









































Pa
ge

 
1



Pa
ge

 
29

American Journal of  
Chemistry and Pharmacy (AJCP)

Antidiabetic, Hypolipidemic and Hepatoprotective Potential of  Edible Leaves Extract 
from the Plant Chenopodium albumChenopodium album (Linn) in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice

Tripti Rani Paul1*, Monalisa Monowar1, A. K. M. Shafiur Rahman1, Md. Shahriar Kobir1, Murshida Mun Liza1,
Most. Sheuti Akter1, Tanbin Islam1, Ashik Mosaddik2, Mir Imam Ibne Wahed3

Volume 4 Issue 1, Year 2025
ISSN: 2834-0116 (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajcp.v4i1.4598
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajcp

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: February 15, 2025
Accepted: March 24, 2025
Published: June 24, 2025

Diabetes is a long-term illness that affects a large number of  people globally. It increases 
a patient’s risk of  morbidity and death, especially from cardiovascular disease. The current 
study aims to assess the antidiabetic and hypolipidemic potentials of  C. album leaves extract 
in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Acute toxicity tests and oral glucose tolerance tests 
were carried out. Streptozotocin (45 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally to Swiss albino 
mice to cause diabetes. Diabetic mice subjected to oral administration of  C. album extracts 
(CAL 200 and 400 mg/kg), metformin as standard (DS, 150mg/kg) and/or vehicle (DC) 
once daily for 15 days and age-matched healthy mice were used as normal control (NC). 
Blood glucose level and body weight of  mice were measured on 0 day before and 5, 10 and 
15 days of  treatment. To measure serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum 
glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), high-density 
lipoproteins (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG), mice were eventually 
killed, and blood samples were taken. The C. album extract improved glucose tolerance 
and no sign of  toxicity was noticed in mice treated with the extract. Diabetic mice treated 
with C. album extract showed significant attenuation in blood glucose level and lipid profile. 
Moreover, oral treatment with C. album extracts significantly reduced SGPT and SGOT 
levels; and improved body weights in mice. The C. album extract was considered to be both 
safe and beneficial in terms of  glucose and lipids reducing effectiveness, and might be used 
to protect liver function in diabetic mice.

Keywords
Blood Sugar Level, Diabetes, 
Lipid Profile, Liver Enzyme, 
Streptozotocin

1 Department of  Pharmacy, School of  Science and Technology, Varendra University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
2 East West University, Dhaka-1212, Bangladesh
3 Department of  Pharmacy, Faculty of  Science, University of  Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: triptipaul.ph@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION
Chronically elevated blood sugar levels are an indicator 
of  diabetes, is a metabolic disorder characterized by poor 
carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism (Ahmed, 
2002). Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is linked to insulin 
resistance and causes hypertension, dyslipidemia, and 
glucose intolerance (Patlak, 2002). About 80% people in 
countries with moderate to low incomes have diabetes 
mellitus (DM), a condition whose incidence has been 
steadily increasing worldwide (Baynes, 2015). About 783 
million people will have diabetes mellitus (DM) by 2045, 
with 152 million of  those cases occurring in Southeast 
Asia, according to the International Diabetes Federation 
(IDF, 2018). T2DM has recently been diagnosed in 
individuals under the age of  20, and the biggest risk 
factor for T2DM in both adults and children is obesity 
(Guyton, 2006). According to Anbarasi et al. (2012) 
and Hahm et al. (2011), insulin resistance and decrease 
insulin synthesis and release from pancreatic β-cells are 
the primary reasons of  type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, 
it is thought that a combination of  biological/genetic 
and environmental variables, such as obesity, a stressful 
lifestyle, alcohol use, smoking, and poor nutrition, might 
contribute to type 2 diabetes (T2DM) (Ozougwu et al., 
2013). Elevated production of  reactive oxygen species 
(ROS) is frequently linked to hyperglycemia (Brownlee, 
2001), which can result in retinopathy, nephropathy, 

