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American Journal of  
Chemistry and Pharmacy (AJCP)

A Study on Synthesis and Characterization of  Bio-Plastic Obtained from Potato
Krishna Gyawali1, Prakash Ghimire1, Arjun Bhandari1*

Volume 3 Issue 1, Year 2024
ISSN: 2834-0116 (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajcp.v3i1.3617
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajcp

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: August 05, 2024
Accepted: September 12, 2024
Published: November 21, 2024

The synthesis of  bioplastic is a growing interest among researchers in today’s world. Starch 
extracted from potatoes was utilized to synthesize bioplastic. From raw potatoes starch was 
extracted after it was peeled, diced, crushed, blended, slurred, sedimented, filtered and oven-
dried. The starch was made soluble in water with the help of  acetic acid and was gelatinized 
by glycerol. Constant heat was supplied with regular stirring until homogenous gelatinous 
mixture was ready. The mixture was molded and dried to obtain bioplastic film. Physical and 
chemical properties were characterized. The film had average thickness of  3.45 ± 0.26 mm. 
The average density was 1.20 ± 0.04 g/cm3. The bioplastic revealed a biodegradability weight 
loss of  69.28 ± 1.52 % in 14 days. The water absorption of  bioplastic was 81.08 ± 1.28 % 
in 2 hours. The opacity was measured 0.42 AUmm-1. Furthermore, Phenol, concentrated 
sulphuric acid, and concentrated hydrochloric acid made the bioplastic soluble whereas 
insoluble in water and wide range of  organic solvents. The film had smooth and slightly 
sticky surface◦ with slight vinegar smell. The study has shown that starch from potatoes can 
be utilized to create bioplastic film as replacement for petroleum-based bioplastic.

Keywords
Biodegradable, Bioplastic, 
Potatoes, Plastic, Starch

1 Department of  Chemistry, Butwal Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Butwal, Nepal
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: bhandariarjun112@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION
The application of  plastic is ubiquitous in today’s world. 
Most of  today’s plastics are fossils based, have slow 
degradability, and cause environmental harm (Wallis, 
2019). Traditional petroleum-based plastics are resistant 
to microbial breakdown and build up in ecosystems and 
food systems (Boey et al., 2021). Additionally, the process 
of  burning petroleum-based plastic trash to produce 
energy results in the emission of  greenhouse gases and 
hazardous substances, specifically dioxin, furans, and the 
polychlorinated biphenyls (Giacovelli, 2018). The release 
of  greenhouse gases, including methane, nitric oxide, 
and carbon dioxide, contributes to the intensification of  
global warming (Gironi & Piemonte, 2011). Additionally, 
it is worth noting that 99% of  the plastic originated from 
non-renewable fossil fuel sources, specifically petroleum 
and natural gas (Bioplastics, 2020). Various biodegradable 
polymers, such as polylactide (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoate 
(PHA), Poly hydroxybutyrates (PHB), starch, and 
cellulose are currently under investigation for diverse uses 
(Venkatachalam & Palaniswamy, 2020). 
Bioplastics are plastic products that are made from 
renewable biomass feedstocks like starch, cellulose 
or polylactic acid and are therefore, being studied as 
a potential to reduce the problems associated with 
conventional plastics (Thompson et al., 2005). Bioplastics 
have  gained  significant  interest  in  recent  years  due  
to  their  environmental  benefits  (Rujnić-Sokele  & 
Pilipović,  2017).  Bioplastics has the characteristic of  
being either biodegradable, bio based, or exhibiting both 
properties (Tonuk, 2016). Under the right conditions 
and over a certain amount of  time, all materials are 
degradable (Metro, 2021). We typically consider a material 

