









































Pa
ge

 
1



Pa
ge

 
32

American Journal of  
Chemistry and Pharmacy (AJCP)

Covid Infection and Variables Affecting its Severity Among Pregnant Women in Dubai
Kefah El Debek1*

Volume 2 Issue 1, Year 2023
ISSN: 2834-0116 (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajcp.v2i1.1397
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajcp

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: March 16, 2022

Accepted: April 27, 2023

Published: April 30, 2023

The acute respiratory syndrome has produced an unprecedented global disaster since 
December 2019 known as coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Pregnant women are a particular 
group that needs special care during crises and infectious illnesses. Compared to uninfected 
women, this cross-sectional study was based on pregnant women infected with COVID-19. 
The data was collected from DHA Latifa Hospital, Medical records. The research committee 
approved the study in DHA. The study was based on 326 patients aged 20-42 years, of  
which COVID-infected pregnant women were 199 and 118 were uninfected. Most patients 
were from the UAE, with a mean age of  31.63+ 6.36 and an average BMI of  28.96±1.16 
kg/m2 of  COVID-infected pregnant women. While the mean age of  31.33+ 6.23 and an 
average BMI of  27.06±11.05 kg/m2 of  uninfected pregnant women. Hemoglobin (HB), 
White Blood cells (WBCs), and C-Reactive Protein(CRP) showed significantly different when 
compared to COVID-infected and uninfected pregnant women. Significant results showed 
in Comorbid diseases compared with COVID-infected and uninfected pregnant women, but 
a high frequency was observed in uninfected women. The results showed insignificance with 
Comorbid diseases when compared with COVID- infected pregnant women and uninfected 
pregnant women. A decrease in WBC and CRP was observed in COVID- infected pregnant 
women

Keywords
COVID, Comorbid Diseases, 
Hemoglobin, Infection, 
Pregnant Women

1 Dubai Health Authority, United Arab Emirates
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: khaldbk@dha.gov.uae

INTRODUCTION
The severe acute respiratory syndrome has produced 
an unprecedented global disaster since December 2019 
known as coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (Kamel Boulos & 
Geraghty, 2020; Sohrabi et al., 2020). Pregnant women are 
a particular group that needs special care during crises and 
infectious illnesses. According to the literature, pregnant 
women infected with COVID-19 suffer a more severe 
form of  the disease, which increases their chance of  dying 
by up to 35.0 percent and causes nearly a quarter of  them 
to develop pneumonia. Furthermore, pregnant women 
affected by COVID-19 infection had a higher likelihood 
of  being hospitalized than non-pregnant people of  the 
same age (31.5 percent versus 5.8 percent), as reported by 
the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).
UKOSS research showed that many pregnant/expected 
women were admitted to the hospital in the third 
trimester or postpartum, and severe illness happened 
in later pregnancy (Vousden et al., 2021). According to 
the literature, immunologic and physiological changes 
during pregnancy can be blamed for the complexity 
of  the maternal disease and obstetric effects. These 
changes include reduced lung volume, cardiovascular 
and hemodynamic deviations, high oxygen demand, 
hypoxia causing respiration problems such as low 
maternal tolerance, structural changes with an enlarged 
transthoracic diameter, and restricted diaphragm 
expansion as previous health issues like preeclampsia or 
diastole (Chen et al., 2020; Yan et al., 2020).
The epidemiology of  severe COVID-19-mediated 
pregnancy-related changes in the inflammatory 
response to viruses has been linked to an overt Th1 

