Pa ge 1 Pa ge 1 American Journal of Education and Technologies (AJET) Nature of Physical Growth for 9-11 Years Boys Md Tanzir Alom1, Md. Zillur Rahman2*, Md. Raihan Chowdhury2 Volume 1 Issue 2, Year 2022 ISSN: 2832-9481 (Online) DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajet.v1i2.370 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajet Article Information ABSTRACT Received: July 03, 2022 Accepted: July 25, 2022 Published: July 29, 2022 Human life is considered to be the path of journey that starts with the pre-natal stage and thereafter follows intermediate stages of early childhood, late childhood, pre-adolescence, adolescence, adulthood, and finally ends with death. Generally, the growth and development patterns of human beings are studied in different phases. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the status of physical growth for 9-11 years’ primary school children. A total number of 90 primary school boys volunteered as subjects for the present study; out of them 30 were from class three (9 years), 30 were from class four (10 years) and rest 30 were from class five (11 years). The selected parameters to measure physical growth status were body weight, standing height, arm length, leg length, and sitting height. Results indicated that there was a linear growth from Class-III to Class-V in each of the selected anthropometric parameters and the growth rate is positive for children in different age level. Keywords Children, Growth Status, Natural Development, Primary Boys 1 Uttara University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 2 Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh. * Corresponding author’s e-mail: iu_zillu@yahoo.com INTRODUCTION Generally, the growth anddevelopment pattern of human beings are studied in different phases.In this regard human life is considered to be the path of journey thatstarts with pre-natal stage and thereafter follows intermediate stages ofearly childhood, late childhood, pre-adolescence, adolescence,adulthood and finally ends with death. Each and every stage of growthand development has its unique characteristics. A detailed study ofthese characteristics has been the essential features for medical practitioners, psychologists, anthropologists and educators. The term growth and development are often used interchangeably, but there is a difference in emphasis implied by each though growth considers to be one aspect of development. In its purest sense, growth refers to an increase in the size of the body caused by the biological process in which child becomes bigger in size, in volume and heavier in weight. Growth is an enlargement of cell. Growth is anatomical in nature to a great extent i.e. the changes in one’s structure and forms. Growth is associated with age. After birth, the process of growth becomes faster up to the age of about 3-4 years. Thereafter the growth rate becomes slower up to the age of 8-9 years. The primary school children exhibited linear increase in height and stature comparatively to a lesser degree than the early childhood and pre-adolescence (Jenkins et al.,1966;Rarick & Smoll, 1967;Thomas, 1972;Lindgren 1978). It was also reported that the rate of growth of primary school boys and girls were almost similar (Largo et al.,1978;Beunenet al.,1981; Shaver, 1982; Gallahue, 1982). The process is also influenced by factors like nutrition, living condition, exercise habit etc. However, since each child is unique and develops at a singular rate, great variations occur within the traditional school levels and for that matter even within a single age level. Therefore, the principle of individual difference becomes an important factor in implementing school processes. In the present study the physical growth was expressed by the increase of certain parameters. MATERIALS AND METHOD Selection of Subject A total of 90 schoolboys volunteered from three different primary schools named Singhajhuli Shahid Mashiur Rahman Memorial Madhyomik Bidyalay, Singhajhuli Govt. Primary School and Baruihati Govt. Primary School in Jashore district of Bangladesh as subjects for the present study; out of them 30 were from class four, 30 were from class five, and the rest 30 were from class six. They were from rural areas and mostly from lower to middle-incomegroups of families. A list of subjects has been provided in Appendix-A. Figure 1: Distribution of the Subjects Criterion Measure Bodyweight, standing height, arm length, leg length, and sitting height were the measuring criteria of the present study. Equipment and Tools used In the present research project following instruments and tools were used for collecting data. 1. Digital Weighing machine was used to measure body weight inKg. 2. Measuring tape was used to measure body height, arm length, leg length, and sitting height incm. 3. A bench was used to measure the sitting height of thebody. Procedure for Conducting Test for collecting data Different tests were administered by following standard procedures as follows (Plate 1 A-E.): https://doi.org/10.54536/ajet.v1i2.370 mailto:https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajet%0D?subject= mailto:iu_zillu%40yahoo.com?subject= Pa ge 2 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajet Am. J. Educ. Technol. 