“biodegradable” if  it degrades within a relatively short 
period of  time, less than a year (Metro, 2021). They have 
to change significantly in their structure which leads to 
the loss of  properties (Gilbert, 2015). Biodegradation 
depends on the chemical structure of  material and doesn’t 
rely on the source of  polymer therefore, a bio-based plastic 
is not necessary a degradable plastic (Kershaw & Gilbert, 
2015). The degradation of  biodegradable plastics give rise 
to carbon dioxide, methane, water, biomass, humic matter 
and various other natural substance which can be readily 
eliminated (Azois, 2007). These bioplastics have the 
advantage of  not causing any environmental pollution, 
not depleting fossil fuel resources, and ultimately 
not posing any danger to humans (Paul et al., 2021).  
Biodegradable  plastics  are  an  important invention that  
can make a  big contribution  to the development  of  the 
bio  economy and reduce  our dependence on traditional 
fossil fuel-based resources in favor of  bio-based products 
(Nanda et al., 2022). Biodegradable plastics are a suitable 
alternative to conventional plastics because they can be 
used in similar ways (Cinar et al., 2020). 
Starch, which is the most common carbohydrate in human 
diet, can be utilized to fabricate compostable plastic 
(Garcia et al., 2015). It is also abundant, biodegradable, 
and renewable, and its possibility of  blending  with 
conventional polymers  has garnered  wide  interest in  
the  bioplastic market (Prabhu & Prasantha, 2016).Starch 
can  be obtained from various sources, including tubers 
like tapioca  and potato, as well as cereals like rice,  wheat 
and corn. Additionally, cashew nuts can also serve as a 
source of  starch (Kharb & Saharan, 2022). Potato, corn, 
wheat, and tapioca are the primary botanical source of  
starch (Ali et al., 2017). Starch consists of  two kinds of  



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Am. J. Chem. Pharm. 3(1) 20-26, 2024

glucose units connected by 1, 4-α connections. One type 
is amylose, which is a linear component, and the other 
type is amylopectin, which is a branching component 
(García et al., 2015). The fundamental  starch  structure  
is amorphous,  consisting of   amylose and  an inter-
crystalline  zone of  dense  cross-branched  amylopectin 
and such  morphology  is  responsible for  the thermal,  
plasticization, and rheological properties of  the starch 
(Ochoa et al., 2016). In native starch, amylopectin chain 
length and chain ramification determine the granule 
crystallinity (Ochoa et al., 2016). The native structure of  
starch is not suitable for industrial applications, because 
of  its brittle nature and poor mechanical and rheological 
properties (Sung et al., 2013). Plasticizers are substrates 
with low molecular weight which when introduced 
into the starch matrices, can enhance the flexibility and 
processability of  polymeric compounds by decreasing the 
hydrogen bonding of  the starch-starch molecules (Liu et 
al., 2004). Plasticizers on the other hand can influence the 
physical properties of  the processed starch by controlling 
its collapsing rate and depolymerization (Ochoa et al., 
2016). The amount of  amylopectin and amylose has a 
major impact on the distinctive features of  starch (Prabhu 
& Prashantha, 2018). The potato starch contains 80% 
amylopectin and 20% amylose (Tarte & Rodrigo, 2009). 
Most commonly known starch-sugar based bioplastics are 
polylactic acid (PLA) and poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 
(Barker & Stafford, 2009; Momani 2009). Starch is widely 
utilized as a biopolymer due to its ample availability, ability 

to naturally break down, and cost-effectiveness (Kharb 
& Saharan, 2022). Currently, starch and thermoplastic 
starches are utilized in diverse industries like medicines, 
packing food, horticultural and agricultural technology, 
textiles, paint, building, paper and cardboard industries, 
and automotive industries (Liew & Khor, 2015). Starch-
based biodegradable polymers have been widely utilized 
in the manufacturing of  films, grocery bags, food storage 
containers (such as cups, plates, and trays), overwraps, and 
sanitary goods (Kharb & Saharan, 2022). Starch-based 
biopolymers have been acquired as packaging materials 
for food goods (Ferreira et al., 2016). Starch and polymer 
mixes have been effectively employed in the medical field 
to create films for drug release, bone cement, and other 
applications (Çalgeris et al., 2012). 

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The local potatoes (Solanum tuberossum) were bought 
from a local market from Butwal. The chemical used 
for this study are Hydrochloric acid, Vinegar, Glycerol, 
Sodium hydroxide, Sulphuric acid, Phenol, Acetone, 
Diethyl ether, Nitrobenzene, Chloroform, Ethanol, Picric 
avid, Bromine water, Aniline and Benzene.

Starch Extraction from Potato 
600 grams of  potato bought from Golpark, Butwal was 
weighted, washed, peeled, diced, blended, slurred, filtered 
and dried in oven at 45°C for 2 hours to obtain 40-gram 
powdered starch.