neuropathy, ketoacidosis, and other problems (Nakamura 
et al., 2015; Merecz et al., 2015). Additionally, a lack of  
insulin causes lipolysis, which may be the cause of  fatty 
liver and hyperlipidemia. Morbidity and mortality in 
individuals with type 2 diabetes is primarily caused by 
hyperlipidemia (Reiner et al., 2006, Simons et al., 2002, 
Yokozawa et al., 2003). Insulin and synthetic medicines 
are currently the primary means of  DM treatment. 
According to Kasetti et al. (2010), thiazolidinedione, 
biguanide, and sulfonylureas are the most often prescribed 
oral hypoglycemic drugs for the management of  type 2 
diabetes. Moreover, α-glucosidase inhibitors are useful 
in delaying the intestinal absorption of  glucose. Oral 
hypoglycemic medications are actually linked to negative 
side effects including obstructive jaundice, hypoglycemia 
shock, weight gain, gastrointestinal problems, nausea, 
vomiting, hematological, and dermatological reactions 
(Gandhi et al., 2016, UKPDS, 1998). Over 800 plants 
have historically been shown to have antidiabetic 
potential (Rizvi et al., 2013) and be useful in the cure of  
diabetes mellitus (Arumugam et al., 2013). The World 
Health Organization (WHO) advised using local plants 
to treat diabetes and associated consequences, especially 
in underdeveloped nations. Therefore, in order to find 
new bioactive compounds, scientists are mostly focused 
on screening natural products (Bhandari et al., 2008). 
Flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, and saponins are among 



Pa
ge

 
30

https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajcp

Am. J. Chem. Pharm. 4(1) 29-36, 2025

the many chemical constituents found in medicinal plants. 
These constituents have been shown to have antioxidant, 
hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic characteristics (Juárez-
Reyes et al., 2015) and may offer protection against β-cell 
destruction brought on by oxidative stress (Coskun et al., 
2005; Molina et al., 2003). 
The plant Chenopodium album Linn indigenously 
known as Bathu Sag (Hindi), Chandan bethu (Bengali) 
belongs to Chenopodiaceae family and universally grown 
in Asia, Europe, Africa and North America. According 
to Bonner-Weir (1988), the plant C. album has been 
adopted in traditional medicine as a diuretic, laxative, 
analgesic, sedative, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, 
cardiotonic, anthelmintic, and antiparasitic. Alkaloids, 
saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, proteins, and amino 
acids were all tested by phytochemical analysis of  the 
methanolic extract of  C. album root (Kant, 2018). The 
ethanolic extract from C. album fruits prevented mice 
from scratching when 5-HT was administered. It has 
been reported that the extract from C. album leaves 
has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective, 
hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antimicrobial activities. It 
also contains alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, phytic acid, 
saponin, phytate phosphorus, proteins, and trace elements. 
(Suleman et al., 2021). As far as the author has learned, no 
prior research has been done on the extract from C. album 
leaves’ hypoglycemic and antihyperlipidemic properties. 
Thus, the objective of  the current research was to 
assess the antidiabetic and hypolipidemic potentials of  
methanolic extract from C. album leaves in streptozotocin 
(STZ) induced diabetic mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Drugs and Chemicals
Team Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Rajshahi, Bangladesh 
generously donated metformin hydrochloride. The 
supplier of  streptozotocin was Sisco Research Laboratories 
in India. A standard glucometer (Origin, Taiwan) was 
utilized to monitor the blood glucose level. A commercial 
kit from Human, Germany, was used to measure serum 
triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density 
lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), serum 
glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), and serum 
glutamate pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). 

Plant Materials
In February 2022, the entire plant C. album was collected 
from the roadside of  Puthia, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.  
A taxonomist verified the plant’s authenticity, and a 
voucher specimen (No. 72, 10/02/2022) was stored in 
the herbarium, Department of  Botany, University of  
Rajshahi, Bangladesh.

Preparation of  Leaves Extract
After being separated, the C. album leaves were sun-
dried for a few days in the shade. The leaves were then 
processed into a coarse powder using a grinding mill after 
being dried for 24 hours at 40oC in an oven. For seven 

days, the ground-up leaves of  C. album were soaked in 
w/v methanol and stored in a dark area with periodic 
shaking and stirring. The resulting filtrate was then run 
through Whatman No. 1 filter paper and cotton. Using 
a rotary evaporator set to 40-45oC, the filtrate was 
allowed to evaporate at lower pressure. The concentrated 
semisolid methanol extract (% yield) was so produced, 
allowed to air dry, and then stored.

Phytochemical Screening Tests
The phytochemical analysis was done by the use of  
standard methods (Pollock & Stevens, 1965; Trease & 
Evans, 1996; Plummer, 1985).

