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American Journal of  Economics and 
Business Innovation (AJEBI)

A Review on the Evolution of  Agribusiness in the 21st Century
Norhan D. Ali1*, Abdani D. Bandera1

Volume 4 Issue 3, Year 2025
ISSN: 2831-5588 (Online), 2832-4862 (Print)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajebi.v4i3.6193
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajebi

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: September 25, 2025

Accepted: October 27, 2025

Published: December 05, 2025

The field of  agribusiness has diversified further to include large scale of  various disciplines 
such as sustainability, economics, business management and agriculture. This discussion 
traces the development of  agribusiness that started as a conceptual idea by Davis in 1955 to 
its present position as a global scholarly discipline. Some of  the significant changes it notes 
that have been realized between the twentieth and twenty-first centuries include the changes 
caused by automation and productivity-based systems to customer-centric systems, tech-
enabled systems and sustainability-focused systems. There are arguments by some academics 
that agribusiness is a bad thing to the environment, corporate greed, and neoliberal policies, 
and others hold that agribusiness is good in terms of  innovation, growth, and rural 
development. This review explores the redefinition of  agribusiness, which alternative views 
agribusiness as a driver of  development towards a more modern society and the source 
of  inequity and environmental pressures. Examples of  areas that have been identified as 
deficient include talks about the ethical consideration of  digital agriculture, approaches to 
changing the climate change, and the social and political impacts of  globalized value chains. 
New paradigms are emerging in order to discover the compromise between efficiency, 
inclusivity, and environmental responsibility, the bioeconomy and circular agriculture. In 
its essence agribusiness is one of  the fields where the economic, social, and environmental 
interests clash, yet it has become a mighty force of  change in food systems as well.

Keywords
Agricultural Economics, Digital 
Agriculture, Globalization, Green 
Revolution, Rural Development

1 Department of  Agribusiness Management, College of  Agriculture Mindanao State University Main Campus, Marawi City, Philippines
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: ali.nor45@s.msumain.edu.ph

INTRODUCTION 
The agribusiness under the umbrella of  Intersection of  
the farming, economics, and management is a relatively 
new academic discipline that has gained significant 
importance over the last few years. The agricultural 
value chain consists of  the interdependent supply of  
inputs, production, processing, marketing, as well as 
distribution (Investopedia, n.d.). The evolution of  food 
systems reflects the basic shifts that have taken place 
in food systems, and it also reveals the consolidation 
of  the discipline during the 20th and 21st centuries. 
The literature has changed in that there are the models 
that are more technology-centered, sustainability and 
internationally integrated and no longer concentrate on 
production and subsidy. Nevertheless, even as it becomes 
more widespread it is still under debate how scholars 
limit it and how it will impact the livelihoods of  rural 
populations as well as the overall social, economic, and 
environmental impacts.
It is documented that research findings about the 
operation of  agribusiness are many. According to 
Camargos et al. (2021), this has been used to refer to 
the intersection of  cattle farming, industrial production, 
trade, and commerce highlighting its importance to 
the international food supply chain. Bairwa and Singh 
(2015) expand on this notion, by linking the production, 
processing, and marketing activities of  agribusiness to 
higher incomes in rural regions, new working places as 
well as food security. According to Curmally et al. (2015), 
who broaden the definition of  agribusiness to include 

