Article 262.indd Pa ge 1 Pa ge 43 American Journal of Economics and Business Innovation (AJEBI) Multi-Stakeholder Analysis on Tourism Development in Zambales, Philippines Emelita T. Madrid1* Volume 3 Issue 2, Year 2024 ISSN: 2831-5588 (Online), 2832-4862 (Print) DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajebi.v3i2.262 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajebi Article Information ABSTRACT Received: March 10, 2024 Accepted: April 15, 2024 Published: May 08, 2024 This paper outlined the fi ndings from an empirical investigation to ascertain the differences on the extent of tourism development along with PESTLE factor and how tourism should be sustainably developed as analyzed and perceived by three groups of stakeholders in Zambales: Local Government Unit, Selected Resort Management/customers service offi ce and customers. Based from the fi ndings, the researcher concluded that the three groups of stakeholders such as; Local government unit, management/customer service offi ce and customers/guests, had important contribution for the sustainable tourism development in the province of Zambales. The results of this study provide a better understanding of the perceptions held by tourism stakeholders towards the current state of the tourism industry and how it could be developed holistically. The tourism development in Zambales described as high extent as to political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, legal and environmental factor. The results concluded that tourism development could signifi cantly contribute to economic growth in the province of Zambales through creating new business opportunities to improve standard of living of the community by providing employment. In this regard, in order to improve the current situation of tourism industry, Strategic Development Plan for Sustainable Tourism is proposed. Provincial government of Zambales must design and formulate programs to integrate tourism requirements into all levels of local government unit and would have to take a visionary local government offi cial who has the grit to literally fi ght for a well-defi ned and managed tourism industry because it is a chance for municipalities to move up through the help of tourism, yet it requires the cooperation or input of every social and institutional organization such as stakeholders. Therefore, planning for the development of tourism based on sustainable economic development, growth and prosperity of local communities can be effective. Keywords Analysis, Multi-Stakeholder, Sustainable Tourism, Tourism Development 1 Ramon Magsaysay State University, Masinloc, Zambales & University of Luzon, Dagupan City, Pangasinan, Philippines * Corresponding author’s e-mail: emy.madrid0725@gmail.com INTRODUCTION Tourism development is considered as important and essential element to reduce poverty and immigration, social welfare, maintaining the characteristics of traditional culture, traditional structure preservation, cultural communication, preserving natural and cultural resources, strengthening the national pride and creating more job opportunities in the agricultural and livestock activities in rural and remote areas (Ghaderi, 2004). According to M. Alejandria-Gonzalez Philippine National Tourism Development Plan for the period of 2011–2016, the sector of Cultural and Heritage Tourism was highlighted as an identifi ed sector for development. As stated in the report, one of the key goals of the Department is to “develop uniquely Filipino destinations and products” (Department of Tourism, 2011). This goal could be related to the concept of destination branding wherein a tourist destination markets itself using a particular theme that represents the products available in the region. Tourism plays a large role in the economy of Zambales. Local and foreign tourist fl ock its many beaches creating many job opportunities and contributing to the economy. This study explores the status of Zambales Tourism Development and assesses the challenges and orientations that pervade in its practice which could be developed to attain the sustainable tourism developmental goals stated in the Department of Tourism (DOT) through political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, legal and environmental factors as analyzed by multi-stakeholders such as local government unit in all municipalities, selected resort management and customers. Tourism development has signifi cant contribution to the economy as a whole which is broad and deep because it is both labor and capital intensive. It promotes skills and vocational development that can be exported, and it promotes a ‘culture of tourism’ through a safer and cleaner environment that benefi ts not only tourists but the entire community as well. It also promotes and creates strong peripheral benefi ts to other economic sectors. LITERATURE REVIEW Theory of Development Theories of development and their defi nitions have changed over time. Until recently they predominantly followed Euro-American models of ‘development’ and were focused on economy. The theories assumed that ‘developed’ nation’s value standards were superior to those of ‘the developing nations. From the 1960’s, the tourism industry was, and still is, seen as an effective developmental growth-pole, and tourism has been used by many countries to improve their economic development, (Telfer & Sharpley, 2008). However, the processes that produce this development in tourism are Pa ge 44 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajebi Am. J. Econ. Bus. Innov. 