Animals
The animal house of  the Department of  Zoology, 
Rajshahi University in Rajshahi, Bangladesh, provided 
the six-week-old male Swiss albino mice, whose weighed 
between 30 and 40 grams. The animals were kept in cages 
and under normal environments (temperature 25oC, 
humidity 75±5%, 12-hour cycle of  light and darkness). 
The mice were given rodent chow with water ad. libitum 
during the acclimatization period. The mice were treated 
in according to our institution’s animal experimentation 
protocols. Following approval from the Varendra 
University Institutional Ethics Committee, the animal 
study was conducted in the pharmacy department at 
Varendra University in Rajshahi, Bangladesh (Ref. VU/
ERC/2021-2022/004). 

Acute Toxicity Study
The OECD recommendations were applied when 
carrying out the oral acute toxicity test (Jonsson et al., 
2013). The animals were split up into five groups, with 
three animals (n=5) in each group. Following an overnight 
five, mice were given various doses of  methanol extract 
from C. album leaves (100, 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/
kg). The behavior and mortality of  mice were monitored 
for the first two hours, the next 24 hours, and then every 
day for 14 days (Schlede, 2002).

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
Normal mice were fasted overnight and separated into 
four groups randomly, each of  which consisted of  three 
mice (n=3) for oral glucose tolerance test. After 30 
minutes of  oral intake of  C. album extract (200 & 400 mg/
kg), metformin (150 mg/kg), and/or vehicle (0.5% MC), 
a glucose load (2 g/kg) was administered to the mice. A 
glucometer was used to monitor the fasting blood glucose 
(FBG) level at 0 minutes, before and after 30, 60, 90, and 
120 minutes of  glucose loading (Bergmeyer, 2012).

Induction of  Diabetes
Mice were given a single intraperitoneal injection of  STZ 
(45 mg/kg) dissolved in 0.1M citrate buffer (pH=4.5) to 
induce diabetes. In order to counter the hypoglycemic 
effect of  STZ, mice were given a 10% glucose solution 
for 24 hours. Blood glucose levels were measured using a 



Pa
ge

 
31

https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajcp

Am. J. Chem. Pharm. 4(1) 29-36, 2025

glucometer after 96 hours, and mice with fasting glucose 
levels greater than 10.5 mmol/L were thought to be 
diabetic (Kumar et al., 2013).

Experimental Protocol
After inducing diabetes, mice were separated into five 
groups each comprising of  three mice and subjected to 
oral ingestion of  C. album extract (CAL 200 & 400 mg/
kg), standard (DS, metformin 150mg/kg) and/or vehicle 
(DC, 0.5% MC) once daily for 15 days using gastric tube. 
Age-matched healthy mice received vehicle were used as 
normal control (NC, 0.5% MC).

Determination of  Blood Glucose Levels and 
Changes in Body Weight
FBG levels and body weight of  mice were measured 
on day 0, before therapy, and then on days 5, 10, and 
15 following treatments. Blood samples were taken from 
mice’s tail veins and FBG levels were evaluated (Reddy et 
al., 2012; Khatune et al., 2016).

Estimation of  Lipid Profile
At the completion of  the experiment, mice were sedated 
with diethyl ether and sacrificed. Blood samples were 
collected from the aorta and stored in blood collection 
containers at room temperature. Finally, blood samples 
were centrifuged for 15 minutes at 4000 rpm. The serum 
collected was isolated and stored at -80°C for biochemical 
analysis. The levels of  TG, TC, and HDL were 

determined using commercial kits (Human, Germany) 
and the spectrophotometric technique. The formulas 
VLDL=TG/5 and LDL=TC-(HDL+VLDL) were used 
to compute the levels of  LDL and VLDL. The LDL/
HDL cholesterol ratio was determined (Asati et al., 2021).

Determination of  Liver Enzymes
The SGOT and SGPT level of  serum were measured in 
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions using wet 
reagent diagnostic kits (Human, Germany) (Schumann et 
al., 2002, Nakano et al., 1994).

Statistical Analysis
The data was expressed as a standard error mean (SEM). 
Following the one-way analysis of  variance (ANOVA), 
Dunnett’s multiple comparison tests were done. P-values 
< 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results
Acute Toxicity
After 14 days of  oral ingestion of  C album leaves extract, 
mice did not show any sign of  autonomic or behavioral 
changes irrespective of  doses. None of  the mice died 
taking different doses of  C. album extracts except 2000 
mg/kg, where 20% mice died between 7 to 14 days. 
Therefore, 1/5th and 1/10th of  the toxic dose of  C. 
album that is 400 and 200 mg/kg were considered for 
further study (Table 1).