Figure 1: Steps of  starch extraction from potato

Synthesis of  Bioplastic
15-gram dry potato starch (monomer molecule) added 
in 60 mL of  distilled water (solvent) in a beaker. 20 mL 
acetic acid (react with amylopectin of  starch), was added. 
Then 15 mL glycerol (as plasticizer for elasticity) was 
added to mixture with constant stirring. The solution 

was kept undisturbed at 27°C for 25 minutes. The 
solution was heated over flame below 60°C with gentle 
stirring with glass rod, preventing the bubble formation. 
White insoluble starch starts to get dissolved and water 
evaporates to form thick gelatinous dense liquid. The 
hot thick transparent gelatinous dense liquid is spread 
over mold made from aluminum foil. It was dried in hot 
air oven at temperature of  120°C for 1 hour. Lower the 
temperature to 45°C and store inside oven for 3 days.

Biodegradability Test
The level of  biodegradability of  bioplastic films is 
indicated by weight loss (Hermaen et al., 2016). Samples 
were dried at 45°C for 24 hours, it was weighted and 
buried in soil for 14 days. Finally, the final weight of  
sample was recorded. The biodegradability was measured 
from the following formula (Tan et al., 2016).
Weight loss (%)= (W0- W/W) * 100Figure 2: The synthesized bioplastic film



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Am. J. Chem. Pharm. 3(1) 20-26, 2024

Where;
W0 = Weight of  sample before Test
W = Weight of  sample after Test

Opacity Measurement
An UV- Visible spectrophotometer with wavelength 600 
nm is often the chosen choice to measure absorbance 
(Balasubramanian et al., 2019; Du et al., 2020; Sirvio et al., 
2020; Tedeschi et al., 2020).  UV-VIS Spectrophotometer 
at 600 nm was used to determine the opacity of  bioplastic 
films (4 × 1 cm) (Tunc & Duman, 2010). The blank cell 
was used as reference opacity (Priyadarshi et al., 2018).
Opacity= Absorbance/Thickness

Water Absorption Test
The samples of  varying weight were taken and put in 
a beaker with 100 mL water, kept there at 27 degrees 
centigrade for 1 hours and again weighted to record final 
weight. 
Water Uptake= (W2 - W1/W1) * 100%
Where;
W1 = Initial Weight of  Sample
W2 = Final Weight of  Sample 

Density Measurement
Few pieces of  bioplastic samples were weighted. Water 
was poured into measuring cylinder and initial level of  
water was recorded. Pieces of  bioplastic samples tied in 
fine thread was gently lowered into measuring cylinder, 
until it is completely immersed into water. Final volume 
of  water in measuring cylinder was recorded. Density was 
measured at room temperature i.e. 27◦C.
Volume of  sample = Water level after immersion of  
sample – Water level before immersion of  sample
Density= Mass/Volume

Thickness
Using screw gauge thickness was checked at different 
random points of  bioplastic film. Linear scale, circular 
scale and error of  circular scale was determined and 
thickness of  sample was calculated using formula:
Thickness of  Sample point= a + (b+c) * 0.001
Where;
a = Linear Scale of  screw gauge (mm)
b = Circular Scale of  screw Gauge (mm)
c = Error in Circular Scale (mm)
Average thickness= Sum of  Mesured Value/Number of  
reading

Solubility Test
At 27°C small pieces of  bioplastic was immersed into 
various organic and inorganic solvents taken in test-tube 
and slowly stirred with glass rod to check its solubility. 
 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The bioplastic was insoluble in water which is green 
signal for its utility in real world as a plastic material. 
Moreover, it was not able to solvate in wide variety 
of  organic compound which also supports for its 
application in organic products. However, in extreme 
high concentrations it corroded and ultimately dissolved 
in sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acids indicating it is 
limited for use with mild and soft reagents.

Table 1: Physical properties of  bioplastic obtained 
through manual sensory evaluation
Strength Medium flexible
Color Slightly white
Odor Vinegar smell
Surface Smooth and slightly sticky

Table 2: Solubility test of  bioplastic samples in different 
organic and inorganic reagents
S. N Solvent Solubility
1 Diethyl ether -
2 Nitrobenzene -
3 Phenol +
4 Acetaldehyde -
5 Benzene -
6 Chloroform -
7 Ethanol -
8 Acetone -
9 Picric acid -
10 Aniline -
11 Bromine water -
12 Conc. HCl +
13 Conc. H2SO4 +
14 NaOH -
15 Water -

+ = Soluble                 - = Insoluble

Figure 3: Demonstration of  Solubility Test



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Am. J. Chem. Pharm. 3(1) 20-26, 2024

In our research, the biodegradability weight loss 
percentage was found to be 69.28±1.52 % per 14 
days which is 49.48% weight loss per 10 days which 
was in good agreement with Nigam et al. (2021) who 
performed research on Synthesis, characterization and 
biodegradation of  bioplastic films produced from 
Parthenium hysterophorus by incorporating a plasticizer 
(PEG 600).
Our research diverges from those of, Ismail et al. (2016) 
who reported higher degree of  biodegradation which. 
This indicates population of  microorganism and soil 
conditions can vary the rate of  degradation of  bioplastic. 
As the starch content consumed by soil microorganisms 
will fracture the polymer chain thus cause the 
biodegradation (Khoramnejadian et al., 2013).