3(2) 43-53, 2024 affected by economic, socio-cultural and political forces. This essay uses dominant theories and frameworks of development, Modernization, Dependency, Neo- liberalism and Alternative Development. It will suggest that tourism has evolved within a trajectory of these dominant development theories and it maps the conceptual changes from development predominantly concerned with economic growth and inequality to those concerned about social, human and environmental issues. Tourism also has infl uences on the environment and its components, both positive and negative, and tourists must learn to protect the environment. At the same time, it acts in the direction of enhancing ties between nations, knowing people and peoples and helping maintain peace in the world, (Sofronov, B. 2018) Stakeholder Theory The concept of the “stakeholder” was pioneered by Freeman (1984), who identifi ed a stakeholder as “any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organization’s objectives”. Carroll (1993) expanded the defi nition of stakeholders based on Freeman’s concept as being “stakeholders are those groups or individuals with whom the organization interacts, and can affect or is affected by any actions, decisions, policies, practice or goals of the organization”. Later in 1995, Donaldson and Preston (1995) refi ned this defi nition; they proposed that as a stakeholder, the group or individual must have a legitimate interest in the organization. They also indicated that all stakeholders do no need to participate equally in the decision-making process, but all of their interests should be identifi ed and understood. Generally, the fundamental idea of the theory is that the organization should consider all the interests identifi ed by their stakeholders, and increase various stakeholders’ involvement. From the early contributions of tourism planners, the concept of ‘stakeholders’ has become more important in tourism (Aas et al. 2005; Currie et al. 2009). The organizational structure of a destination is perceived as a network of interdependent and multiple stakeholders (Cooper et al. 2009; d’Angella & Go 2009) on which the quality of the experience and hospitality offered by the destination depends (Hawkins & Bohdanowicz 2011; March & Wilkinson 2009). Stakeholder collaboration represents a widely accepted approach to solving the problems associated with a lack of understanding and few shared common goals between the many stakeholders often involved in the development of tourism (Fyall & Garrod 2005; Ladkin & Bertramini 2002). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study utilized the descriptive research design with questionnaires as the main instrument in measuring the extent of tourism development in Zambales through a multi-stakeholder approach focusing on the PESTLE strategic factors with the end in view of developing of a strategic sustainable provincial tourism plan. The descriptive research design describes, analyzes and interprets gathered data from various stakeholders such as: Local Government offi cials, Management staff and customers regarding the Political, Economic, Socio- cultural, Technological, Legal and Environmental factors that infl uence the operation of beach resorts. According to Eugene and Lynn (2017) using descriptive research designs will help provide answers to the questions of who, what, when, where and how associated with a particular research problem; a descriptive study cannot conclusively ascertain answers to why. Specifi cally, the survey type of descriptive study was employed. Further, comparative analysis was also resorted to. For the purpose of triangulation, the researcher conducted interviews and observations with the respondents as regards their responses relative to tourism development as well as success and limiting factors which are identifi ed with their perceived extent signifi cant in the conduct of the study. Frequency, percentage and weighted mean, analysis of variance, (ANOVA) were utilized as the statistical tools in analyzing the data. Mathematical Expressions and Symbols X=%/100 F=1/T w = W= (∑wx)/(∑w) F=MST/MSE MST=SST/(P-1) MSE=SSE/(N-P) SSE=∑ (n-1) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Extent of Tourism Development in Zambales Through a Multi-Stakeholder Analysis along the Following Factors Political The extent of tourism development through the analysis of three groups of stakeholders as to political factor, out of 15 indicators the overall weighted mean 3.95 with qualitative description of high extent as perceived by local government unit. An overall weighted mean of 3.98, with qualitative description of high extent as perceived and analyzed by selected resort management and customer service offi ce. As to political factors on the part of customers/guests with the overall weighted mean of 3.80 and qualitative description of high extent. Table 1: Extent of Tourism Development Perceived by the Three Groups of Stakeholders in Zambales as to Political Factor Political Factor Local Government Unit (N=130) Resort Management (N=130) Resort Customers (N=65) M DE Rank M DE Rank M DE Rank Proper waste disposal is encouraged. 