and Th2 response to SARS-CoV-2. Natural killer (NK), 
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells decline while increased 
progesterone levels in circulating cells during pregnancy 
(Wastnedge et al., 2021). These changes in the mother’s 
immune system affect the clinical course of  COVID-19 
and the therapy and prevention of  COVID-19 in 
pregnancy. Pregnant women may be more prone to 
serious respiratory infections because of  decreased lung 
capacity and difficulty removing secretions (Thompson 
et al., 2020). 
Regarding the potential effects of  COVID in early 
pregnancy, there is less research (up to 12 weeks gestation). 
Seasonal influenza has been linked to a greater incidence 
of  miscarriage (Dorélien, 2019). Extrapolating from the 
impact of  other viruses in late pregnancy (more than 24 
weeks gestation) (Dorélien, 2019) (Mosby et al., 2011), 
COVID-19 infection might result in higher rates of  
unfavourable pregnancy results in fetal growth limitation, 
premature delivery, and perinatal death. Once available, 
population-level data on these results must be evaluated 
to spot tendencies relevant to the COVID-19 pandemic. 
This research examines the relationship between maternal 
severity due to COVID-19 and the effect of  Comorbid 
disease. Examining how demographic variables affected 
by COVID on pregnant women. We also studied the 
correlation between the severity of  illness and the 
number of  dosages, comorbid diseases, and the duration 
of  the vaccine (the time since it was given wither within 6 
months or in more than 6 months).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This cross-sectional study was based on 326 patients 

https://doi.org/10.54536/ajcp.v2i1.1397
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajcp


Pa
ge

 
33

https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajcp

Am. J. Chem. Pharm. 2(1) 32-37, 2023

aged 20-42 years, of  which COVID-infected pregnant 
women were 199 while 118 were uninfected. The data was 
collected from DHA Latifa Hospital, Medical records. This 
research was conducted after the ethical approval from the 
research committee in DHA. Informed consent was also 
obtained. The questionnaire contains data on Demographic 
characteristics, symptoms, blood profile, and vaccination 
details. Statistical Package of  Social Sciences (SPSS, V20.0) 
was used for data analysis. The Data was represented as 
Mean ± SD, while variable differences were analyzed as 

frequency (percentage). Fisher and student T-tests were 
used to comparing COVID-infected and uninfected 
pregnant women. A relative regression test was performed 
to determine the relations of  participants’ characteristics 
such as Age, BMI, and Severity of  COVID-19 symptoms 
and blood profile. The statistically significant value P= 
<0.05 was considered.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results

Table 1: Demographic characteristics of  the study
Variables All patients (n=326) p-value
Age 31.63+ 6.36 <0.001*
Ethnicity, n (%)
UAE 182(0) 0.005*
Yemen 13(3.9) 0.05*
Pakistan 12(3.68) 0.05*
Oman 8(2.4) 0.55
Comery 1(0.3) 0.55
Kyrgyzstan 1(0.3) 0.55
Comoros 4(1..22) 0.55
Kuwait 1(0.3) 0.55
France 1(0.3) 0.55
Pakistan 3(0.9) 0.55
Sri Lanka 2(0.6) 0.55
Jordan 7(2.1) 0.55
Tunisia 1(0.3) 0.55
Vietnam 1(0.3) 0.55
Tajikistan 1(0.3) 0.55
Azerbaijan 1(0.3) 0.55
Filipi0 14(4.29) 0.05*
Sudan 1(0.3) 0.55
Bangladesh 1(0.3) 0.55
Saudi Arabia 2(0.6) 0.55
India 15(4.6) 0.05*
Leba0n 1(0.3) 0.55
Syrian 8(2.4) 0.35
Iran 12(3.6) 0.05*
Iraq 1(0.3) 0.55
Egypt 11(3.3) 0.05*
Turkey 1(0.3) 0.55
China 3(0.9) 0.55
Bahrain 2(0.6) 0.55
Morocco 6(1.8) 0.55
United Kingdom 1(0.3) 0.55
Turkey 1(0.3) 0.55
Leba0n 1(0.3) 0.55
South Africa 1(0.3) 0.55
Kazakhstan 2(0.6) 0.55
Kenya 2(0.6) 0.55
Somalia 1(0.3) 0.65
*Significance at p-value<0.05.