the manufacture, storage, and distribution of  industrial 
farm equipment, it emerges as a key to access to food 
and equity in emerging countries. Others emphasize 
more the system-level integration (Camargos et al., 2021), 
others putting more emphasis on developmental results 
(Bairwa & Singh, 2015), and others focusing more on the 
redistributive effects of  agribusiness in world markets 
(Curmally et al., 2015). All these perspectives admit that 
agribusiness involves a lot more than just farming.
Additional support of  the diversification of  agribusiness 
development is given through the context specific studies. 
Agriculture has a significant contribution to the Gross 
Domestic Product (GDP) of  Indonesia, trade, human 
capital, and the environment (Feni et al., 2024). Digital 
innovations on the other hand, are emerging as potential 
solutions to such issues as market unpredictability and 
inability to have access to technology (Wanda et al., 
2024). Conversely, systemic barriers as well as possible 
opportunities have been identified in researches conducted 
within the Philippines. Agribusiness can build livelihoods 
and repair the ecologies in conflict-prone regions, as Malik 
(2024) points out, and other high-value products such, as 
mushrooms, are found by Rodriguez (2024) to be feasible 
ways to grow the local economy. When covering the issue 
of  youth disengagement and advancing agripreneurship, 
Santiago and Roxas (2015) highlight such educational 
interventions as Family Farm Schools and SAKA 
program. Other study carried in Philippines revealed that 
the sector is limited by institutional deficiencies. Manalili 
et al. (2015) point out inefficiencies in rice processing and 



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market facilities in the Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao, 
whereas Guro (2024) points to insufficient data systems 
and policy gaps in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region 
in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). In Indonesia, however, 
the stage is assumed by technology solutions (Wanda 
et al., 2024). Combined, they indicate how various 
situations impose dissimilar priorities on various areas 
of  agricultural advancement. As an illustration, whereas 
the Philippines considers systemic governance and 
infrastructure revolution something whose importance is 
equal, Indonesia considers innovation a priority.
The study conducted defines that agriculture is an 
important business with far-reaching effects beyond 
Southeast Asia. It is a futuristic organizational model, 
presented by Yakovlev and Stepanova (2020), that is 
essential in making economies, energy, and food in the 
country secure. The agribusiness that is big in rural 
economies of  South Asia (crops, fisheries, dairy, and 
forestry) is crippled by issues such as financial crises, 
environmental degradation, and climate change (Sakib 
et al., 2021). Borisova and Sorokina (2024) point out 
agro sector as weakened by economic uncertainty and 
the presence of  geopolitical tensions in Russia. These 
are obstacles to funding, commerce and technology. 
These studies do not agree on the importance of  the 
most important risk, but they provide that agriculture is 
vital to the development of  society and economy (Sakib 
et al., 2021 in the case of  South Asia and Borisova and 
Sorokina, 2024 in Russia). There is a new school of  
thought that is emerging, which finds parallels between 
agribusiness, innovation, and entrepreneurship. Focusing 
on agripreneurs in Haryana, Jyoti et al. (2024) emphasize 
the fact that bringing Agri-agency suggestions implies 
enhanced profitability, capacity utilization, and social 
respectively. Focusing on agribusiness as an industry 
of  opportunities, due to the dynamic response to both 
personal initiative and the situation, is contrasted to the 
years before it was defined in terms of  production and 
commerce (Investopedia, n.d.; Camargos et al., 2021).
This research proves that there is consensus and divergence 
on the definition and practice of  agribusiness. Extrinsic 
threats, institutional vulnerabilities, and persistent 
inequalities are indicted by others, and its innovative 
capacity and integrative nature in the international global 
food systems are palpated by many experts. To address 
these controversies, this review is structured into four 
strands, which include: (1) the origins of  the concept, 
(2) the emergence of  agribusiness as a study, (3) its 
development throughout the 20 th and 21 st centuries, 
and (4) its reorientation in the contemporary era. In this 
sense, the review provides the focus on the fact that 
agriculture is an area of  innovation and structural issues 
in the long term.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Origins of  the Concept
The concept of  Agribusiness originated with a systemic 
definition proposed by Davis (1955), who highlighted 