4.27 Very High Extent 1 4.21 Very high Extent 1 3.91 High Extent 3 Pa ge 45 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajebi Am. J. Econ. Bus. Innov. 3(2) 43-53, 2024 Economic As to extent of tourism development through local government unit, the overall weighted mean of 3.83 with qualitative description of high extent as to economic factor, for management and customer service offi ce, the overall weighted mean of 3.81 high extent of qualitative description, as to customers/guests the overall weighted mean of 3.91 with qualitative description of high extent. Provides infrastructure and transportation facilities for tourism development 3.65 High Extent 15 3.91 High Extent 10 3.69 High Extent 13 The municipal leadership, despite limited funds prioritize the tourism sector as an additional means of income. 3.97 High Extent 7 4.05 High Extent 5 3.82 High Extent 6.5 Local government imposes high and strict standards for seeking permits for operation. 4.19 High Extent 2 4.19 High Extent 2 4.12 High Extent 1 Demonstrate political will to control leftist or rightist groups in the collection of revolutionary taxes. 3.83 High Extent 12 3.87 High Extent 13 3.82 High Extent 6.5 Political local leaders have a united vision for tourism development. 3.95 High Extent 8 3.88 High Extent 12 3.71 High Extent 11 Promotes awareness on the importance of tourism 4.02 High Extent 4 4.07 High Extent 4 3.92 High Extent 2 Local and national political leaders provide strong support 4.01 High Extent 5 3.84 High Extent 15 3.74 High Extent 10 Raises awareness on the concepts of tourism development among new generation. 4.04 High Extent 3 3.90 High Extent 11 3.85 High Extent 4.5 Demonstrates political will in support to the growth and development of the tourism resort industry 3.99 High Extent 6 3.87 High Extent 14 3.65 High Extent 14 Local Government strictly imposes legal orders and policies that safeguard the interest of the tourism resort industry 3.92 High Extent 10 3.95 High Extent 9 3.85 High Extent 4.5 Local and Regional Government administer sustainable legislation 3.92 High Extent 9 3.98 High Extent 8 3.63 High Extent 15 Ensures implementation of code of conduct to guarantee sustainable tourism 3.80 High Extent 14 3.98 High Extent 7 3.75 High Extent 9 Local government earns income for community through tourism development activities 3.81 High Extent 13 4.07 High Extent 3 3.78 High Extent 8 Encourages consultation between government, tourism resort industry and local residents. 3.90 High Extent 11 4.02 High Extent 6 3.71 High Extent 12 Overall Weighted Mean 3.95 High Extent 3.98 High Extent 3.80 High Extent Legend: Scale Statistical Limit Qualitative Description 5 4.21-5.00 Very high Extent 4 3.41-4.20 High Extent 3 2.61-3.40 Moderate Extent 2 1.81-2.60 Low Extent 1 1.00-1.80 Very Low Extent Table 2: Extent of Tourism Development Perceived by the Three Groups of Stakeholders in Zambales as to Economic Factor Economic Factor Local Government Unit (N=130) Resort Management (N=130) Resort Customers (N=65) M DE Rank M DE Rank M DE Rank Contributes to income and improves standard of living of the community. 3.94 High Extent 5 4.06 High Extent 1 3.85 High Extent 6 Pa ge 46 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajebi Am. 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Innov. 3(2) 43-53, 2024 Increases employment opportunities 3.98 High Extent 4 4.03 High Extent 2 3.86 High Extent 4 Creates new business opportunities to the community. 4.08 High Extent 1 3.96 High Extent 7 3.86 High Extent 5 Improves public utilities infrastructure. 3.83 High Extent 8 3.89 High Extent 9 3.83 High Extent 7.5 Provides more investment opportunities. 3.84 High Extent 6 3.87 High Extent 10 3.83 High Extent 9 Increases opportunities for shopping. 3.63 High Extent 13 3.59 High Extent 15 3.58 High Extent 15 Improves local economy by increasing tax revenues. 3.84 High Extent 7 3.81 High Extent 14 3.62 High Extent 14 Contributes to the development of society regionally and nationally through partnership and close cooperation with relevant authorities. 3.83 High Extent 9 3.98 High Extent 5 3.88 High Extent 3 Tourism income contributes in large multiplicity in areas of the national economy. 3.65 High Extent 12 3.99 High Extent 4 4.02 High Extent 2 Increases cost of living as price of goods and services increase. 