustaining the ancient city of Mosul 16 14- Recommendations 17 15- Conclusion 18 16- List of sources and references 19 17- Appendices 20-24 List of shapes Figure title page number 1- The basic needs of tourism development for cities and their connection to sustainability 6 2- The main idea of historical cities is to prepare access gates for tourist tours 1- 8 Introduction: Many countries see tourism as a quick solution for economic development, especially those that have ancient cities of ancient historical and cultural value that plan and make great efforts to sustain and preserve them. Also the old city of Mosul is one of the cities that enjoys a distinctive historical, cultural and urban value, as it is famous for its historical, religious, heritage and civilizational landmarks, which form distinctive tourist attractions. The old city of Mosul, like other historical cities, faced many challenges in events that spread chaos and destruction, causing great damage to its infrastructure. Public, historical and tourism, and the importance of research by presenting the most important attempts to rebuild it and work to activate the role of tourism for its sustainability in terms of historical, archaeological, religious and cultural aspects, and highlighting the most important local and international projects, donor countries, the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities and the Nineveh Antiquities Inspectorate that worked to bring it back to life again, And its sustainability, but it is not at the level of ambition, as the old city of Mosul contains many of these elements, whether historical or archaeological, such as (Bashtabaya Castle, the Nineveh Wall, the villages of Saray, and the old houses). Al-Qasim, the Church of the Hour, and the Church of the Immaculate), and as for the natural neighborhoods overlooking the American Journal of Business Management, Economics and Banking Volume 11 April, 2023 P a g e | 30 www.americanjournal.org Tigris River (Al-Midan, Kleiat, Al-Shahwan) and activating the role of tourism for this ancient city that faced destruction and devastation and restoring life to it and its components that it possesses by highlighting projects and companies that work to restore Rehabilitation, reconstruction and sustainability, to restore its splendor, since the ancient city of Mosul is the mosaic of Mosul, and to know the most important obstacles that faced these projects in the process of rehabilitating it to be a tourist attraction for all its visitors and an economic one for its local population, and we divided the research into three investigations to cover the subject The first topic: the theoretical and conceptual framework The second topic: selected experiences on tourism and the sustainability of ancient cities The third topic: the reality of the ancient city of Mosul and the role of tourism in its sustainability, then the conclusion Methodology First: the research problem The research problem is represented in the absence of the role of tourism in preserving and sustaining the ancient city of Mosul, despite the devastation and destruction the city and its landmarks witnessed in its infrastructure, and that the reconstruction and development campaigns began to start their work, but in a slow and sluggish manner due to the weakness of the policies used in its reconstruction and rehabilitation, which affected the performance of its role as an ancient city distinguished by its identity Its cultural and historical value meets the needs of its residents and arrivals. Second: The objectives of study 1) Studying the ancient city of Mosul and showing its distinctive historical, cultural and urban value 2) Studying the experiences of the sustainability of ancient cities and benefiting from them in tourism 3) Shedding light on the projects completed by the supporting authorities for the process of rehabilitating the old city, sustaining it, developing it for tourism, and keeping it vital to meet the needs of its residents and visitors. Third: Methodology We followed the descriptive analysis approach to explain the ancient city of Mosul in terms of geography, spatial, historical, civilizational and cultural aspects in general, reconstruction campaigns and indicators of its development in particular, and the applied approach by highlighting the reality of the most important local and foreign reconstruction and development projects, and the problems and obstacles that stand in the way of tourism to activate its developmental role in preserving the city old Mosul. The first topic Theoretical and conceptual framework for the developmental role of tourism and the sustainability of cities First: concepts 1: The concept of tourism Tourism is represented in the German definition of Fulloral (as a phenomenon of the era, emanating from the growing need for rest and relaxation, changing the atmosphere, feeling the beauty of nature and tasting it, and feeling the joy and pleasure of staying in natural areas, especially (Zaki, 2006: 70- 71) American Journal of Business Management, Economics and Banking Volume 11 April, 2023 P a g e | 31 www.americanjournal.org 2: The concept of sustainability 2-1 The concept of sustainability is a case in which utility and consumption do not contradict each other over time 2-2 The state of sustainability is a state in which resources are managed in such a way as to preserve production opportunities in the future 2-3 A state of sustainability is a state in which the stock of natural capital does not diminish over time 2-4 The state of sustainability is a state in which resources are managed in such a way as to maintain the sustainable production of resource services. 2-5 The state of sustainability is a state in which the minimum conditions for stability and resilience of the ecosystem are satisfied or met (Shubber et al., 2016: 39-40). 