the interrelationships among the supply of  inputs, 
processing, marketing, and the production of  agriculture. 
This framing was radically new in the period in which it 
was conceptionally formulated as it shifted the emphasis 
away not merely on farming, but on farming as a 
component of  a greater industrial system. The necessity 
to create a systemic view also appeared to be emphasized 
by the postwar period, as more and more mechanisms 
were implemented in it, and more concerns were raised 
regarding food security. In such a way, the work of  Davis 
laid the tone to consider agriculture as the system of  
values which are inter-related but not only a production 
sphere.
The system of  view is supported by the fact that 
technological innovations created by the Green 
Revolution led to a significant increase in the size of  
agricultural production in the middle of  the twentieth 
century. Extensive use of  mechanization, chemical 
fertilizer and improved types of  crops led to proximity 
of  farmers to input and output processing firms. Many 
scholars started considering agribusiness as a solution to 
the underdeveloped countries in order to modernize their 
sectors. The opponents of  this framing, on the other 
hand, existed. It has been questioned whether the broader 
impact of  agribusiness-led development was more 
problematic since their preoccupation with productivity 
and the maximization of  yield often came at the cost of  
social justice and environmental sustainability. Due to the 
process of  globalization and markets liberalization, the 
agribusiness term expanded by the end of  the century. 
The rise of  the multinational companies in the seed, 
fertilizer, and processing business identified the systemic 
power relations implicit in the agricultural systems. The 
academics believe agribusiness is best perceived in the 
government, trade and corporate power. This opinion 
identified the opportunities of  globally interlinked supply 
chains and its threats, including a stronger dependence, 
inequality, and concentration of  power.
Agribusiness is not viewed as a system comprised of  
independently operating parts any more due to the new 
research, but as a system centered around the value chain 
with the creation of  value going beyond the farm gate. 
The process of  coordinating and making money has 
ventured to the post-harvest processing, labeling and 
retailing. Indicatively, to take an example, in their article, 
Barrett et al. (2019) reveal that processors and producers 
tend to engage in contractual relations that affect the 
access of  farmers to markets and their livelihood. The 
shift contributes to the value of  relations and structures 
in shaping the outcome of  agribusiness, instead of  
concentrating on the mode of  individual production. At 
the same time, the contributions of  the contemporary 
opinions in this matter are the strength of  the agribusiness 
to provoke the changes in countryside and labor market. 
Akuriba et al. (2020) note that agriculture can be used to 
revive the rural economy since it generates employment 
and increases the number of  entrepreneurs. However, 
some other scholars also cautious that farmers who are 



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marginalized tend to be subject to institutional factors 
that make it difficult to exploit such opportunities, which 
only contributes to inequality. The conceptual history 
of  agribusiness, therefore, has had a two-track history 
comprising on the one hand agribusiness has been 
acclaimed as a systemic integration, modernization, and 
rural change agent; on the other hand, agribusiness has 
been scolded as an instrument of  inequality, corporate 
consolidation, and unequal growth.

Agribusiness As a Discipline
In the second half  of  the twentieth century, agribusiness 
came to mean more than an industrial concept, it 
became an academic discipline. The early programs in 
the Hungarian Royal Economics Academy and Harvard 
Business School had a solid agricultural economics 
and business management foundation (Hegyi, 2020). 
Agricultural business management, industry efficiency 
and relations formed significant focuses of  these 
study subjects. With the rise of  agribusiness as a social 
component, tertiary institutions had to change with a 
greater variety of  degree programs.
Sustainability, entrepreneurship, and rural development 
began to feature in education in agricultural sector in 
the first half  of  the 2000s. Bairwa et al. (2015) claim 
that agribusiness graduates can be more effective in 
overcoming joblessness and promoting the advancement 
of  the food system. A more interdisciplinary approach 
was created, which marked a departure of  narrow 
economic descriptions. By so doing, agribusiness 
programs were marketed as a means of  professional and 
personal development.
In spite of  such expansion, the agenda about the scale and 
direction of  agribusiness remains to be discussed. Both 
Weber (2017) and Hamilton (2016) caution that the focus 
on corporations poses a risk of  marginalizing the family 
farms and exacerbating the state of  inequality. It has been 
some time since agribusiness curricula have emphasized 
corporate globalization and competition and inadequately 
feature smallholder participation. Such fights demonstrate 
that the identity of  the field is disputable.
Conversely, later sources introduce agribusiness as a 
solution to the current issues. As it is mentioned by Muhll 
et al. (2024), it is a key to shaping food systems resistant 
to the consequences of  climate change and technological 
disruptions. Similarly, Mangarin and Almanzor (2024) 
emphasize the importance of  introducing agribusiness to 
Philippine higher education and attracts interest in how 
the latter can facilitate food security and entrepreneurial 
skills. On these lines of  thoughts agribusiness programs 
are adapting to the varying needs of  the world.
Agribusiness has a neutral position between activism and 
reproach. One party view it as a corporate dominance and 
neoliberal expansion instrument. On the other hand, it is 
sold as a way of  achieving a degree that would aid in food 
insecurity and sustainable development. This opposition 
underscores the reflective and the controversial nature of  
agribusiness scholarship.