3.62 High Extent 14 3.85 High Extent 12 3.72 High Extent 13 Tourism jobs increase in line with the high requirement of the society 3.76 High Extent 10 3.86 High Extent 11 3.83 High Extent 7.5 Increases potential investors. (foreign and local) 3.74 High Extent 11 3.94 High Extent 8 3.74 High Extent 11.5 Increases price of land for housing. 3.62 High Extent 15 3.82 High Extent 13 3.77 High Extent 10 Encourages partnership and balanced relationship among resort industry and local residents toward sustainable development of tourism. 3.98 High Extent 3 3.97 High Extent 6 3.74 High Extent 11.5 Tourism provides recreation as additional source of income 4.06 High Extent 2 4.00 High Extent 3 4.03 High Extent 1 Overall Weighted Mean 3.83 High Extent 3.91 High Extent 3.81 High Extent Socio- Cultural As to socio-cultural factor, the extent of tourism development, the overall weighted mean of 3.91 with the qualitative description of high extent as analyzed and perceived by the local government unit, the overall weighted mean of 3.78 with qualitative description of high extent as to selected management, the overall weighted mean of 3.99 with qualitative description of high extent as perceived and analyzed by customers/guests. Table 3: Extent of Tourism Development Perceived by the Three Groups of Stakeholders in Zambales as to Socio- Cultural Factor Socio-Cultural Factor Local Government Unit (N=130) Resort Management (N=130) Resort Customers (N=65) M DE Rank M DE Rank M DE Rank Meeting resort tourist is valuable experience 4.05 High Extent 3 4.07 High Extent 1 3.95 High Extent 1 Promotes cultural appreciation and understanding 3.95 High Extent 7 4.05 High Extent 3 3.94 High Extent 2 Provides opportunity to move away from the hustle and noise of modern life to enjoy the beauty and purity of nature 4.02 High Extent 6 4.06 High Extent 2 3.92 High Extent 3 Pa ge 47 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajebi Am. J. Econ. Bus. Innov. 3(2) 43-53, 2024 Promotes quality of life for local residents 3.85 High Extent 10 4.00 High Extent 6 3.91 High Extent 5 Visible equitable distribution of the benefi ts of its growth 3.83 High Extent 11 3.96 High Extent 13 3.72 High Extent 10.5 Visits places for the purpose of enjoying, studying, contemplating the natural, heritage and cultural environment. 4.02 High Extent 5 3.99 High Extent 7 3.92 High Extent 4 Promotes Filipino values to the hearts and mind of the children. 4.08 High Extent 2 4.03 High Extent 5 3.88 High Extent 6 Gives more opportunity to absorb positive foreign cultural values. 3.81 High Extent 13 3.98 High Extent 8 3.85 High Extent 7 Changes social status as infl uenced by other culture. 3.52 High Extent 15 3.96 High Extent 12 3.72 High Extent 10.5 Preserves the social identity of the Filipino people that tourism could adversely affect. 3.82 High Extent 12 4.04 High Extent 4 3.77 High Extent 8 Enriches and promotes our socio-cultural heritage as Ati-atihan. 3.77 High Extent 14 3.83 High Extent 15 3.48 High Extent 15 Readiness and acceptance of the people for social change brought by tourism development. 3.85 High Extent 9 3.96 High Extent 11 3.66 High Extent 13 Traditional culture preserves and handles carefully. 4.03 High Extent 4 3.98 High Extent 9 3.60 High Extent 14 Promotes awareness towards the preservation of cultural heritage and traditions 4.08 High Extent 1 3.94 High Extent 14 3.71 High Extent 12 Contributes to change in value system, individual behavior, family relationship and life style. 3.95 High Extent 8 3.98 High Extent 10 3.74 High Extent 9 Overall Weighted Mean 3.91 High Extent 3.99 High Extent 3.78 High Extent Technological The extent of tourism development through the analysis of three groups of stakeholders as to technological factor, out of 15 indicators the overall weighted mean 3.82 with qualitative description of high extent as perceived by local government unit. An overall weighted mean of 4.03, with qualitative description of high extent as perceived and analyzed by selected resort management and customer service offi ce. As to technological factors on the part of customers/ guests the overall weighted mean of 3.75 with qualitative description of high extent. Table 4: Extent of Tourism Development Perceived by the Three Groups of Stakeholders in Zambales as to Technological Factor Technological Factor Local Government Unit (N=130) Resort Management (N=130) Resort Customers (N=65) M DE Rank M DE Rank M DE Rank Provision of high-tech equipment, facilities and amenities in resort areas. 3.72 High Extent 14 3.88 High Extent 15 3.69 High Extent 11 Using automation process in inquiry reservation and payment of bills. 3.74 High Extent 13 3.90 High Extent 13 3.57 High Extent 15 Available use of good banking and transportation technology 3.78 High Extent 10 4.00 High Extent 10 3.80 High Extent 5 Provision of portable communication system such as internet access. 3.95 High Extent 1 4.11 High Extent 5 3.75 High Extent 7 Provides modern safety equipment for swimming. 