Table 2: Variation in the COVID- infected and uninfected pregnant women related to symptoms, vaccination and 
blood variables.
Variables COVID- infected pregnant women uninfected pregnant women 
n 199 118
Age 31.63+ 6.36 31.33+ 6.23 
BMI (kg/m2) 28.96±1.16 27.06±11.05 

https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajcp


Pa
ge

 
34

https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajcp

Am. J. Chem. Pharm. 2(1) 32-37, 2023

Gestational Age (Weeks) 25.06±3.5 27.06±11.05
Vaccinated 1±0.4 0.737+0.4
HB 11±0.141 11.20± 1.34
WBC 7 ± 3.25 8.37 + 2.862
CRP 18 ± 10.1 17.79+3.722
Procalcitonin 0±0.049 0.489+3.27
Fever 1±0.7 0±0.3
Sore Throat 0±0.0 0±0.15
Shortness of  Breath 0±0.7 0±0.0
Cough 1±0 0±0.2
Dehydration (Acetone in Urine) 1±0.7 1±0.41
Lethargy 0±0. 0±0.

Figure 1: Differences between Demographic characteristics of  COVID-infected and uninfected pregnant women

Figure 2: Differences between blood variables of  COVID-infected and uninfected pregnant women.

https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajcp


Pa
ge

 
35

https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajcp

Am. J. Chem. Pharm. 2(1) 32-37, 2023

Figure 3: Difference between Comorbid disease in COVID-infected and uninfected pregnant women

Demographic characteristics showed in Table 1. Most 
patients were from the UAE, with a mean age of  31.63+ 
6.36 and an average BMI of  28.96±1.16 kg/m2 of  
COVID-infected pregnant women. While the mean age 
of  31.33+ 6.23 and an average BMI of  27.06±11.05 
kg/m2 of  uninfected pregnant women. Variation in the 
COVID-infected and uninfected pregnant women related 
to symptoms, vaccination and blood variables (Table 2).
This study showed that the age, BMI, and gestational 

age were insignificant compared to the COVID-infected 
and uninfected pregnant women (Fig 1). Hemoglobin 
(HB), White Blood cells (WBCs), and C-Reactive Protein 
(CRP) showed significantly different when compared 
to COVID-infected and uninfected pregnant women 
(Fig 2). Significant results showed in Comorbid diseases 
compared with COVID-infected and uninfected pregnant 
women, but a high frequency was observed in uninfected 
women (Fig 3).

Table 3: The severity of  illness and its correlates
Severity 
of  Illness

Type of  
Vaccine

Number of  
Doses Received

Less than 
6 month

More than 
6 Months

Severity of  Illness Pearson Correlation 1 -0.679 -0.75 -0.108 -0.29
Type of  Vaccine Pearson Correlation -0.679 1 .828** .778** .618**
Number of  Doses 
Received

Pearson Correlation -0.75 .828** 1 .823** .833**

Less than 6 month Pearson Correlation -0.108 .778** .823** 1 .511**
More than 6 Months Pearson Correlation -0.29 .618** .833** .511** 1
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Table 3. shows the correlation between the severity of  
the vaccine and the number of  doses received, dosage 
received in less than 6 months, and more than 6 months. 
It can be seen that a negatively moderate correlation was 
found between the severity of  illness and the type of  
vaccine, and a negatively strong correlation was found 

between the dosage and severity of  illness. In contrast, 
a negatively weak correlation was seen in the severity of  
illness and individuals with dosage received in less than 6 
months and in individuals with dosage received in more 
than 6 months. 
The fitted model data’s chi-squared ratio test yielded a 

Table 4: Likelihood Ratio Test.
Effect Model Fitting Criteria Likelihood Ratio Tests

-2 Log Likelihood of  Reduced Model Chi-Square df Sig.
Intercept (SOI) 28.185a 0 0 .
Diabetes Miletus 28.422 0.238 1 0
Hypertension 28.29 0.105 1 0
Hyperthyroidism 34.893 6.708 1 0.01
Iron Deficiency Anemia 30.285 2.1 1 0
Hematology Disease 29.714 1.529 1 0.016
SLE 28.185 0.06 1 0
Others 28.438 0.253 1 0
The chi-square statistic is the difference in -2 log-likelihoods between the final and reduced models. The reduced model is formed 
by omitting an effect from the final model. The null hypothesis is that all parameters of  that effect are 0. a. This reduced model is 
equivalent to the final model because omitting the effect does not increase the degrees of  freedom.