3: The concept of sustainable cities They are environmentally safe, socially inclusive, and economically productive cities (United Nation Human Settlements Program, 2009:16). They are cities that are planned taking into account the environmental impact, and reduce the consumption of energy, water, and food inputs, as well as reduce outputs from water and soil pollution (chan, 2016: 5). ) and that it is the city that works efficiently for the benefit of its citizens at the present time, without causing problems for either its citizens or the whole world in the future (sustainable cities index, 2015: 2) 4: The basic dimensions of tourism in the sustainability of ancient cities According to the World Tourism Organization, tourism within the framework of the sustainability of ancient cities with its three dimensions, economic, social and environmental, includes the effects it exerts on those dimensions, whether at the present time or in the future. 4-1) Tourism Policy and Governance It includes the status or location of tourism in the sustainable programs and policies of the ancient cities, and its relationship to the regulatory framework, and the establishment of institutions in the sector. 4-2) Economic performance, investment, and competitiveness, and includes four topics, starting with how to measure tourism and its economic area, passing through studying the economic, commercial and investment environment, and addressing the subject of the product, its marketing and its position in the market, and finally reaching the study of risks and security in tourism 4-3) Employment, appropriate work, human capital: It includes two main axes, namely human resource planning, work conditions, qualifications and training. 4-4) Poverty reduction and social integration: This is done by focusing on an integrated approach to reducing poverty through tourism, supporting initiatives to enhance tourism activity, including groups affecting the tourism sector and preventing negative social impacts. 4-5) Sustainability of the natural, historical, cultural and religious environment: This is done through four axes linking tourism to the management of natural, cultural, historical and religious heritage. The cities of Al-Dhawara are historical, natural, religious and cultural (Tourism for Sustainable Development in Least Developed) 5: The relationship between the goals of tourism and the sustainability of ancient cities The 2030 Cities Sustainability Plan obliges UNWTO member countries to achieve sustainable cities by focusing on tourism goals, and on those directed in particular to tourism activity. Here, in particular, it relates to the eighth goal (9.8 Target) by requiring member countries to develop and implement policies It encourages tourism that creates job opportunities and enhances local culture and products, and the twelfth goal (12 Target), which highlights the importance of tourism to create job opportunities American Journal of Business Management, Economics and Banking Volume 11 April, 2023 P a g e | 32 www.americanjournal.org and promote religious, natural and tourism culture in the city and its sustainability, and the fourteenth goal (14 Target), which considers tourism as one of the tools that increase Economic benefits in their sustainability for ancient cities (Tourism & SDGs. UNWTO. United nations) Paragraphs 130 and 131 of the plan clearly refer to the importance of tourism in contributing to the sustainability of cities and encouraging investment in them, especially cultural, environmental, religious and natural, given its close links with other sectors, and its ability to create new business opportunities through the establishment of sustainable small and medium projects, and facilitating access to To finance and increase the environmental, religious, cultural and natural awareness of the ancient cities and improve the well-being of their local communities and their livelihoods, and tourism is also seen in the sustainability of the ancient cities, within the framework of Chapter VII of Agenda 21 of the United Nations General Assembly, as a tool to promote sustainable economic growth, especially environmental ones, by protecting the tourist sites in the city, whether they are historical, cultural, natural or historical (Sustainable Tourism, Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform) and the goals can be summarized as follows: 5-1 Promoting sustainability in the tourism industry by respecting and preserving environmental, religious, cultural and historical standards in ancient cities. 5-2 Respect the traditions, customs and culture of local communities through effective communication with them; and the development of projects that limit the exploitation of children and illegal acts, including contributing to the continuous training of tourists and workers in the sector as a whole on the cultural, ethical and social values of local communities 5-3 Making the local communities of the old cities an important economic and social dimension, in addition to empowering the residents of the tourist areas in all new tourism projects by integrating them into tourism programs and organizations. 5-4 The tourist can contribute to positive social and cultural change, to the promotion of human values and respect for human rights and beliefs, and to changing the lifestyle of ancient cities. Also, the sustainable behavior of the tourist may be a message for the development of a new culture in society. His sustainable practices in his rational exploitation of the cultural, religious, natural and historical resources in the ancient cities, and respect for laws, instructions and procedures, are important factors in the way in the sustainability of cities, which moves from one city to another and this is all It requires an effort at the international, governmental, and industry levels as a whole. (1999. Sustainable Tourism: A Non-Governmental Organization Perspective, The second topic Selected experiences on tourism and the sustainability of ancient cities First: the necessary foundations for tourism to sustain the ancient cities The general objective of tourism as a productive and economically feasible sector is to provide resources that help sustain historical cities to become more attractive areas for tourists for the current generation and future generations. 