3.65 High Extent 15 3.94 High Extent 11 3.62 High Extent 13 Visible Improvement of services and amenities. 3.86 High Extent 6 4.05 High Extent 7 3.72 High Extent 9.5 Pa ge 48 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajebi Am. 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Innov. 3(2) 43-53, 2024 Allows traveler and tourist to communicate with any travel entity and destination. 3.93 High Extent 3.5 4.06 High Extent 6 3.63 High Extent 12 Creates great deal of convenience 3.84 High Extent 7 3.89 High Extent 14 3.72 High Extent 9.5 Uses advanced technology that supports the development of business tourism. 3.79 High Extent 8 3.91 High Extent 12 3.60 High Extent 14 Access the tourism resort area through website. 3.92 High Extent 5 4.04 High Extent 8 3.89 High Extent 3 Computer systems allow communication between client’s chains with multiple locations to connect easier. 3.75 High Extent 12 4.15 High Extent 2 3.82 High Extent 4 Speeds up operations and makes the traveling process much more enjoyable and effi cient. 3.77 High Extent 11 4.02 High Extent 9 3.78 High Extent 6 Customers, community and businesses benefi t from improved communication, reservations, and guest service systems. 3.79 High Extent 9 4.12 High Extent 4 3.95 High Extent 2 Provision of up-to-date technology to ensure the security of the customers and community such as CCTV. 3.93 High Extent 3.5 4.14 High Extent 3 3.75 High Extent 8 Provision of effi cient front desk services to streamline the check-in and check-out process. 3.94 High Extent 2 4.19 High Extent 1 3.97 High Extent 1 Overall Weighted Mean 3.82 High Extent 4.03 High Extent 3.75 High Extent Legal As to socio-cultural factor, the extent of tourism development, as perceived and analyzed by local government unit the overall weighted mean of 4.16 with the qualitative description of high extent, the overall weighted mean of 4.16 with qualitative description of high extent as to selected management, the overall weighted mean of 3.94 with qualitative description of high extent as perceived and analyzed by customers/guests. Table 5: Extent of Tourism Development Perceived by the Three Groups of Stakeholders in Zambales as to Legal Factor Legal Factor Local Government Unit (N=130) Resort Management (N=130) Resort Customers (N=65) M DE Rank M DE Rank M DE Rank Imposes g high and strict standards for seeking permits for operation. 4.21 Very high Extent 5 4.04 High Extent 15 4.03 High Extent 3 Strongly discourages mal-practice of “lagay or padulas System” in seeking permits to the local offi cials. 4.14 High Extent 11 4.13 High Extent 11 4.03 High Extent 4 Imposes legal orders and policies that safeguard the interest of the industry. 3.97 High Extent 15 4.21 Very High Extent 5 3.97 High Extent 6 Ensures implementation of code of conduct to guarantee sustainable tourism 4.10 High Extent 13 4.08 High Extent 13 3.83 High Extent 13 Monitors legal policies continuously. 4.17 High Extent 8 4.15 High Extent 9 3.82 High Extent 14 Observes rules and regulation such as proper sanitation. 4.23 High Extent 4 4.22 Very High Extent 3.5 3.92 High Extent 7 Provides secure facilities in accordance to legal order. 4.04 High Extent 14 4.27 Very High Extent 1 3.92 High Extent 8 Pa ge 49 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajebi Am. 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Innov. 3(2) 43-53, 2024 Provides and maintains PWD and SC priority lane 4.17 High Extent 8 4.18 High Extent 7 4.02 High Extent 5 Provides and maintains emergency signages 4.17 High Extent 8 4.12 High Extent 12 3.91 High Extent 10 Observes non-discrimination law, considering the LGBTQ+ 4.12 High Extent 12 4.07 High Extent 14 4.12 High Extent 1 Consistently provides information and services for the clients. 4.19 High Extent 6 4.19 High Extent 6 4.05 High Extent 2 Visible fi re extinguisher, sprinkler and smoke detector installed in every corners of the building 4.16 High Extent 10 4.15 High Extent 10 3.77 High Extent 15 Information published in promotion materials are all certifi ed true. 4.28 Very high Extent 1 4.26 Very High Extent 2 3.88 High Extent 11 Observes privacy and confi dentiality 4.24 Very high Extent 3 4.22 Very High Extent 3.5 3.91 High Extent 9 Sets standards and regulation to ensure quality service of tourism in Zambales 4.25 Very high Extent 2 4.18 High Extent 8 3.86 High Extent 12 Overall Weighted Mean 4.16 High Extent 4.16 High Extent 3.94 High Extent Environmental As environmental factors, the local government unit perceived and analyzed, out of 15 indicators the overall weighted mean of 4.13 with the qualitative description of high extent, through selected resort management and customer service offi ce the extent of tourism development, the overall weighted mean of 4.11 with high extent qualitative description, the overall weighted mean of 3.79, high extent qualitative description as perceived and analyzed by selected customers/guest. Table 6: Extent of Tourism Development Perceived by the Three Groups of Stakeholders in Zambales as to Environmental Factor Environmental Factor Local Government Unit (N=130) Resort Management (N=130) Resort Customers (N=65) M DE Rank M DE Rank M DE Rank Public facilities are well maintained. 