https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajcp


Pa
ge

 
36

https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajcp

Am. J. Chem. Pharm. 2(1) 32-37, 2023

score of  11.557 (p = 0.000), indicating a good model 
fit. Furthermore, suitable outcomes for the pseudo 
R-squared (Cox and Snell: 0.907, Nagelkerke: 0.726). 
Our logistic multinomial model’s power was appropriate 
since it correctly recognized 93.2% of  the observed data 
and can be relied upon to predict future guesses. The 
likelihood ratio tests for the model’s effects and partials 
are shown in Table 4, and their low p-values show how 
highly relevant the model’s variables are.

DISCUSSION
This study aimed to contribute to the association 
between COVID-19 severity in pregnancies and their 
outcomes. Literature showed that of  the 184 critically 
ill patients (24% of  whom were female) found that 31% 
of  them experienced thrombotic events, demonstrating 
that COVID-19 is linked to the high incidence of  
thromboembolic consequences in the general population 
(64). The cause of  this is the stimulation of  coagulation 
pathways, which may lead to diffuse vascular coagulopathy 
(DIC), fibrinolysis, and dynamic hypercoagulation 
associated with thrombocytopenia.
The results showed insignificance concerning COVID and 
gestation age(week), while the severity of  the condition 
was significantly correlated with gestational age upon 
presentation. For asymptomatic patients, the median 
gestational age at symptom start or diagnosis was 37 
weeks; for symptomatic patients, it was 33 weeks; and for 
patients who needed oxygen assistance, it was 36 weeks. 
This indicated a risk of  severe COVID-19 infection in 
late pregnancy. A modified immune system may control 
the extreme changing in secondary physiological aspects 
adapted due to pregnancy. However, the hormonal role 
in modifying the immune system in pregnancy was 
significant. According to the evidence, severe COVID-19 
during pregnancy is linked to iatrogenic premature births 
(75%), mostly due to maternal indication and during the 
third trimester (Pierce-Williams et al., 2020).
The results also showed low WBCs compared with 
uninfected pregnant women, similar results in the 
observation of  Mohr-Sasson 2020 (Mohr-Sasson et al., 
2020). C-Reactive Protein was also insignificant (Fig 2)
and similar to the results observed by Rizo-Téllez in 2020 
(Rizo-Téllez et al., 2020). The study showed that pregnant 
women affected by COVID do not have a significant 
chance to transfer it. It may affect the baby during and 
after birth. Furthermore, the modified immune system in 
pregnancy prevents most diseases but not viral ones.
It is challenging to determine with certainty whether 
pregnant women are at a higher risk of  COVID-19’s 
severe repercussions based on the available research. 
Pregnant women are nearly always excluded from more 
than 300 clinical trials looking into potential therapy 
alternatives, despite worries about their heightened 
sensitivity to COVID-19 (Whitehead & Walker, 2020). 
Pregnant participants are seldom included in clinical 
studies, not even those examining treatments with a well-
established safety profile during pregnancy. In order to 