1- The economic goals represented in balancing the balance of payments, diversifying the economy, regional development, increasing job opportunities, and developing and reviving tourist facilities. 2- Cultural goals, which are represented in supporting and sustaining archaeological and historical sites, as well as customs, traditions, handicrafts, and popular markets. 3- Environmental goals, including sustainability 4- Preserving natural resources and protecting and exploiting them properly American Journal of Business Management, Economics and Banking Volume 11 April, 2023 P a g e | 33 www.americanjournal.org 5- The general objectives include the greater sustainability of the diverse environments and cultures that characterize the city and bring it out at the local and global levels, and fulfill the needs of the source market for tourists. As in Figure No. (1) The basic needs of tourism development for cities and their connection to sustainability Second: the different trends of tourism in preserving the sustainability of historical cities 1- Traditional romantic trends (appearance trends) This trend is concerned with the external appearance only to show the historical city to encourage tourism and the connection with the past, such as the attempt of some cities to create a history for it, as it focuses on creating an architectural facility as a nucleus for historical centers such as the sustainability and renewal of the historical nucleus around Dar Al-Istiqlal (FITH 1989 INDEPENDENT HALL 2- The direction of completely removing the old, and establishing a new layout, and this direction was stated in the Law of Sustainability of Historic Cities in a formal way, and it was implemented in many Arab countries, such as the old Bab Al-Faraj project (Aleppo - Syria) (STEFANOL 1987) and this direction is not appropriate for the resulting The city's loss of its historical ties that distinguished it and its sustainability Third: The desired goals of tourism for the sustainability of historical cities There are general goals that must be taken into account when sustaining historical cities through future tourism plans, and working in a balanced manner to achieve the goals of the city in order to match its sustainable tourism development Increasing tourism investments, the number of tourists, and the sustainability of cities Tourism development sustainability Increased tourist demand Sustainability of natural resources Sustainability of cultural resources Sustainability of complementary services Providing for the needs of tourists Ease of communication and field of movement regional and local stability Increased possibility of travel Improve your travel profile Tourism specialization Increased roaming Increase attraction Fewer government restrictions American Journal of Business Management, Economics and Banking Volume 11 April, 2023 P a g e | 34 www.americanjournal.org sustainability with its local components and capabilities, and the general goals can be focused on the following. 1- Encouraging tourism knowledge and culture and cultivating tourism values among individuals 2- Deepening knowledge of the importance of tourism and its positive effects on all aspects of social, economic, tourism and civilizational life. 3- The necessity of preserving and sustaining archaeological, tourism and cultural resources, as they are a national, national, international and human wealth. 4- Focusing on the importance of the city's heritage and its cultural significance 5- Introducing the citizen to the city's archaeological and tourist attractions 6 - Activate the tourism movement in the city to raise knowledge and national belonging. Fourth: the importance of tourism for the sustainability of historical cities The importance of sustaining historical cities comes for many reasons, the most important of which is that the historical city in general is a gateway to access its tourist potential such as its tourist sites - archaeological sites - its parks - its beaches) and it is an important nucleus for tourist attraction in terms of services and facilities, and it represents the starting point for regional tourist tours, in addition to owning the city Many elements of tourist attractions, such as mosques - churches - parks - baths, and what distinguishes the city from others, as shown in Figure No. (1). (Al-Hamidi, 2002) The main idea of historical cities is to create access gates for tourist tours All of this illustrates the importance of the city not only from the historical side, but also includes many social, cultural, environmental and economic aspects that work on sustaining the city to play its role in tourism development in an effective way that achieves many economic benefits for the city and supports its tourist attractions, which were not useful unless there was movement and tourism activities. A variety that attracts different segments of tourists and meets their needs. Fifth: Countries' experience in sustainable development 1- The experience of the city of Aleppo in the sustainability of its tourist and historical attractions The revival of old Aleppo was the result of years of neglect. In the twentieth century, the old city became suffering from poor economic and construction conditions. Therefore, the Aleppo City Council protected the unique urban fabric of the old city and its