4.05 High Extent 14.5 4.15 High Extent 4 3.88 High Extent 4 Waste production is kept minimal. 4.06 High Extent 11.5 4.14 High Extent 6 3.83 High Extent 7 Preserves the natural environment 4.17 High Extent 6 4.20 Very High Extent 1 4.00 High Extent 1 Attractions are well-managed to maintain their natural state 4.06 High Extent 11.5 4.05 High Extent 14 3.68 High Extent 13 Saves rare and precious resources, in particular water and energy. 4.07 High Extent 10 4.09 High Extent 12 3.65 High Extent 14 Designs infrastructure and programs tourism activities to protect the natural heritage 4.05 High Extent 14.5 4.08 High Extent 13 3.69 High Extent 12 Provides safe and relaxing environment that pleases all the incoming guests. 4.20 Very High Extent 4 4.12 High Extent 7.5 3.91 High Extent 3 Post safety precaution for natural occurrences or phenomena like fl oods and earthquake. 4.26 Very High Extent 1 3.88 High Extent 15 3.72 High Extent 10 Pa ge 50 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajebi Am. 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Innov. 3(2) 43-53, 2024 Protects natural tourist attractions like beaches and other cultural activities from pollution. 4.20 Very High Extent 5 4.12 High Extent 9 3.80 High Extent 9 Promotes and provides environmentally friendly locations. 4.12 High Extent 8 4.18 High Extent 2 3.94 High Extent 2 Protects and preserves areas of high habitat value for future generation 4.06 High Extent 13 4.12 High Extent 10 3.80 High Extent 8 Strengthens respect for natural areas and historic places 4.22 Very High Extent 2 4.15 High Extent 5 3.83 High Extent 6 Provides orientation on proper waste disposal 4.16 High Extent 7 4.12 High Extent 7.5 3.54 High Extent 15 Demonstrates awareness of the global policies or initiatives taken by various organizations to reduce environmental pollution 4.08 High Extent 9 4.09 High Extent 11 3.72 High Extent 11 Provides good quality and adequate of water 4.22 Very High Extent 3 4.16 High Extent 3 3.85 High Extent 5 Overall Weighted Mean 4.13 High Extent 4.11 High Extent 3.79 High Extent Table 7: Summary Result of the Extent of Tourism Development in Zambales as perceived by Three Groups of Stakeholders along with PESTLE Strategic Factors Factors Local Government Unit (N=130) Resort Management (N=130) Resort Customers (N=65) Overall weighted Mean M M M Political 3.95 3.98 3.8 3.91 Economic 3.83 3.91 3.81 3.85 Socio-Cultural 3.91 3.99 3.78 3.89 Technological 3.82 4.03 3.75 3.87 Legal 4.16 4.16 3.94 4.09 Environmental 4.13 4.11 3.79 4.01 Overall weighted Mean 3.97 4.03 3.81 3.94 Signifi cant Difference Exists on the Extent of Tourism Development in Zambales Based on the Analysis of Different Stakeholders As a result on difference along the PESTLE factors between three different stakeholder groups about tourism development in the province of Zambales, the fi ndings of the study indicated that the fi ve of the six factors namely political, socio-cultural, technological, legal and environmental factor, thus, there were statistically signifi cant differences at signifi cance level of 0.00 in the analysis on tourism development between stakeholder groups studied, this means that the measurable difference between the groups and the probability of obtaining that difference by chance is very small so the null hypothesis is rejected. While economic, one of the PESTLE factors indicated that there is no signifi cant difference at signifi cance level of 0.11, the null hypothesis is accepted, this means that analysis of three groups of stakeholders as to economic was vitally important especially when it comes to tourism provides recreation as additional source of income by creating new business to increases employment opportunities to the community. Table 8: Signifi cance of Difference on the Extent of Tourism Development in Zambales as to PESTLE Factors by the different sectors Political Source of Variation Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Interpretation Between Groups 0.30 2.00 0.15 8.60 0.00 Ho is rejected Signifi cantWithin Groups 0.74 42.00 0.02 Total 1.04 44.00 Pa ge 51 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajebi Am. J. Econ. Bus. Innov. 