Table 1: Effect of  C. album leaves extract after 14 days of  oral ingestion in normal mice
Extract Doses (mg/kg) Total Survivor Death Survival Rate (%)
100 5 5 0 100
250 5 5 0 100
500 5 5 0 100
1000 5 5 0 100
2000 5 4 1 80

Data expressed in percentages (%)

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
After 30 min of  glucose loading, mice from all groups 
exhibited high blood glucose level which was decreased 

in mice pretreated with C. album extracts (200 and 400 
mg/kg) and metformin but in vehicle-treated mice 
remained steady at 60 min. Further, C. album extracts 

Figure 1: Effect of  C. album extract on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 vs. 
standard, ++p < 0.01 vs. glucose control



Pa
ge

 
32

https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajcp

Am. J. Chem. Pharm. 4(1) 29-36, 2025

showed significant reduction in blood glucose levels at 
90 and 120 min. However, CAL400 was comparable to 
the standard and demonstrated a higher improvement in 
glucose tolerance (p <0.001).

Clinical Course
Neither of  the mice passed away during the period of  
treatment. As a result, all treatment groups survived.

Changes in FBG Level in Diabetic Mice
Figure 2 showed the efficacy of  CAL extract on FBG 
levels in diabetic mice. The FBG levels were significantly 
increased in diabetic mice than that of  NC mice. Diabetic 
mice treated with CAL200, CAL400 extracts and DS 
demonstrated a gradual decrease in FBG levels on 5, 
10 and 15 days. Furthermore, CAL extracts exhibited 
a dose-dependent attenuation of  FBG levels; and their 

Figure 2: Effect of  C. album leaves extract on fasting blood glucose level in diabetic mice. np < 0.001 vs. NC, ap < 
0.001, bp < 0.01, cp < 0.05 vs. DC

hypoglycemic effects were comparable to that of  DS.

Body Weight Changes in Diabetic Mice
Changes in body weights after 15 days of  treatment were 
shown in Figure 3. On 0 day, before the initiation of  the 

treatment body weight did not differ. The body weight of  
DC mice tends to be decreased throughout the treatment 
period. Oral administration of  CAL200 and CAL400 extracts 
exhibited a dose-dependent increment in body weights; and 
the effect was comparable to those of  NC and DC mice.

Figure 3: Effect of  C. album leaves extract on body weight changes in diabetic mice. np < 0.001 vs. NC, ap < 0.001, 
bp < 0.01, cp < 0.05 vs. DC

Alteration of  Lipid Profile in Diabetic Mice 
Table 2 represented the result of  extract on lipid profile 
in diabetic mice. The TC, TG and LDL levels were 
significantly increased and HDL level was significantly 
reduced in diabetic mice in contrast to NC. Treatment 

with CAL extracts significantly decreased the higher TC, 
TG and LDL levels and slightly enhanced the low HDL 
level in comparison with DC mice (p ˂ 0.001, p˂0.01, 
p˂0.05). The CAL 400 expressed notable improvement 
in lipid profile which was comparable to DS.



Pa
ge

 
33

https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajcp

Am. J. Chem. Pharm. 4(1) 29-36, 2025

Liver Function in Diabetic Mice
The liver enzymes SGPT and SGOT levels were greater 
in DC mice (p ˂ 0.001). Oral ingestion of  CAL extract 

significantly reduced both SGPT and SGOT levels (p ˂ 
0.001, p˂0.01) and was comparable to NC.

Table 2: Effect of  C. album leaves extract on lipid profile in STZ-induced diabetic mice
Groups 
(n=3)

Lipid Profile (mg/dl)
TC TG LDL VLDL HDL LDL/HDL

NC 174.33 ± 1.33 153 ± 1.73 111 ± 1.15 30.6±0.35 81± 1 1.37 ± 0.01
DC 220 ± 2.89+++ 192 ± 3.06+++ 133 ± 1.14+++ 38.4 ± 0.61+++ 43 ± 2.65+++ 3.12 ± 0.20
DS 179 ± 1.15*** 161.67 ± 1.20*** 107.66 ± 1.33*** 32.33 ± 0.24*** 51± 1.15*** 2.14 ± 0.08
CAL 200 202 ± 1.53*** 160 ± 2.64*** 132 ± 1.73 30.6 ± 0.34*** 34 ± 1.15*** 3.89 ± 0.17
CAL 400 190.66 ± 2.60*** 159 ± 0.58*** 127 ± 1.15** 31.8 ± 0.12*** 37 ± 1.14** 3.44 ± 0.01

Data expressed as SEM.  +++p < 0.001 vs. NC; ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 vs. DC

Figure 4: Effect of  C. album leaves extract on SGOT and SGPT in diabetic mice. np < 0.001 compared to NC, ap < 
0.001, bp < 0.01 compared to DC