Transformations Across the 20th and 21st Centuries
The twentieth century was marked by the industrial 
revolution, liberalization of  trade and mechanization. 
Green revolution was a turning point of  the ever-growing 
reliance on the international trade of  commodities and new 
technologies by the agribusiness industry. The revolution 
in agricultural production and the global food supply 
chains was achieved through chemical contributions, 
high-yield types of  crops and biotechnology. However, 
the distance between large farmers and small farmers was 
also increased during these changes (Alston & Pardey, 2020).
The industry underwent significant change towards the 
end of  the twentieth century through liberalization and 
vertical integration. The agribusiness enterprises got even 
more control when it came to supplying, processing, 
and retailing input. Although this integration did assist 
in streamlining, it also acted to centralize the corporate 
power. Critics claim that many smallholders were 
excluded in high-value marketplaces due to the quality 
requirements and other contractual obligations. These 
dynamics demonstrate both favorable and unfavorable 
things about agribusiness developments.
The new drivers of  the new era are sustainability, ethical 
sourcing and transparency. The digital inventions that 
transformed production and traceability technologies 
comprised precision agriculture, robotics, and the 
blockchain (Kaundinya, 2024). Even though these 
technologies can optimize resources and maximize 
productivity, there are also key ethical concerns raised 
with regards to ownership of  data and the autonomy 
of  farmers. Therefore, technical advancement remains a 
good as well as an evil power.
It has shifted focus on the issues of  the environment. 
It is not merely the benefits of  agribusiness that the 
present century represents in the framework of  climate 
change and resource efficiency rather than the previous 
century where the focus was on production with no 
regard to the ecological (Dimitri and Effland, 2020). The 
discussion is now dominated by green efforts, alternative 
sources of  energy and ideas of  the circular economy. It 
is argued, however, that sustainability initiatives driven 
by corporations often focus on branding, instead of  the 
implementation of  change.
This difference in dynamics is presented through case 
studies. Genetically modified (GM) soy beans led to 
the overall productivity of  Argentina but also left the 
nation more susceptible to the environmental factors 
(Leguizamón, 2016). Agrarian Restructuring (2022) cites 
that transgenic crop in Paraguay has transformed the 
ownership and control of  land by corporations. The ones 
shown here emphasize that agriculture is the cause of  the 
growth in productivity as well as the increase in income 
gaps. That way, the disputes in the field are reflections of  
greater social problems regarding development, justice, 
and long life.

Reframing the Meaning of  Agribusiness
Modern research has broadened the classical systemic 