distinctive urban heritage. The process of comprehensive revival of the ancient city of Aleppo is based on integrating the necessary tools and policies to achieve the necessary urban development while preserving the heritage and originality of the ancient city of Aleppo. Institutions have emerged that support the project at the churches historical location access gate city limits Old Mosul coffee shops hotels restaurants American Journal of Business Management, Economics and Banking Volume 11 April, 2023 P a g e | 35 www.americanjournal.org local and international levels, such as the International Agency for Technical Cooperation, the Arab Fund for Development, the Aga Khan Institutions and the Association The Friends of Aleppo, and the GTZ institutions, adopted a project to revive the traditional markets in the city. The project began with a study of the surroundings of the Great Umayyad Mosque, funded by the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development. Then this study expanded to include the entire traditional market that extends from Bab Antioch to Zarb Market, which covers an area of 12 hectares. From the covered markets, the project includes the rehabilitation and beautification of these markets, and the restoration of the sweet school adjacent to the Great Umayyad Mosque, in addition to improving the infrastructure of a sewage network, drinking water and electricity in the markets area, where the project was divided into stages that began in 2004. The traditional houses were distinguished by their inner courtyards and distinctive planning, but with the expansion of the city and the emergence of new areas that meet the needs of the age in terms of the requirements of life in the old town as a whole, social ties were torn between them, and the transfer of limited funds planned for supply operations outside the old town increased migration outside the old city. The idea of the Old City Revival Project emerged, and its main objective is to preserve the uniqueness of the historical fabric of the Old City, and to put an end to the deterioration of their residential neighborhoods, by stimulating economic and social development and improving the living conditions of the population. 2- The experience of the city of Alexandria in the sustainability of its tourist and historical cities International, Arab, and Egyptian experiences have proven the success of the experience of sustaining tourist and historical sites in cities and achieving many benefits. Sustainable tourism has been adopted as a pattern for developing cities, tourism development, and encouraging investments. Civilizational and architectural, and stimulation of maintenance and restoration work, and the recovery of the city led to an increase in tourism movement and the return of the city of Alexandria to its tourist status as a summer city, and the starting point for the launch of tourist trips to neighboring sites and the northern coast, and encouraging the private sector to participate in the sustainability of the city of Alexandria as a pioneering experience, that can be emulated By it in the rest of the cities, which reduces the burdens of governments and localities, And that the process of preservation is a vital process that is not intended to freeze the historical cities as they are, but the goal of their sustainability, to develop them is a development that guarantees their survival in a vital way and achieves the purposes of their residents, and it is not intended to turn them into a museum, and that the movement corridors and access roads in the city are among the most important influencing elements on the tourist movement, its development removes traffic problems, and many problems harmful to the environment and affecting the economic and commercial situation, and one of the most important success factors for the sustainability of the city of Alexandria is to maintain it as a vibrant body in which economic, social, religious and tourism activities converge to preserve its human character, that meets the needs of different population segments, Through a comprehensive strategy for urban development and integrated sustainable development, according to an acceptable and clear methodology locally, urbanly, architecturally and culturally. The third topic The reality of the ancient city of Mosul and the role of tourism in its sustainability First: The ancient city of Mosul is the origin of the name American Journal of Business Management, Economics and Banking Volume 11 April, 2023 P a g e | 36 www.americanjournal.org The ancient city of Mosul was called by many names, including Umm al-Rabeein, because the Bekaa is green twice a year. Al-Maqdisi, 1906: 136-139) and it was called Khawlan among the Arabs because it used to connect between the mountain and the plain and between Iraq and the Levant (Al-Moarab, 1389: 94) Second: the ancient city of Mosul historically The history of ancient Mosul dates back thousands of years, as historical research revealed that the Qleiat region includes under it the first agricultural villages dating back to the sixth millennium BC, despite the old age of Mosul, and that the ancient region, its alleys, and its architecture were affected by the civilizations and architectural phases that came to Mosul, Especially the Islamic civilization with its many countries, that the Islamic history in Mosul began in the year 16 AH (637 AD) when the Great Mosque (Al-Musfi Mosque), the House of the Islamic Emirate, and the Sirajeen Market were built there. What distinguishes old Mosul is that all its houses were built of bricks and bricks (plaster), and the knot system with which the houses and their roofs were built without any reinforcement, which is a distinct architectural art in construction that many builders today are no longer good at imitating. (Ibrahim, 1991: 