The data revealed that the bioplastic have high water 
absorption property of  81.08 ± 1.28% per hour when 
completely immersed inside water which further justified 
that starch molecules are hydrophobic in nature. Thus, 
starch-based bioplastics can be applied for the purpose 
of  moisture absorption from variety of  matters and 
materials.

Table 3: Calculation of  weight loss percentage per 
two weeks to find out degradability rate of  synthesized 
bioplastic samples
Sample Weight loss percentage
A 68.47
B 68.53
C 68.23
D 71.91
Average 69.28
Standard deviation 1.52
Total 69.28 ± 1.52

Table 5: Calculation table to measure density at 27°C
Sample Mass (g) Volume (mL) Density
A 0.37 0.3 1.23
B 0.25 0.2 1.25
C 0.48 0.4 1.2
D 0.46 0.4 1.15
Average 1.2075
Standard deviation 0.04
Total 1.20 ± 0.04

Figure 4: Demonstration of  biodegradability test

Table 4: Calculation table to calculate water absorption 
capacity of  synthesized bioplastic per hour at 27°C
Sample Water uptake percentage
A 79.16
B 81.81
C 82.6
D 80.77
Average 81.08
Standard deviation 1.28
Total 81.08 ± 1.28

Figure 5: Demonstration of  water absorption capacity test

In our research the density of  starch derived bioplastic 
was 1.20 ± 0.04 g/cc which has similar agreement with 
the (Abdullah et al., 2019) where they have characterized 
Poly Lactic Acid Starch based bioplastic composites 
finding the density to be 1.3 g/cc. This indicate that 
bioplastic is denser than water and explains its property 
of  sinking completely in water.

Figure 6: Demonstration of  density measurement



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Am. J. Chem. Pharm. 3(1) 20-26, 2024

In our experiment the average thickness of  bioplastic was 
measured 3.45 ± 0.2614 mm.

CONCLUSION
This research aims not only to synthesize bioplastic 
from starch molecule but also to characterize its basic 
properties. The main finding of  this study shows the 
bioplastic is more dense than water and it easily sink into 
it so it do not disturb water animals in their movement 
It’s products will not accumulate waste on water surface. 
Similarly, it’s high degradability rate helps it to completely 
eliminate from environment. It can be beneficial in 
making coverings that absorb moisture and prevent 
damage of  food and materials from wet atmospheric 
air. Moreover, it’s insoluble property in wide variety of  
organic compounds including water, less opacity makes 
it appropriate to make food packaging material. It can be 
introduced as alternative solution of  petroleum-based 
plastics.

Recommendation
By continuous research and experiments, further efforts 
should be made to discover variety renewable organic 
molecules in order to produce better bioplastics which 
are widely applicable as well as economical in day-to-day 
life.

Author Contributions
Krishna G. and Arjun B. were Conceptualization, 
methodology writing, original draft preparation, project 
administration. Prakash G. was investigation, validation, 
review and editing. Finally all authors were review and 
manuscript finalized.

Acknowledgement
We would like to thanks all the members of  Department 
of  Chemistry, Butwal Multiple Campus, for providing the 
necessary resources and research environment. I would 
like to acknowledge teachers, friends and family, for their 
constant support, discussions and encouragement, which 
have greatly helped me during this research journey.

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Table 6: Calculation of  thickness of  synthesized 
bioplastic in (mm) using screw gauge
Sample Linear scale Circular scale Thickness
A 3 73 3.78
B 3 39 3.44
C 3 9 3.14
D 2 79 2.84
Average 3.45
Standard deviation 0.26
Total 3.45 ± 0.26

Figure 7: Demonstration of  density measurement

Table 7: Opacity measurement of  bioplastic using UV-
visible spectrophotometer at 600 nm wavelength
Sample Absorbance at 600 nm (Au)
A 1.46
B 1.45
C 1.46
Average 1.45
Standard deviation 0.004
Total 1.45 ± 0.004

Opacity = Absorbance/thickness
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Figure 8: Measurement of  absorbance using UV visible 
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