3(2) 43-53, 2024 Economic Source of Variation Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Interpretation Between Groups 0.08 2.00 0.04 2.35 0.11 Ho is accepted Not Signifi cantWithin Groups 0.75 42.00 0.02 Total 0.83 44.00 Socio-Cultural Source of Variation Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Interpretation Between Groups 0.32 2.00 0.16 10.33 0.00 Ho is rejected Signifi cantWithin Groups 0.65 42.00 0.02 Total 0.97 44.00 Technological Source of Variation Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Interpretation Between Groups 0.60 2.00 0.30 26.11 0.00 Ho is rejected Signifi cantWithin Groups 0.48 42.00 0.01 Total 1.08 44.00 Legal Source of Variation Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Interpretation Between Groups 0.52 2.00 0.26 36.80 0.00 Ho is rejected Signifi cantWithin Groups 0.30 42.00 0.01 Total 0.81 44.00 Environmental Source of Variation Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Interpretation Between Groups 1.11 2.00 0.56 63.46 0.00 Ho is rejected Signifi cantWithin Groups 0.37 42.00 0.01 Total 1.48 44.00 Political Factors The analysis of variance on the difference in the extent of tourism development in Zambales based on the Analysis of Different stakeholders as to political factors. Shows that the sum of square between-group variability (0.30) against within- group variability (0.74) with the degree of freedom between the group (2.00) within the group (42.00) a total of 44.00, mean square between group 0.15 within group (0.02), frequency of 8.60 at 0.00 level of signifi cance, therefore the null hypothesis is rejected, this means that there is signifi cant difference exist in the perception of three groups of stakeholder as to extent of tourism development as to political factors. Economic Factors Analysis of variance on the difference in the extent of tourism development in Zambales based on the Analysis of Different stakeholders as to economic factors. Shows that the sum of square between-group variability (0.08) against within- group variability (0.75) with the degree of freedom between the group (2.00) within the group (42.00) a total of 44.00, mean square between group 0.04 within group (0.02), frequency of 2.35 at 0.11 level of signifi cance, therefore the null hypothesis is accepted, this means that there is no signifi cant difference exist in the perception of three groups of stakeholder as to extent of tourism development as to economic factors. Socio-Cultural Factors Analysis of variance on the difference in the extent of tourism development in Zambales based on the Analysis of Different stakeholders as to political factors. Shows that the sum of square between-group variability (0.32) against within- group variability (0.65) with the degree of freedom between the group (2.00) within the group (42.00) a total of 44.00, mean square between group 0.16 within group (0.02), frequency of 10.33 at 0.00 level of signifi cance, therefore the null hypothesis is rejected, this means that there is signifi cant difference exist in the perception of three groups of stakeholder as to extent of tourism development as to socio-cultural factors. Technological Factors Analysis of variance on the difference in the extent of tourism development in Zambales based on the Analysis of Different stakeholders as to political factors. Shows that the sum of square between-group variability (0.60) against within- group variability (0.48) with the degree of freedom between the group (2.00) within the group (42.00) a total of 44.00, mean square between group 0.30 within group (0.01), frequency of 26.11 at 0.00 level of signifi cance, therefore the null hypothesis is rejected, this means that there is signifi cant difference exist in the perception of three groups of stakeholder as to extent of tourism development as to technological factors. Pa ge 52 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajebi Am. J. Econ. Bus. Innov. 3(2) 43-53, 2024 Legal Factor Analysis of variance on the difference in the extent of tourism development in Zambales based on the Analysis of Different stakeholders as to political factors. Shows that the sum of square between-group variability (0.52) against within- group variability (0.30) with the degree of freedom between the group (2.00) within the group (42.00) a total of 44.00, mean square between group 0.26 within group (0.01), frequency of 36.80 at 0.00 level of signifi cance, therefore the null hypothesis is rejected, this means that there is signifi cant difference exist in the perception of three groups of stakeholder as to extent of tourism development as to legal factors. Environmental Factors Analysis of variance on the difference in the extent of tourism development in Zambales based on the Analysis of Different stakeholders as to political factors. Shows that the sum of square between-group variability (1.11) against within- group variability (0.37) with the degree of freedom between the group (2.00) within the group (42.00) a total of 44.00, mean square between group 0.56 within group (0.01), frequency of 63.46 at 0.00 level of signifi cance, therefore the null hypothesis is rejected, this means that there is signifi cant difference exist in the perception of three groups of stakeholder as to extent of tourism development as to environmental factors. Contextual Issues are Identifi ed by Different Sectors Relative to Multi-Stakeholder Analysis on the Extent of Local Tourism Development in Zambales In an attempt to draw meaningful and candid answers from the representatives of the local government unit, management/customer service