121 The ancient city of Mosul within the wall of Mosul consisted of 29 localities bearing the names of mosques, clans, or ancient Mosul landmarks. It was mentioned in the Ottoman record of 1839, which I translated from Ottoman into Arabic. Third: the ancient city of Mosul site The city of Mosul, which is the center of Nineveh Governorate, is located in the middle basin of the Tigris River within the northern part of Iraq. east, south and southwest. (Al-Janabi, 12: 1991) Fourth: Characteristics of the ancient city of Mosul 1- Reviving the old ones 1-1) Al-Sargkhana locality, one of the shops, I mean the neighborhoods of the old city of Mosul, and it was located within the wall, it is in the old city, and its age reaches 7000 years, and the word Al- Sargkhana is a Turkish word meaning (the place of the lamp); A Turkish suffix, which in Arabic means (shop), and the saddlebag started as a locality famous for making horse saddles. 1-2) Kleiat locality include the following Al-Midan: It is the field that used to extend in front of (Aig Qalaa) during the Ottoman era, and the Janissary army used to live in the castle. The castle gate is one of the well-known gates of Mosul and is located on the Tigris River. Hush Al-Khan: In this place was a large caravanserai belonging to the Al-Diwaji family. A house was built inside it, and it was called (Hosh Al-Khan), then the houses multiplied inside and outside it. The locality was given this name. Gate of the Prophet: relative to the mosque of the Prophet Jarzis, peace be upon him. Ras Al-Kour: The area was full of gypsum bowls in which the gypsum was proud, and the ceramic utensils made by the quenchers, such as grains, sherbet, and bread skirts that are made so far and Imam Ibrahim: relative to the mosque of Imam Ibrahim, peace be upon him. It extends along the western bank of the Tigris River and is considered the historical nucleus on which the constructions of the old city of Mosul are built. It is called the river front of the right side of Mosul. It contains about 4,500 houses out of 15,000 houses in the old city, in which 4,931 houses were completely and almost completely destroyed, and a section of the houses in the Qleiat area belonged to the Christian Endowment. The other is for the Sunni Endowment, and some for the Department of Antiquities, including for the municipality of Mosul. What was destroyed of “Qalaiat” is about 3,000 American Journal of Business Management, Economics and Banking Volume 11 April, 2023 P a g e | 37 www.americanjournal.org houses out of 4,500, including 2,000 houses in the locality of Al-Midan alone, which is the most destroyed and damaged, as 62% of them were completely destroyed and 38% were severely damaged, in varying proportions between (50% - 70%), and with campaigns to open roads and remove rubble, and each house needs between 10,000 - 15,000 dollars as a minimum for its reconstruction and the local government in Nineveh, and despite allocating billions and spending it on removing rubble from the old city, but there are more than 70% of it It still constitutes the greatest burden on the people.” As for the Executive Director of the Mosul Reconstruction Committee, Abdul Qadir Al-Dakhil, in turn, confirmed that 75% of the ruins of the old city have not been removed yet. 2- Its doors 1-2) Gate of the Prophet Zarzis: relative to the Mosque of the Prophet Zarzis, and there is a sub-locality called the locality of Mahdhar Bashi, in relation to the family of Mahdhar Bashi, whose grandfather was the chief clerk of the record in the Sharia court 2-2) Bab Al-Saray: relative to Bab Al-Saray adjacent to the Government Serail in the Ottoman era, where the seat of the governor, then it became a police station under the name of the General Center. The New Gate (New Gate): In reference to the New Gate, which was renewed by the Omaris in the year 1725 AD. It was mentioned by Ibn al-Sha'ar in the events of the year 654 AH / 1255 CE in Qaila'id al-Jiman. 2-3) Bab al-Bayd: The door leading to the west of the city, and outside the door is the al-Bayd market, in which the Bedouins used to sell eggs daily. Khazraj: relative to the Khazraj tribe that inhabited it. 2-4) Bab Al-Toub: One of the vital commercial neighborhoods in the Old City of Mosul, also known as Jubat Al-Baqqara. It is bordered by the Tigris River from the east, while from the north it is bordered by the locality of Al-Midan, from the south by the locality of Al-Dawasa, and from the west by the locality of Jami’ Khuzam and the locality of Sheikh Fathi. It is the Ottoman name for the cannon. 2-5) Bab Sinjar: It is the remains of a khan on which the village of the khan near Sinjar is located. For travelers, merchants, students of knowledge, and tourists, this door was built with large engineered stones, and decorated with exquisite decorations, the most prominent of which is a picture of a dragon or a serpent that was used to be used by the people of Mosul and its neighborhood. and you see next to each of them a soldier or an angel with a spear in his hand stabbing the head of the mythical animal. 2-6) Bab Laksh: the straw door) opened in the year 1217 AH - 1802 AD, and the straw in the dialect of our people in the countryside (Al-Kish), and the straw in the dialect of the people of Mosul is dry grass from the stems of wheat. Al-Himyar in the well-known Al-Baradjiah market in Mosul, and Bab Al-Kash or Al-Qish is the same one that people know as Bab Laksh, and it is located between Bab Al- Toub and Bab Al-Jadid 2-7) Bab al-Bayd: Bab al-Bayd, which is the western gate of the wall of the city of Mosul, and the presence of a spring with white water, and today there is a locality with the same name. New Gate: The new gate was named after the expansion of the city to the south, as a new door next to the Iraq Gate (it was called the Iraq Gate because the destination from the country of Mosul to Iraq goes through it to enter the country of Iraq). 