Discussion
According to Li et al. (2004) and Lyra et al. (2006), 
Diabetes is the third greatest cause of  mortality, especially 
when it comes to organ failure and chronically high blood 
glucose levels. Furthermore, hyperlipidemia increased the 
risk of  cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease, 
and peripheral vascular disease. Around the world, 
currently, the primary treatment is metformin, an oral 
hypoglycemic drug for type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, 
sulfonylureas or dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors are 
advised in conjunction with metformin for diabetic 
patients (Gomes et al., 2019). There is an increasing 
interest in complementary and alternative therapies 
due to the increasing incidence of  diabetes and related 
healthcare costs. Many plant or plant-derived medications 
have been scientifically evaluated in diabetic people and 

animal models in over a decade, but many more need 
to be established. So, we investigated the glucose and 
lipid lowering effects of  C. album leaves extract in STZ-
induced diabetic mice. The study found that CAL extracts 
significantly improved FBG levels, lipid profiles, and liver 
enzymes in mice. 
In acute toxicity study, the methanol extracts of  C. album 
leave in mice were found to be safe and no sign of  
autonomic and/or behavioral changes were observed in 
mice at dose ranges 100-2000 mg/kg. Thus, it gives the 
basis for the selection of  doses of  extract i.e.200 mg/
kg & 400 mg/kg for further animal study. In, OGTT, 
mice treated with extract and/or metformin significantly 
counteracted the glucose induced hyperglycemia in 
normal mice. Oral ingestion of  CAL200 and CAL400 
extract was effective in lowering FBG levels. When 

Table 3: Phytochemicals of  C. album leaves extract
Extract Steroid Alkaloid Glycoside Tannin Triterpene Saponin Flavonoid
C album leaves - + + + + + +

+ indicates present and − indicates absent



Pa
ge

 
34

https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajcp

Am. J. Chem. Pharm. 4(1) 29-36, 2025

carbohydrates are insufficient to be used as an energy 
source, weight loss in diabetic mice may be the result of  
muscle wasting and loss of  structural protein (Jacobson, 
2007). As previously reported (Pari & Venkateswaran, 
2004; Ruzaidi et al., 2005), the STZ-induced diabetic rats 
developed significant hypertriglyceridemia in addition 
to substantial hyperglycemia. Treatment significantly 
attenuate TC, TG, and LDL while increasing HDL 
cholesterol, which is necessary for the body to eliminate 
excess cholesterol and lower the risk of  cardiovascular 
events. Patients with diabetes are associated with the 
impairment of  liver function as evident by the expression 
of  higher levels of  SGPT and SGOT (Ghosh et al., 2001). 
SGPT and SGOT levels were abnormally high in STZ-
induced diabetic mice, which may have been brought 
on by hepatotoxicity. The CAL200 and CAL400 extract 
significantly reduced both SGOT and SGPT levels. So, the 
CAL extracts exerted prominent effects on body weight, 
lipid profile, glycemic index and liver functions in diabetic 
mice. The study found out that, CAL400 extracts showed 
pronounced reduction in lipid profile and attenuation of  
FBG levels and the effects was comparable to metformin. 
It is currently unclear how the extract from C. album 
leaves lowers blood sugar, although it does not include 
stimulating the release of  insulin from the pancreatic 
β-cells. In the animal model caused by STZ, the pancreatic 
β-cells are selectively destroyed, and in moderate cases, 
part of  the β-cells can still secrete insulin (El-Hilaly 
and Lyoussi, 2002). Both metformin and/or the extract 
in this study significantly decreased the FBG levels in 
diabetic mice. The mechanism of  increasing peripheral 
glucose utilization via insulin sensitization, which has 
been observed with metformin, can help to explain the 
hypoglycemic effects of  the C. album extract (Nandhini et 
al., 2004). The antihyperglycemic potential of  the fractions 
of  C. cordifolia were probably mediated by an enhanced 
secretion of  insulin, like biguanides. The extracts of  C. 
album exerted prominent effects on lipid profiles and they 
had a greater effect on serum TG than that of  TC levels. 
Although metformin exhibited pronounced reduction in 
serum TC and LDL, the effects of  C. album leave extract 
on TG and HDL were found higher than metformin. By 
inhibiting hormone-sensitive lipogenic enzymes (Pari and 
Venkateswaran 2004) and/or activating lipoprotein lipase 
(Ahmed et al., 2001, Sharma et al., 1997), C. album may 
have hypolipidemic effects that are comparable to those 
of  metformin.
The pathophysiology of  diabetes is significantly 
influenced by oxidative stress, which is the cause of  the 
death of  pancreatic 𝛽-cells. According to Robertson 
(2010) and Takayanagi et al. (2010), plants with antioxidant 
capacity demonstrated free radical scavenging activity and 
could be helpful in lowering oxidative stress caused by 
hyperglycemia. Therefore, according to previous study, 
medicinal plants have the capacity to reduce blood glucose 
levels. This glucose lowering potential may be caused 
due to the existence of  bioactive components such as 
flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenes, tannins, and saponins 