build a fair and knowledgeable evidence base with data 
from a representative population, researchers should be 
pushed to consider pregnant women and other groups. 
In several research, vaccination was seen as a prophylactic 
method to improve their health (Taryam et al., 2021). 
Similar beliefs about immunization being wise, necessary, 
or beneficial undoubtedly influenced or anticipated 
vaccine acceptance. Other factors mentioned by Tuite et 
al. (Tuite et al., 2010) were protecting others and residing 
with people who could be exposed. Immunization. The 
belief  that immunization weakens one’s natural defences, 
is unpleasant, brings on illness, or has no bearing on one’s 
health was adversely connected with vaccination uptake 
(Taryam et al., 2021).
The provision of  acute medical treatment has taken 
priority over the provision of  prenatal care, resulting in 
a restricted capacity of  clinics and a reduced capability to 
screen for disorders like gestational diabetes. Healthcare 
services have had to be reorganized in many contexts 
due to social distancing regulations that limit direct 
interaction between specialists and patients to suggest 
identifying and treating mental health issues more 
effectively (Brooks et al., 2020). In this situation, most 
women are extra susceptible to intimate partner abuse 
(Bradbury‐Jones & Isham, 2020; Pal & Rao, 2020) and 
the harmful pregnancy related to it, and they are also less 
able to seek help. (Wenham et al., 2020) The study results 
observed an insignificance relation between Comorbid 
diseases with COVID-infected women, similar to Wang’s 
research in 2020. (Wang et al., 2020) The vaccination and 
the booster dose were very helpful in reducing the intense 
onset of  the disease that leads to death. Besides all, 
vaccination is more important not only to stop the onset 
of  disease but also to restrict the severity of  the disease. 
(Menni et al., 2021) Social distancing and precautionary 
measures such as masks, gloves and hand sanitization 
restrict the spread. In conclusion, the overall features 
of  individuals with COVID-19 infection who appear 
from mid-trimester forward are comparable to those of  
non-pregnant people based on the clinical and scientific 
evidence that is currently available. There is currently no 
proof  that COVID-19 infection is more likely to affect 
pregnant women or that COVID-19 infection increases 
the risk of  developing severe pneumonia.

CONCLUSION
The results showed insignificance with Comorbid 
diseases when compared with COVID- infected pregnant 
women and uninfected pregnant women, while a decrease 
in WBC and CRP was observed in COVID- infected 
pregnant women.
Acknowledgments 
The author thanks DHA Latifa Hospital, Dubai, for 
continuous support throughout the study.

REFERENCES
Bradbury-Jones, C., & Isham, L. (2020). The pandemic 

paradox: The consequences of  COVID-19 on 

https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajcp


Pa
ge

 
37

https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajcp

Am. J. Chem. Pharm. 2(1) 32-37, 2023

domestic violence. Journal of  clinical nursing, 29(13-14), 
2047.

Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, 
L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). 
The psychological impact of  quarantine and how to 
reduce it: a rapid review of  the evidence. The lancet, 
395(10227), 912-920. 

Chen, H., Guo, J., Wang, C., Luo, F., Yu, X., Zhang, W., 
Li, J., Zhao, D., Xu, D., & Gong, Q. (2020). Clinical 
characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission 
potential of  COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant 
women: a retrospective review of  medical records. 
The lancet, 395(10226), 809-815. 

Dorélien, A. (2019). The effects of  in utero exposure to 
influenza on birth and infant outcomes in the US. 
Population and development review, 45(3), 489. 

Kamel Boulos, M. N., & Geraghty, E. M. (2020). 
Geographical tracking and mapping of  coronavirus 
disease COVID-19/severe acute respiratory syndrome 
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic and associated 
events around the world: how 21st century GIS 
technologies are supporting the global fight against 
outbreaks and epidemics. International journal of  health 
geographics, 19(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/
s12942-020-00202-8

Menni, C., Klaser, K., May, A., Polidori, L., Capdevila, 
J., Louca, P., Sudre, C. H., Nguyen, L. H., Drew, D. 
A., & Merino, J. (2021). Vaccine side-effects and 
SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination in users 
of  the COVID Symptom Study app in the UK: a 
prospective observational study. The Lancet Infectious 
Diseases, 21(7), 939-949. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S1473-3099(21)00224-3

Mohr-Sasson, A., Chayo, J., Bart, Y., Meyer, R., Sivan, 
E., Mazaki-Tovi, S., & Yinon, Y. (2020). Laboratory 
characteristics of  pregnant compared to non-
pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2. Archives 
of  gynecology and obstetrics, 302(3), 629-634. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00404-020-05655-7

Mosby, L. G., Rasmussen, S. A., & Jamieson, D. J. (2011). 
2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in pregnancy: a 
systematic review of  the literature. American journal 
of  obstetrics and gynecology, 205(1), 10-18. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ajog.2010.12.033

Pal, A., & Rao, R. (2020). Intimate partner violence during 
pregnancy. Labour Room Emergencies, 515-520. https://
doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4953-8_52

Pierce-Williams, R. A., Burd, J., Felder, L., Khoury, R., 
Bernstein, P. S., Avila, K., Penfield, C. A., Roman, 
A. S., DeBolt, C. A., & Stone, J. L. (2020). Clinical 
course of  severe and critical coronavirus disease 2019 
in hospitalized pregnancies: a United States cohort 
study. American journal of  obstetrics & gynecology MFM, 
2(3), 100134. 