2-8) The Serail Gate: relative to the Serail Gate leading to the Government Serail during the Ottoman era, where the seat of the governor was 3- Its markets 3-1) Al-Safafir Market: Al-Safafir Market is located in an alley of Al-Midan neighborhood, east of the old city of Mosul American Journal of Business Management, Economics and Banking Volume 11 April, 2023 P a g e | 38 www.americanjournal.org 3-2) Al-Najjareen Market: Al-Najjarin Market is located in an alley of Al-Midan neighborhood, east of the old city of Mosul 3-3) Al-Sarg Khana Market: The market (Al-Sargkhana) or (Al-Sarraj Khana) has been known by this name since the Mongolian era, where saddles needed by horses were sold. It specializes in selling various fabrics and various luxuries. 4- Its streets 1-4) Nabi Zarzis Street 2-4) Al-Farouq Street 4-3) Sarg Khaneh Street 4-4) Khaled Ibn Al Waleed Street 4-5) Corniche Street Within the framework of the "Revive the Spirit of Mosul" project launched by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and funded by the UAE and the European Union, the aforementioned city streets were arranged, as well as city street lighting poles, drinking water pipes were laid and streets were paved with basalt stone. It started a few months ago and will be completed at the end of the current year Directorate of the Municipality of Nineveh Governorate / Department of Construction and Projects 5- Its gardens 5-1) Martyrs Garden (Emry Park) in which the units of the Ottoman army were trained, as it extended for great distances and included civil and military straws, and it was called the “Emry Garden” and Leopold Emery is the British Colonial Minister who occupied Mosul during his reign 6- Its religious features 6-1) Zainab Khatoun Mosque: It was also called (Zuqaq Al-Hosn Mosque), and this mosque was built by Zainab Khatoun, one of the Galilean women more than 250 years ago. And it opened on July 15, 2019, may God bless her efforts and the efforts of those on her behalf to attend the opening Where the reconstruction operations began by benefactors and donors from the people of Mosul and under the supervision of the Association of the People of Good Deeds, where work began on the 11th month of 2020 and the completion rate reached 50% in the shrine of Yahya bin Al-Qasim 6-3) Al-Nouri Mosque (Great Mosque) Within the framework of the "Reviving the Spirit of Mosul" project launched by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) with funding from the UAE and the European Union, the design of a complete complex began with a duration of 5 years, and it was agreed to prepare for an international competition to redesign the "Al-Nouri Mosque Complex", not just the chapel, which includes gardens and other important facilities, and it was agreed to prepare for an international competition for the reconstruction of Al-Nouri Mosque, and the competition was announced on November 16. UNESCO has succeeded in creating a qualitative leap for a type of Iraqi heritage that it has taken to the world, the goal is not only design, but also introducing the world to the Iraqi heritage, and it is hoped that the name of the winner will be announced in April 2021, Within the framework of the "Reviving the Spirit of Mosul" project launched by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) with funding from the UAE and the European Union and with the assistance of the Iraqi Army, the start of campaigns to clean the site and remove remnants of war, took approximately six months, and was gradually lifted, and the project will include all stages of revival/restoration (preparation of the area, preliminary survey of the prepared American Journal of Business Management, Economics and Banking Volume 11 April, 2023 P a g e | 39 www.americanjournal.org detailed design, and practical implementation of the project), which will provide - through participation in this work - distinguished job opportunities for professionals and craftsmen in the field of heritage the practical implementation of this component will be closely integrated with the capacity building programmes foreseen under this project. 6-5) Al-Nabi Sheet Mosque Where the reconstruction operations began by benefactors and donors from the people of Mosul and under the supervision of the People of Good Deeds Association, where work began on the 11th month of 2020 and the completion rate reached 50% 7- Historical monuments 7-1) Bashtabia Castle Within the framework of the "Reviving the Spirit of Mosul" project launched by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) funded by the University of Pennsylvania and ALIF and under the guidance and supervision of the Ministry of Culture and the General Authority for Antiquities and Heritage, where committees from the inspectorate were formed, which took it upon themselves to document and estimate the size of the damage to the castle in terms of the site was lost The consolidation was important because of the presence of cracks in the upper layers, and the excavation and examination of the foundations and the preparation of the study at the beginning of this year and in the second phase, It will be in this year to study the report and monitor the costs, as the reconstruction of the castle is expected to end at the end of the current year and return Capers tourist site, tourists enjoy looking through the climb to the beauty of the landmarks of Mosul in full at the end of this year. (Municipality of Nineveh Governorate / Department of Construction and Projects) 8- Cultural Landmarks 8-1) Eastern Preparatory School Within the framework of the "Reviving the Spirit of Mosul" project launched by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) with funding from the UAE, the European Union and the UNDP, the