1(2) 1-5, 2022 Standing Height Purpose: To measure standing height. Facilities and equipment: A measuring tape, a smooth wall, and a plain surface. Procedure: The subject was directed to stand barefooted against a smooth wall facing back and keeping arm sideways down work with feet together. The scale was placed over the head at 900 to the wall. The distance between the floor and the scale was measured and expressed in cm. Instruction: The subject should stand directly facing the front. Scoring: The standing height was measured in cm. Body Weight Purpose: To measure body weight. Facilities and equipment: A digital scale or a weighing machine. Procedure: The scale was placed on the firm floor. The subject was told to stand on the wing machine, removing shoes and heavy clothes such as a sweater. The subject was stood with both feet straight on the center of the wing machine Instruction: Initial reading of the pointer should be adjusted at 0(zero) before measuring body weight. Scoring: The body weight was measured in kg Arm Length Length Purpose: To measure the arm length of the subject. Facilities and equipment: a steel tape was used to measure the arm length of the subject. Procedure: At first the subject was told to stand on the floor facing front straight. The arm was hanging sideways with the finger opened. The length between the shoulder joint and tips of the middle finger witha completely straightened arm was measured by the tape. The distance was considered as arm length. Scoring: The arm length was measured in cm. Leg Length Purpose: To measure the leg length. Facilities and equipment: At first the subject was told to stand on the floor facing front straight keeping the feet together. The distance between the hip joint and the floor measured by the steel tape is considered as leg length. Scoring: The leg length was measured in cm. Sitting Height Purpose: To measure the sitting height of the subject. Facilities and equipment: A steel ruler a chair and steel tape. Procedure: The subject was told to sit on a chair hanging both legs down to the ground. The lower back and shoulder were placed against the back support of the chair looking straight ahead. The ruler was placed on the head parallel to the ground from the highest point on the head to the base sitting surface was measured by the tape. The distance measured between the highest points of the head to the sitting surface was considered as sitting height. Scoring: The sitting height was measured in cm. Procedure for Analyzing Data The collected data were analyzed using appropriate statistical procedure mean was calculated as the measure of central tendency was The formula used mean = ∑x÷ n Standard deviation was calculatedaas measure of variability was Formula used standard deviation= √∑ (𝑥 −𝑚) ²/ (𝑛 − 1) The significance of the difference between the two was measured by calculatingthe‘t’ value Figure 1 (A-C): Procedure of collecting data of natural physical growth( A= Standing Hight, B= Body Weight, C= Arm Length https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajet Pa ge 3 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajet Am. J. Educ. Technol. 1(2) 1-5, 2022 Figure 2 (D-E): Procedure of collecting data of natural physical growth( D= Leg Length, E= Sitting Height Presentation and Analysis of Data The Data The purpose of the present study was to analyze the change in physical growth status for 9 to 11-year boys. The selected growth parameters were standing height, body weight, arm length, leg length, and sitting height. The separate meters were measured in cm and kg for body weight. These measurements were considered as data for the present study. Level of Significance In the present study, the level of significance for the testing difference between means was set at 0.05 level Presentation of Data and Statistical Analysis The descriptive statistics of the different parameters for different groups of subjects have been presented in table 1. It is seen from Table-1 that the body height increased from 131.53 cm ± 5.49 cm to 138.77 cm ± 8.076 cm with the Table 1: Descriptive statistics of different parameters for different age group. Different Parameters Group Mean Std. dev. Range Variance Std. era Standing Height (cm) 9 Year 131.53 ±5.49 120 to 145 30.14 1.002 10 Year 138.77 ± 8.076 128 to 159 70.75 1.54 11 Year 139.933 ± 6.313 132 to 156 39.86 1.153 Bodyweight (kg) 9 Year 25.9 ± 3.7 20 to 34 13.69 0.68 10 Year 32.47 ± 6.64 25 to 46 44.09 1.21 11 Year 33.47 ± 7.48 27 to 52 55.95 1.37 Arm length (cm) 9 Year 58.1 ±3.16 53 to 65 9.99 0.58 10 Year 61.3 ±5.18 52 to 70 26.83 0.98 11 Year 63.5 ±3.298 57 to 71 10.88 0.602 Leg Length (cm) 9 Year 66.23 ±4.77 60 to 78 22.75 0.87 10 Year 71.77 ±5.22 64 to 83 27.25 0.95 11 Year 84.53 ±4.41 78 to 98 19.45 0.81 Sitting height (cm) 9 Year 68.67 ±3.97 61 to 75 15.76 0.73 10 Year 69.83 ±3.25 63 to 75 10.56 0.59 11 Year 71.27 ±4.42 64 to 79 19.54 0.81 change from 9 to 10 year; and from 138.77 cm ± 8.076 cm to 139.93 cm ± 6.3133 cm. with the change of age from 10 to 11 year.It is also seen that the body weight increased from 25.9 kg ± 3.7 kg to 32.47 kg ± 6.64 kg with the change from 9 to 10 year; and from 32,47kg ± 6.64 kg to 33.47 kg ± 7.48 kg with the change of age from 10 to 11 year.It is also seen that the arm length increased from 58.1 cm ± 3.16 cm to 61.3 cm ± 5.18 cm with the change from 9 to 10 year; and from 61.3 cm ± 5.18 cm to 63.5 cm. ± 3.298 cm with the change of age from 10 to 11 year.The table also exhibited that the leg length increased from 67.23 cm ± 4.77 cm to 71.77 cm ± 5.22 cm with the change from 9 to 10 year; and from 71.77 cm ± 5.22 cm to 84.53 cm ± 4.41 cm with the change of age from 10 to 11 year.It is seen that the sitting height increased from 68.67 cm ± 3.97 cm to 69.83 cm ± 3.25 cm with the change from 9 to 10 year; and from 69.83 cm ± 3.25 cm to 71.27 cm ± 4.42 cm with the change of age https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajet Pa ge 4 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajet Am. J. Educ. Technol. 