etc. (Robertson, 2010). The phytochemical screening 
of  C. album leaves extract confirmed the existence of  
alkaloid, glycoside, tannin, triterpenes, saponin and 
flavonoids. The presence of  flavonoids and triterpenes in 
the C. album extract may be the cause of  its hypoglycemic 
potential, which can be explained by the antioxidant 
action of  phytochemicals. In addition to phytic acids, the 
extract from C. album leaves provides a good source of  
lipids, phosphorus, protein, oxalates, and trace elements 
(Suleman et al., 2021).). The leaves of  C. album seem to 
have a promising therapeutic value which can be useful in 
the therapy of  diabetes. 

CONCLUSION      
Diabetic mice treated with C. album extract showed 
significant attenuation in blood glucose level and lipid 
profile. Moreover, oral treatment with C. album extracts 
significantly reduced SGPT and SGOT levels; and 
improved body weights in mice. The C. album extract 
was considered as safe and effective in terms of  glucose 
and lipid lowering efficacy; and might be used to protect 
liver function in diabetic mice. The findings provide 
scientific evidence in favor of  utilizing the plant in 
conventional medicine to cure diabetes and its related 
problems. However, to determine how this plant has an 
antidiabetogenic impact and which bioactive components 
are responsible for it, more research is needed.

REFERENCES
Ahmed, A. M. (2002). History of  diabetes mellitus. Saudi 

Medical Journal, 23(4), 373-378.
Anbarasi. K., Ravi. B.K. & Sathasivasubramanian., S. 

(2012). Nutrition and Oral Health. Asian Pacific Journal 
of  Tropical Medicinal Disease, 2(5), 405-410.

Arumugam, G., Manjula, P., & Paari, N. (2013). A review: 
Anti diabetic medicinal plants used for diabetes 
mellitus. Journal of  Acute Disease, 2(3), 196-200.

Asati, V., Srivastava, A., Mukherjee, S., & Sharma, P. 
K. (2021). Comparative analysis of  antioxidant and 
antiproliferative activities of  crude and purified 
flavonoid enriched fractions of  pods/seeds of  two 
desert legumes Prosopis cineraria and Cyamopsis 
tetragonoloba. Heliyon, 7(6).

Baynes, H. W. (2015). Classification, pathophysiology, 
diagnosis and management of  diabetes mellitus. 
Journal of  Diabetes & Metabolism, 6(5), 1-9.

Bergmeyer, H. U. (Ed.). (2012). Methods of  enzymatic 
analysis. Elsevier.

Bhandari, M. R., Jong-Anurakkun, N., Hong, G., & 
Kawabata, J. (2008). α-Glucosidase and α-amylase 
inhibitory activities of  Nepalese medicinal herb 
Pakhanbhed (Bergenia ciliata, Haw.). Food Chemistry, 
106(1), 247-252.

Bonner-Weir, S. (1988). Morphological evidence 
for pancreatic polarity of  β-cell within islets of  
Langerhans. Diabetes, 37(5), 616-621.

Brownlee, M. (2001). Biochemistry and molecular cell biology 
of  diabetic complications. Nature, 414(6865), 813-20.



Pa
ge

 
35

https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajcp

Am. J. Chem. Pharm. 4(1) 29-36, 2025

Coskun, O., Kanter, M., Korkmaz, A., & Oter, S. (2005). 
Quercetin, a flavonoid antioxidant, prevents and 
protects streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress and 
β-cell damage in rat pancreas. Pharmacological Research, 
51(2), 117-123.

Gandhi, G. R., Ignacimuthu, S., & Paulraj, M. G. (2011). 
Solanum torvum Swartz. fruit containing phenolic 
compounds shows antidiabetic and antioxidant 
effects in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Food 
and Chemical Toxicology, 49(11), 2725-2733.

Ghosh, S., & Suryawanshi, S. A. (2001). Effect of  Vinca 
rosea extracts in treatment of  alloxan induced diabetes 
in male albino rats. Indian Journal of  Experimental 
Biology, 39(8), 748-759.