reconstruction of the Eastern High School, which is more than a century old, was completed, as it was founded in 1905 and represents a basic pillar of education It is considered one of the internationally supported projects that aim to improve the level of education service and provide the appropriate study environment for students 8-2) Baytna Foundation (Patterned Bath) Manoucheh bathroom (Mangoushi bath): Relative to the patterned bathroom on Al-Farouq Street, i.e. (painted bathrooms), which have many drawings throughout it. (The locality had a palace in the name of Manqousha Palace) and witnessed the locality of Manqousheh in Al-Farouq Street in Old Mosul The opening of the Foundation (Baytna for Culture, Arts and Heritage) The first project of its kind in the old area of Mosul city center, which is one of the projects to restore heritage buildings after the restoration of the house and undergoing internal redesign work to preserve the historical heritage of the city, within a joint cultural project funded by the United States Agency for Development (USAID) and in cooperation with the project (Taafi) Also the Association of Iraqi Banks, the Central Bank of Iraq, and the Tamkeen project, and the project was implemented by Mosul youth, headed by activist Saqr Maan Al Zakar, these sites will turn into platforms for promoting Mosul culture and art through the establishment of seminars and festivals that contribute to the preservation of Mosul culture and preserve it for future generations, and he explained, American Journal of Business Management, Economics and Banking Volume 11 April, 2023 P a g e | 40 www.americanjournal.org that heritage houses reveal stories of the past, and inspire hope and bring life to homes that have long been witness to the lives of families who have left their mark in the fields of trade, poetry, and music, journalism, and others, and pointed out that (our house) courtyard and spaces are open to receive visitors, as the first project falls within this context and will be a destination for pioneers of heritage and historical cities in our beloved city. Second: Monitoring the experience of the old city of Mosul to sustain its tourist attractions It has the strategy set to achieve the goal of sustainability of the city in general and archaeological, historical and cultural monuments in particular. • Focus on tourism activities with social, cultural and recreational dimensions • Creating a sustainable tourism environment that meets all the needs of the local population and tourists • Maintain the sustainability of archaeological, cultural and historical monuments and buildings in the city • Providing infrastructure, superstructure and tourism services commensurate with the tourism growth in the city • Reducing the sources of pollution in the city of all kinds • Activating the role of tourism in the city and reviving and sustaining its archaeological, historical and cultural sites • Promoting the Mosul economy • Reconstruction of historic buildings in the city • Community reconciliation between segments of society To achieve the desired goals, within the project "Reviving the Spirit of Mosul" launched by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) funded by the UAE and the European Union and with the participation of the Iraqi Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, the Nineveh Antiquities Inspectorate and some charities in the city of Mosul, and that the focus on the old city of Mosul because it includes all religions and nationalities, all of them on one heart and terrorism entered and smartened the policy of divide and rule, expelled a certain group and destroyed a certain group and terrorized another group, in order to restore the sustainable tourist luster of the city of Mosul and its landmarks, and its entry into the twenty-first century as a global mosaic, Third: Challenges and obstacles faced by local and foreign projects in the process of sustaining the Old City of Mosul 1) The central and local governments lack a real vision in the reconstruction of the city, and the preservation of its cultural heritage from extinction 2) The presence with rubble of unexploded materials, canisters prepared for detonation, and remaining corpses, which requires time to clean the buildings, which hinders the work of projects, whether local or foreign, and requires the process of cleaning the buildings 3) Sufficient financial allocation of the city of Mosul and its landmarks by the responsible authorities is not available except through donor or supporting organizations and countries. 4) Supporting organizations and donor countries are lagging in their work in terms of financial monitoring of the city, and giving studies on archaeological, historical, cultural, and religious sites. 5) The media aspect maximizes the role of international organizations and donor countries, but in reality they do not deserve this glorification American Journal of Business Management, Economics and Banking Volume 11 April, 2023 P a g e | 41 www.americanjournal.org 6) Support for the city of Mosul and its landmarks by international organizations and donor countries is nothing but ink on paper for some religious, historical, cultural and religious monuments 7) Ignorance of the responsible and competent authorities in the city of Mosul and its landmarks of the concept of sustainability, which we note that there is no strong reconstruction movement for the civilizational, cultural, historical and religious landmarks in the city. First: Recommendations 1- Raising the level of religious, historical, cultural and tourist sites in the city and increasing their effectiveness as a source of internal and external tourism, and the improvement is through their development and sustainability, which increases their promotional value 2- Subjecting the ownership of the city to the Nineveh Antiquities Inspectorate, reviewing and following it up continuously. 