1(2) 1-5, 2022 from 10 to 11 year. The mean values of different parameters for different age groups have been shown in Figure 1. It is seen from Figure 1that each of the selected parameters viz. Body height, body weight, arm length, leg length and sitting height increased with respect to age from 9-11 years boys. As the mean values from different selected parameter increased with respect to age, the statistical t test was administered to analyse the significance of the change in mean values. Table-2 shows the results.It is seen from the table values that the increase in body height from 9-10 was significant and 10-11 year was not significant. Figure 3 : Mean values of different parameters for different age group Table 2 : ‘t’ values for testing of significance of difference between two means for body height (cm) Inter group difference Means of values Mean difference (M1-M2) (M2-M3) Calculate ‘t’ Values Remarks 9y 10y 11y 9y-10y 131.53 138.77 -7.24 4.059427 Significant* 10y-11y 138.77 139.93 -1.16 0.619744 Not significant *‘t’ (0.05) with (df) 58 = 1.67 Table 3 : Testing of significance among mean values of different groups of subjects for body weight (kg.) Inter group difference Means of values Mean difference (M1-M2) (M2-M3) Calculate ‘t’ Values Remarks 9y 10y 11y 9y-10y 25.9 32.47 -6.57 4.732863 significant 10y-11y 32.47 33.47 -1 0.54753 Not significant *‘t’ (0.05) with different freedom (df) 58 = 1.67 Table 4 : Testing of significance among mean values of different groups of subjects for arm length (cm) Inter group difference Means of values Mean difference (M1-M2) (M2-M3) Calculate ‘t’ Values Remarks 9y 10y 11y 9y-10y 58.1 61.3 -3.2 2.888554 significant 10y-11y 61.3 63.5 -2.2 1.961931 significant ‘t’ (0.05) with different freedom (df) 58 = 1.67 The mean difference and testing statistical significance for body weight has been presented in table 3. It is seen from the table values that the increase in body weight from 9-10 was significant and 10-11 year was not significant. The mean difference and testing statistical significance for arm length has been presented in table 4. It is seen from the table values that the increase in arm length from 9-10 and 10-11 year were significant. The mean difference and testing statistical significance for leg length has been presented in table 5. It is seen from the table values that the increase in leg length from 9-10 and 10-11 year were significant of 0.05 level.The mean difference and testing statistical significance for sitting height has been presented in table 6. It is seen from the table values that the increase in sitting height from 9-10 years were not-significant and 10-11 year was significant of 0.05 level https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajet Pa ge 5 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajet Am. J. Educ. Technol. 1(2) 1-5, 2022 Table 5 : Testing of significance among mean values of different groups of subjects for leg length (cm) Inter group difference Means of values Mean difference (M1-M2) (M2-M3) Calculate ‘t’ Values Remarks 9y 10y 11y 9y-10y 66.23 71.77 -5.54 4.29121 significant 10y-11y 71.77 84.53 -12.76 10.22749 significant ‘t’ (0.05) with different freedom (df) 58 = 1.67 Table 6 : Testing of significance among mean values of different groups of subjects for leg length (cm) Inter group difference Means of values Mean difference (M1-M2) (M2-M3) Calculate ‘t’ Values Remarks 9y 10y 11y 9y-10y 68.67 69.83 -1.16 1.238362 Not significant 10y-11y 69.83 71.27 -1.44 1.437632 Not significant ‘t’ (0.05) with different freedom (df) 58 = 1.67 RESULT On the basis of statistical analysis of data following results were obtained: i. In height there was statistically significant difference from 9-10 year and there was not significant difference from 10-11year. ii. Increase in body weight,there was statistically significant difference from 9-10 year and there was not significant difference from 10-11year. iii. The increase in arm length, from 9-10 and 10-11 year were statistically significant. iv. In leg length, there were statistically significant from the age of 9-10 and 10-11 year. v. The increase in sitting height, there were statistically not significant from the age of 9-10 and 10-11 year. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION In height there was statistically significant difference from 9-10 year and there was no significant difference from 10-11year.Increase in body weight also there was statistically significant difference from 9-10 year and there was no significant difference from 10-11year.Again, the increase in arm length andleg length from 9-10 and 10- 11 year were statistically significant.The increase in sitting height, there were statistically not significant from the age of 9-10 and 10-11 year. 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