Gomes, M. B., Rathmann, W., Charbonnel, B., Khunti, 
K., Kosiborod, M., Nicolucci, A.,& Ji, L. (2019). 
Treatment of  type 2 diabetes mellitus worldwide: 
baseline patient characteristics in the global discover 
study. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 151, 20-32.

Guyton, A. C. & Hall, J. E. (2006) Textbook of  Medical 
Physiology. London: Elsevier Saunders; 11.

Hahm, S. W., Park, J., & Son, Y. S. (2011). Opuntia 
humifusa stems lower blood glucose and cholesterol 
levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Nutrition 
Research, 31(6), 479-487.

Jacobson, T. A., Miller, M., & Schaefer, E. J. (2007). 
Hypertriglyceridemia and cardiovascular risk 
reduction. Clinical Therapeutics, 29(5), 763-777.

Jonsson, M., Jestoi, M., Nathanail, A. V., Kokkonen, U. 
M., Anttila, M., Koivisto, P., & Peltonen, K. (2013). 
Application of  OECD Guideline 423 in assessing the 
acute oral toxicity of  moniliformin. Food and Chemical 
Toxicology, 53, 27-32.

Juárez-Reyes, K., Brindis, F., Medina-Campos, O. N., 
Pedraza-Chaverri, J., Bye, R., Linares, E., & Mata, 
R. (2015). Hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic, and 
antioxidant effects of  the edible plant Anoda cristata. 
Journal of  Ethnopharmacology, 161, 36-45.

Kant, S. (2018). Pharmacological evaluation of  antidiabetic 
and antihyperlipidemic activity of  Chenopodium 
album root extract in male Wistar albino rat models. 
International Journal of  Green Pharmacy, 12(2).

Kasetti, R. B., Rajasekhar, M. D., Kondeti, V. K., Fatima, 
S. S., Kumar, E. G. T., Swapna, S. & Rao, C. A. (2010). 
Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities 
of  methanol: water (4:1) fraction isolated from 
aqueous extract of  Syzygium alternifolium seeds in 
streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Food and Chemical 
Toxicology, 48(4), 1078-1084.

Khatune, N. A., Rahman, B. M., Barman, R. K., & Wahed, 
M. I. I. (2016). Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and 
antioxidant properties of  ethanol extract of  Grewia 
asiatica Linn. bark in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. 
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 16, 1-9.

Krishnakumar, K., Augusti, K. T., & Vijayammal, P. L. 
(2000). Communications - Hypolipidemic effect of  
Salacia oblonga Wall root in streptozotocin diabetic 

rats. Medical Science Research, 28(1), 65-68.
Kumar, V., Ahmed, D., Verma, A., Anwar, F., Ali, 

M., & Mujeeb, M. (2013). Umbelliferone β-D-
galactopyranoside from Aegle marmelos (L.) 
corr. an ethnomedicinal plant with antidiabetic, 
antihyperlipidemic and antioxidative activity. BMC 
Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13, 1-20.

Li, W. L., Zheng, H. C., Bukuru, J., & De Kimpe, N. 
(2004). Natural medicines used in the traditional 
Chinese medical system for therapy of  diabetes 
mellitus. Journal of  Ethnopharmacology, 92(1), 1-21.

Lyra, R., Oliveira, M., Lins, D., & Cavalcanti, N. (2006). 
Prevention of  type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arquivos 
Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia, 50(2), 239-
249.

Merecz, A., Markiewicz, L., Sliwinska, A., Kosmalski, M., 
Kasznicki, J., Drzewoski, J., & Majsterek, I. (2015). 
Analysis of  oxidative DNA damage and its repair 
in Polish patients with diabetes mellitus type 2: Role 
in pathogenesis of  diabetic neuropathy. Advances in 
Medical Sciences, 60(2), 220-230.

Molina, M. F., Sanchez-Reus, I., Iglesias, I., & Benedi, J. 
(2003). Quercetin, a flavonoid antioxidant, prevents 
and protects against ethanol-induced oxidative stress 
in mouse liver. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 
26(10), 1398-1402.

Nakamura, M., Satoh, N., Suzuki, M., Kume, H., Homma, 
Y., Seki, G., & Horita, S. (2015). Stimulatory effect 
of  insulin on renal proximal tubule sodium transport 
is preserved in type 2 diabetes with nephropathy. 
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 
461(1), 154-158.