3- Subjecting archaeological, historical and religious monuments in the city to regular rules to preserve their urban level, cultural heritage and external surroundings. 4- Developing the city's monuments and their sustainability for internal and external tourism 5- Periodic maintenance of archaeological, historical and religious landmarks to ensure their validity and sustainability as tourist attractions in the city, and to avoid dangers arising from use, weather and environmental factors 6- Making an entrance or visual axes to the city and its landmarks to increase the attraction of visitors to the city and its landmarks 7- Adding indicative signs in the city and what it contains of religious, archaeological and historical landmarks to give a historical overview of each of its landmarks to clarify its importance and impact 8- Saving the sustainable pattern in the city by preserving its landmarks and creating a sustainable pattern data bank that provides all information about the city's landmarks 9- The role of public interest in the city and its landmarks has a key role in protecting and maintaining its cultural wealth, developing public awareness through the media, educational curricula, and the work of cultural clubs within the city, such as the Baytna project. 10- Activating the role of the private sector in the city, governmental and non-governmental institutions, associations and businessmen in the development and sustainability of the city 11- Establishing an economic base in the city by finding jobs suitable for the nature of its religious, archaeological, historical and cultural landmarks for the local population, which stimulates the tourist movement, encouragement, preservation and sustainability. 12- Coordination of collective work between the Tourism and Antiquities Authority, the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, the Nineveh Antiquities Inspectorate, the Municipality of Nineveh Governorate, local councils, popular leaders and the Urban Planning Commission to participate and consult in decision-making Conclusion: International experiences have proven the success of tourism in the sustainability of archaeological and historical sites in city centers and achieved many benefits, as a pattern for the sustainability of cities and achieving tourism development, and the benefits of sustainability for the city focused on preserving and preserving its archaeological, historical and cultural monuments and stimulating their sustainability, and that the recovery of the city and the sustainability of its recovery will increase tourism movement and the return of the old city of Mosul, the mosaic of the world and encouraging American Journal of Business Management, Economics and Banking Volume 11 April, 2023 P a g e | 42 www.americanjournal.org the private sector, on the sustainability of the old city of Mosul can be emulated by the cities remained, which reduces the burden of governments and localities, and the process of preserving and sustaining the city is not intended to freeze the city, Rather, the aim is to achieve the purposes of its destinations, not to turn it into a museum, and one of the most important factors for the success of the sustainability of the city is to maintain the vitality of its landmarks, as a vibrant body in which tourism, cultural, social and economic activities converge, which meet the needs of its visitors through a strategy, comprehensive for sustainable tourism development, according to an acceptable methodology for tourism, locally, internationally, culturally and urbanely . Arabic and foreign sources 1) Zaki Ibrahim Wafaa (The Role of Tourism in Tourism Development) Modern University Library - Alexandria - Egypt - 2006 2) Khoury Elias, “Tourism in Lebanon and the World,” Darmir for Printing and Publishing, 1st Edition, 1985, Beirut. 3) Wafaa Zaki Ibrahim, "The Role of Tourism in Social Development," Modern University Library for Printing and Publishing, 1st Edition, 2004, Egypt. 4) Elham Khudair Abbas Shubar, Nisreen Ghali Qassem, “Privatization and Tourism Development,” Dar Al-Ayyam for Printing and Publishing, 1st Edition, 2016, Amman 5 United Nations Human settlements Program (UN-HABITAT);Planning sustainable cities: global report on human settlements 2009; Earthscan in the Uk and USA :2009 6) Chan, N. W., H. Imura, et al., Eds. Sustainable Urban Development, Water WatchPenang & Yokohama City University. 2016 7) Arcadis sustainable cities index 2015 balancing the economic social and environmental need of the world leading cities 2015 at website www.arcadis .com / sc12015 8) UNWTO.2017. Tourism for Sustainable Development in Least Developed countries, World Tourism Organization(UNWTO), the International Trade Centre(ITC) & the Enhanced Integrated Framework(EIF), ITC Printed, Geneva, Switzerland, p : 12 (9 UN Deparetment of Economic & Social Affairs. 2017. Sustainable Tourism, Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform, Deparetment of Economic & Social Affairs, United nations, New York 10) Institutional Relations & Resource Mobilization. 2016. Tourism & SDGs. UNWTO. United nations, New York 11) UNCSD Steering committee. 1999. Sustainable Tourism : A Non-Governmental Organization Perspective, Commission on Sustainable Development(UNCSD), Background Paper04, United Nations, New York, p : 01-08 page 383 American Journal of Business Management, Economics and Banking Volume 11 April, 2023 P a g e | 43 www.americanjournal.org Manoucheh bath after liberation Manoucheh bathroom after ages Al-Manqooshi bathroom from the inside American Journal of Business Management, Economics and Banking Volume 11 April, 2023 P a g e | 44 www.americanjournal.org Al-Manqooshi bathroom from the inside Entrance to the engraved bathroom