offi ce and customers/ guests, the researcher conducted a personal interview with some of the local government employees, customer service offi cer and guest/customer and on the last page of the instrument the respondents were given to write down their comments and suggestions. Among the PESTLE strategic factors that affect to the development of tourism in Zambales: Political Factors Despite the fact that the government strategy aimed to develop sustainable tourism industry in Zambales. The reasons why Zambales has diffi culty in developing business tourism in terms of political factors are the following: • Political instability in administering sustainable legislation • Lack of infrastructure and transportation facilities for tourism development • Continuous power struggle between political leaders in providing support for tourism development. Economic Factors The situation of economic crisis, high unemployment, lack of investment activity in the tourism industry as well as low-income in tourism compared to other sectors because tourism characterized by seasonal activity and short duration of the tourist season. Increases price of land for housing along the tourism areas. Socio-Cultural Factors Emphasis should be put on a demonstration, presentation of traditional events, and allow tourist to experience the tainted unforgettable memories that will bring them back again for relaxation these should work on improving and perfecting. Tourism industry must raise the general level of service and kindness both by employees and by the local population is also essential, general knowledge and awareness of the need that visitors should feel welcomed and satisfi ed but on the other side tourism may disturb the community’s peace and harmony. Gambling, sexual abuses, prostitution and alcoholism will be increased. Increased and the changes social status as infl uenced by tourist. Technological Factors Zambales as a developing tourism business destination should learn from developed tourism destination in providing multifunctional services (conferences, banquets, gala dinners, etc.). In addition to organizing conferences and business events, should work on adoption of advanced technologies. The needs to develop the technology of transportation which means to improve the infrastructure in and within it. Should modernize increasingly important institution for providing of smart service providers, such as online check-in, high-quality and modern air and bus transportation, free or paid web sites where visitors can connect with the world, as well as improve infrastructure, public and private baths, toilets and all the other services that are required by business tourists. Issues on modern safety equipment for swimming, provision of high-tech equipment, facilities and amenities in resort areas and using automation process in inquiry reservation and payment of bills. Legal Factors Legal structure, tourism legislation and laws relating to the regulation of relations that can affect the development of business tourism are mostly typical for the overall development of tourism in Zambales. Issues on visible fi re extinguisher, sprinkler and smoke detector installed in every corners of the building, the proper impose high and strict standards for seeking permits for operation and legal orders and policies that safeguard the interest of the industry, tourist, and the community. Environmental Factors Local Government Unit, Resorts owner, management, and the community needs to take account for safety precaution for natural occurrences or phenomena like fl oods and earthquake. Issues regarding designs of infrastructure and programs tourism activities to protect the natural heritage, maintenance of public facilities and Pa ge 53 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajebi Am. J. Econ. Bus. Innov. 3(2) 43-53, 2024 proper waste disposal and the issues concerning tourism development negatively impact on marine environment increase the pollutions. CONCLUSION The three groups of stakeholders such as; Local government unit, management/customer service offi ce and customers/guests, had important contribution for the sustainable tourism development in the province of Zambales. The results of this study provide a better understanding of the perceptions held by tourism stakeholders towards the current state of the tourism industry and how it could be developed holistically. The tourism development in Zambales described as high extent as to political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, legal and environmental factor. The results concluded that tourism development could signifi cantly contribute to economic growth in the province of Zambales through creating new business opportunities to improve standard of living of the community by providing employment. In this regard, in order to improve the current situation of tourism industry, Strategic Development Plan for Sustainable Tourism is proposed. 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