 Nakano, H.,  Monden, M.,  Umeshita, K.,  Murata, M.,  
Miyoshi, H., Kanai. T., Gotoh. M. &  Mori, T., (1994). 
Protective effects of  prostaglandin 12 analogues on 
super-oxide induced hepatocyte injury. Surgery, 116(5), 
883-9.

Ozougwu, J. C., Obimba, K. C., Belonwu, C. D., & 
Unakalamba, C. B. (2013). The pathogenesis and 
pathophysiology of  type 1 and type 2 diabetes 
mellitus. Journal of  Physiology and Pathophysiology, 4(4), 
46-57.

Patlak, M. (2002). New weapons to combat an ancient 
disease: treating diabetes. The FASEB Journal, 16(14), 
1853e-1853e.

Plummer, D. I. (1985). An introduction to practical biochemistry 
(2nd ed., pp. 136–143). Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing 
Co. Ltd.

Pollock, J. R. A., & Stevens, R. (1965). Dictionary of  organic 
compounds (4th ed.). Eyre and Spottiswoode Publishers.

Porchezhian, E., Ansari, S. H., & Shreedharan, N. K. 
K. (2000). Antihyperglycemic activity of  Euphrasia 
officinale leaves. Fitoterapia, 71(5), 522-526.

Reddy, A. R., Reddy, P. G., Venkateshwarlu, E., 
Srinivas, N., & Nirmala, D. (2012). Anti-diabetic 
and hypolipidemic effect of  Acalypha indica in 
streptozotocin nicotinamide induced type-II diabetic 



Pa
ge

 
36

https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajcp

Am. J. Chem. Pharm. 4(1) 29-36, 2025

rats. International Journal of  Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical 
Sciences, 4(2), 205-12.

Reiner, Ž., & Tedeschi-Reiner, E. (2006). Th-W47:2 
Atherosclerosis-a paradox of  Eastern European 
countries. Atherosclerosis Supplement, 7(3), 461-461.

Rizvi, S. I., & Mishra, N. (2013). Traditional Indian 
medicines used for the management of  Type 2 
diabetes mellitus. Journal of  Diabetes Research, 712092.

Robertson, R. P. (2010). Antioxidant drugs for treating 
β-cell oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes: glucose-
centric versus insulin-centric therapy. Discovery 
Medicine, 9(45), 132-137.

Salsberry, P., Tanda, R., Anderson, S. E., & Kamboj, M. K. 
(2018). Pediatric type 2 diabetes: Prevention and treatment 
through a life course health development framework. 
Handbook of  Life Course Health Development, 197-236.

Schlede, E. (2002). Oral acute toxic class method: OECD 
Test Guideline 423. Rapporti Istisan, 41, 32-36.

Schumann, G., Bonora, R., Ceriotti, F., Férard, G., Ferrero, 
C. A., Franck, P. F., … Schimmel, H. G. (2002). IFCC 
primary reference procedures for the measurement of  
catalytic activity concentrations of  enzymes at 37 °C. 
Part 4: Reference procedure for the measurement of  
catalytic concentration of  alanine aminotransferase. 
Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 40(7), 725–733.

Simons, L. A. (2002). Additive effect of  plant sterol-

ester margarine and cerivastatin in lowering 
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in primary 
hypercholesterolemia. The American Journal of  
Cardiology, 90(7), 737-740.

Suleman, M., Hassan, A. U. & Abbas, F. I. (2021). 
Antibacterial, antiparasitic and phytochemical 
activities of  Chenopodium album (Bathua) leaves 
extract. Bangladesh Journal of  Botany 50(2), 417-421

Takayanagi, R., Inoguchi, T., & Ohnaka, K. (2010). 
Clinical and experimental evidence for oxidative stress 
as an exacerbating factor of  diabetes mellitus. Journal 
of  Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 48(1), 72-77.

Taskinen, M. R. (1987). Lipoprotein lipase in diabetes. 
Diabetes & Metabolism Reviews, 3(2), 551-570.

Trease, G. E., & Evans, W. C. (1996). Pharmacognosy (12th 
ed., pp. 344–539). Baillière Tindall, ELBS Publications.

UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. (1998). 
Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas 
or insulin compared with conventional treatment and 
risk of  complications in patients with type 2 diabetes 
(UKPDS 33). The Lancet, 352(9131), 837-853.

Yokozawa, T., Ishida, A., Cho, E. J., & Nakagawa, T. 
(2003). The effects of  Coptidis rhizoma extract on 
a hypercholesterolemic animal model. Phytomedicine, 
10(1), 17-22.