Rizo-Téllez, S. A., Méndez-García, L. A., Flores-Rebollo, 
C., Alba-Flores, F., Alcántara-Suárez, R., Manjarrez-
Reyna, A. N., Baltazar-López, N., Hernández-
Guzmán, V. A., León-Pedroza, J. I., & Zapata-Arenas, 

R. (2020). The neutrophil-to-monocyte ratio and 
lymphocyte-to-neutrophil ratio at admission predict 
in-hospital mortality in Mexican patients with severe 
SARS-CoV-2 infection (Covid-19). Microorganisms, 
8(10), 1560. 

Sohrabi, C., Alsafi, Z., O’neill, N., Khan, M., Kerwan, A., 
Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., & Agha, R. (2020). World 
Health Organization declares global emergency: A 
review of  the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). 
International journal of  surgery, 76, 71-76. 

Taryam, M., Alawadhi, D., Al Marzouqi, A., Aburayya, 
A., Albaqa’een, A., Alfarsi, A., Makki, I., Rahmani, 
N., Aljasmi, M., & Mubarak, S. (2021). The impact of  
the covid-19 pandemic on the mental health status of  
healthcare providers in the primary health care sector 
in Dubai. Linguistica Antverpiensia, 21(2), 2995-3015. 

Thompson, J. L., Nguyen, L. M., Noble, K. N., & Aronoff, 
D. M. (2020). COVID-19-related disease severity in 
pregnancy. American journal of  reproductive immunology, 
84(5), e13339. 

Tuite, A. R., Fisman, D. N., Kwong, J. C., & Greer, A. 
L. (2010). Optimal pandemic influenza vaccine 
allocation strategies for the Canadian population. PloS 
one, 5(5), e10520. 

Vousden, N., Bunch, K., Morris, E., Simpson, N., 
Gale, C., O’Brien, P., Quigley, M., Brocklehurst, P., 
Kurinczuk, J. J., & Knight, M. (2021). The incidence, 
characteristics and outcomes of  pregnant women 
hospitalized with symptomatic and asymptomatic 
SARS-CoV-2 infection in the UK from March to 
September 2020: a national cohort study using the 
UK Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS). PloS one, 
16(5), e0251123. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pone.0251123

Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., 
Wang, B., Xiang, H., Cheng, Z., & Xiong, Y. (2020). 
Clinical characteristics of  138 hospitalized patients 
with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in 
Wuhan, China. jama, 323(11), 1061-1069. https://doi.
org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585

Wastnedge, E. A., Reynolds, R. M., Van Boeckel, S. R., 
Stock, S. J., Denison, F. C., Maybin, J. A., & Critchley, 
H. O. (2021). Pregnancy and COVID-19. Physiological 
reviews, 101(1), 303-318. 

Wenham, C., Smith, J., & Morgan, R. (2020). COVID-19: 
the gendered impacts of  the outbreak. The lancet, 
395(10227), 846-848. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0140-6736(20)30526-2

Whitehead, C. L., & Walker, S. P. (2020). Consider 
pregnancy in COVID-19 therapeutic drug and 
vaccine trials. The lancet, 395(10237), e92. https://doi.
org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31029-1

Yan, J., Guo, J., Fan, C., Juan, J., Yu, X., Li, J., Feng, L., Li, 
C., Chen, H., & Qiao, Y. (2020). Coronavirus disease 
2019 in pregnant women: a report based on 116 cases. 
American journal of  obstetrics and gynecology, 223(1), 111- 
e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.014

https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajcp