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definition of  agribusiness to incorporate such concepts 
like sustainability, value chains, and entrepreneurship 
(Bairwa et al., 2014). Increasingly, scholars also view it, 
not as a fixed system of  production, but as a multi-actor 
network that is dynamic. The development of  food 
systems as the more closely interrelated with ecological, 
socioeconomic, and political processes follows.
Other writers view agribusiness in terms of  a neoliberal 
agro-industrial complex that is dominated by corporations. 
Hamilton (2016) and Ioris (2016) claim that agribusiness 
is being a means of  exclusion because of  corporate 
integration and globalization. They highlight the issue that 
small-scale farmers are often marginalized and inequality 
is sanctified through policies concerned with liberalization 
and export orientation. This perspective does not regard 
agribusiness as a neutral economic system, but as a place 
of  power politics.
Instead, the developmental paradigms focus on the 
ways agribusiness can drive industrialization, create job 
markets, and enhance growth to be inclusive (Sharma & 
Bhatt, n.d.; Yakovlev & Stepanova, 2020). These scholars 
believe that agribusiness can transform the rural regions 
and establish food security when appropriate policies are 
established. This view is particularly popular in the Global 
South, where agriculture is linked with the reduction of  
the poor and employment of  the youth.
Institutional and educational rethinking bring into the 
discussion a lot more. As an example, Mangarin and 
Almanzor (2024) state that integrating agriculture in 
universities fosters entrepreneurship and contributes to 
the safety of  food. As per such perceptions agribusiness 
cannot be noticed as a mere field in the economy, but 
rather as an instrument of  development. In order to 
reach a happy medium, Romero Vargas et al. (2020) 
propose to consider agribusiness as a system of  dynamics 
that combines production, innovation, and stakeholder 
participation.
The combined result of  such reframing is the 
demonstration of  the adaptability of  agribusiness. It is 
exploitative and exclusive to some people and proponents 
argue that it can teach tolerance and strength as well. The 
case puts emphasis on the fact that the diverse nature 
of  perspectives on development, sustainability, and 
social justice is the one that constructs the identity of  
agribusiness, and not a fixed concept.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
To provide a comprehensive synthesis of  the evolution 
of  the concept, discipline and application of  agribusiness, 
a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was utilized in this 
research. The most important academic databases that 
have been used in the search process of  the relevant peer-
reviewed journal articles, policy papers, and institutional 
reports of  the living research published during 2015-
2024 refer to Scopus, Web of  Science, Google Scholar. 
To bank in the modern industry and policy views, other 
viable online and organizational articles were reviewed. 
The search terms were the following: rural development, 

globalization, agribusiness, agricultural economics, 
sustainability, food systems, and digital agriculture.
To be included, the sources were supposed to talk about 
agricultural aspects in a systemic, socioeconomic or 
institutional context. Studies which had not involved 
such a thorough theoretical framework that explored the 
problems other than the production methods or technical 
features were not taken into account. To aid historical 
mapping and comparative interpreting in different 
geographies, the end body of  literature has been grouped 
into four topics clusters which include beginnings of  the 
idea, agribusiness as a scholar, changes in the twentieth 
and twenty-first century, and modern re-frames.
The methodological rigor, intellectual contribution, and 
the relevance to the development of  agribusiness were 
given consideration on each of  the selected sources. In 
order to locate emerging paradigms, unsolved problems 
and convergent trends, thematic analysis was conducted. 
An examination of  regional case studies particularly 
in the Southeast Asia region showed development 
paths and situational ways. New topics such as digital 
transformation, climate adjustment, sustainability, and 
governance in global value chains were also given more 
attention.
Because the focus of  the review has been placed on 
English-language and sources available in databases, there 
is a possibility that some valuable non-English or region-
specific contributions are ignored. Nonetheless, the 
narrative strategy gave a balanced and critical synthesis as 
it offered an integrative approach of  how agriculture as 
a production-based industry was converted to a globally 
based, digitally connected and sustainability-based 
organization.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A shift towards production-based classic approaches to 
technology-centric, sustainability-based, value-integrated 
systems this is the general direction in agriculture as 
the literature review suggests. Agribusiness seems to 
be a result of  the trend towards equating agricultural 
production to the level of  technology and more 
environmentally-friendly management techniques. Digital 
and organizational connectedness over decades has 
enabled agribusiness to turn into the state of  a supply 
chain as their live, breathing ecosystem, which unites 
producers, processors, retailers, and even consumers. 
The outcomes demonstrate that automation, precision 
farming, and blockchain traceability are only some of  the 
examples of  how the latest innovation is improving market 
efficiency, transparency, and production throughout the 
whole world. The digital transformation has emerged as a 
major competitive distinction by enhancing the resource 
optimization, demand forecasting, and supply chain 
connectivity. There are other issues that the research is also 
raising. These are, among others, the fact that rural areas 
have poor infrastructure, that traditional producers may 
be marginalized and that smallholders may be unexposed 
in terms of  access to technology. Although digitization 



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makes the work more efficient than it was previously, 
these findings demonstrate that equal development can 
still need digital literacy and participatory governance.
Agribusiness education and research have changed as well 
as the transformations that have occurred in the industrial 
sector. It is now common in schools to feature courses 
that unite disciplines like sustainability, entrepreneurship 
and economics. The change is an indication of  increased 
consciousness of  agribusiness as a system which has effects 
on society and environment other than the economy. The 
practitioners of  the future will be equipped to deal with 
the complex and globalized agricultural environment 
with skills taught on the modern programs which put 
more emphasis on climate adaptation, innovation and 
ethical management. As per regional investigations, 
local institutional and economic environments influence 
the growth of  agribusiness. The focus of  emerging 
economies is on inclusive development, creation of  jobs 
and community-based entrepreneurship as opposed to 
corporate integration, technical innovation and market 
sophistication that are prevalent in the developed 
world. Provided that the education, infrastructure and 
governance structures existing in the emerging countries 
are able to match the needs of  the industry, then the 
sector can assist in reducing poverty, and empowering 
the rural regions. Agribusiness has a characteristic 
feature of  a focus on sustainability. The environmental 
and social issues help to shift to the strategic direction 
of  regenerative methods, resource effectiveness, and the 
idea of  a circular economy. In order to bring a balance 
between profitability and environmental friendliness, 
most corporations are integrating sustainability into their 
business strategies. On the contrary, the study cautions 
against hollow sustainability assertions that emphasize on 
sign recognition as opposed to change. Agribusiness needs 
to be balanced with economic growth, environmental 
restoration and social inclusion so as to succeed in future.
The research claims that there is a structural and 
ideological revolution taking place in Agribusiness. Going 
digital, sustaining innovation, and creating systemic 
reliance among stakeholders are becoming more eminent 
characteristics. It is important to note, though, that 
in order to be successful, new technology and ethical 
standards will have to be implemented with a cultural 
flexibility, governmental support, and ready institutions. 
The fact that the industry development contributes 
to profitability and resilience, equity in the global food 
system is instrumental in guaranteeing the long-term value 
of  the modern agribusiness. It can be done only through 
the equilibrium between the technological progress and 
human ingenuity, all-encompassing engagement, and wise 
management.

CONCLUSION
Due to globalization and digitization, agribusiness 
ceases to be a systemic concept that is becoming more 
of  a discipline. Although throughout the history of  
developing the discipline, the emphasis has been on 

critique and advocacy, the origins in the area of  technology 
modernization and the systematic integration remain 
obvious. Transformations that took place at the beginning 
of  the twentieth and twenty-first centuries show that the 
emphasis shifted to digitalization and sustainability rather 
than on liberalization and productivity. Scholars agree 
that agriculture is important, however they do not agree 
on the impact of  the industry in the society. It may be 
understood as the driver of  innovation, sustainability and 
a competitive edge but the corporates would view it as 
an instrument to increase their corporate influence once 
more at the expense of  the masses. It is the plurality of  
agribusiness that reveals the changing and unequal nature.
The versatility of  the concept is brought forward through 
reframing. Agribusiness remains a crucial topic in the 
discourse of  food, society, and the environment whether 
considered as a neoliberal complex or a developmental tool 
or a system of  education. It is constantly shifting in terms 
of  its identity depending on various conceptualizations 
of  the notions of  development, equity, and ecology. The 
bioeconomy and circular agriculture are future models 
that can be used to strike a balance between efficiency 
and inclusion. However, they depend on a governmental 
system, which tries to abolish exclusion and encourages 
the equal opportunity in order to be effective. To ensure 
the field’s future, it is critical that it strike the right 
balance between technical innovation, social justice, and 
ecological stewardship.
Ultimately, agribusiness is not only a system of  
Economics, it is a highly contested zone where all the 
issues of  the environment, social and economic issues 
collide. The direction of  its course will define the 
future of  agricultural production and the 21st-century 
global endeavors towards achieving sustainable and fair 
development.

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