41 Journal of Engineering, Mechanics and Architecture www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Engineering, Mechanics and Architecture Volume 3, Issue 4, 2025 ISSN (E): 2993-2637 The Study of Artificial Hills in the Territory of Bukhara Region on the Example of Jondor District Rabiyev Gayrat Botirovich senior lecturer at Bukhara Institute of Engineering and Technology, Department of Architecture, Uzbekistan rabiyev.gayrat_60@mail.ru Murodov Shahriyor Мaster of the Department of Architecture, Bukhara Engineering and Technological Institute, Uzbekistan Abstract: The study of artificial hills in the territory of Uzbekistan, the history of their origin and the meaning of their naming, drawing up a map of their location, creating a survey of objects and creating a tourist route on them. Keywords: Ruins of ancient cities, ruins of old fortifications, ancient cemeteries, artificial hills, ruins of the ancient city of Varakhsha. Artificial hills - built by human labor, often understood as the remains or ruins of ancient buildings. They stand out from the environment due to their height, color and little coverage with plants. In the territory of Central Asia we meet endless artificial hills, rising at different heights above ground level in the form of earthen piles. They are mainly divided into 3 types, which are: Ruins of ancient cities. Its outer surface is surrounded by a trench, often the total area is made up of unstable low-altitudes. If we walk around this area, we see all sorts of pottery fragments, pieces of brick crushed by rain washing from under the soil, sometimes pieces of iron and elegantly colored glass scattered underneath. Usually in some part of that area, one hill rises higher than the rest. Its general appearance is rectangular and or various other shapes, the smallest of which are not smaller than 0.5-2.0 hectares in size, while the part rising sharply will be the arch of the city, the surrounding hills will be the ruins of the zoning and fence-wall. The ruins of old fortifications. The term "Kurgan" has denoted different types of buildings and structures in different historical periods. In particular, the fortresses of the era of slavery formed small towns, whereas in the early feudalism (5th-8th centuries) such structures consisted of feudal fortresses. The fortifications of the period after this refer to the encampments of kings between cities, camps at crossroads, places of storage of armies (gorrisons), roadside fortifications and guards. In particular, there were special camps that replaced the horses of the cavaliers. With the exception of lead-type houses, which are in the style of a field-yard, surrounded by a cotton wall. The bastions usually consist of hills raised in a rectangular shape above the earth, surrounded by a pit dug with a deep perimeter. When viewed from a distance, a high artificial (in the form of a cut-out pyramid) sloping hill will appear in the form of the remains of straight, erect walls. The history of these is usually rectangular, the smallest ones are 42 Journal of Engineering, Mechanics and Architecture www. grnjournal.us about 30 m in size, the adults are no more than 70-80 m long. Looking upwards, one can feel the shape of rooms lying under clear wall traces and crumpled roofs. We do not find the remains of pottery, glass, and iron scattered over the ruins of such a town, but we see pieces of cotton and crude or dried bricks crumbling as remnants of walls and burial grounds. Ancient cemeteries. They are called in archaeology in Russian "Курганные захоронения". The main reason for this is that their mound consisted of burial grounds in the hills. Such a highland can be found in the territory of the Caucasus, starting in the Altai Territory and across the Chui Valley and throughout Central Asia up to the Caucasus. The difference between them from the two previous types of hills is the absence of trenches that serve as defenses around them, and the view from a distance is reminiscent of the Egyptian pyramids. The general shape of the mound hills will be in the form of a flat cone. When you look at it, it is clearly noticed that the base side is circular in shape, drawn with a clear parchment. A steep cut from the center of these hills exits a chamber where one or more tombs are located. A secret entrance to it will be worked from the roof, or from the side. The ancient and smaller ones of such hills are completely obsolete today, and only experienced archaeologists, historians and specialists can distinguish them. They are often found in such a way that two or three are located side by side. It is because of the fact that their location in this way was important in moving in a certain direction in the wilderness without territory, because these cemeteries belonged to nomadic tribes, they also served as orientalists in the steppes and deserts. These are now known to science as Panjikent, Afrosiyob, Yerkurgan, Varaksha, Robinjon, which are known to science and are called by thousands of names such as Kyzyltepa, Aqtepa, Mazaragan Tepe, Chimkurgan, Bozorkurgan, Kozali Qir, Tali Barzu, Tali Safed. They can be found on the edges of rivers, streams, canals and large ditches, in valleys and steppes, on the lowlands and on old caravan routes. Artificial hills have been preserved especially in the territory of today's Karakalpakstan, Turkmenistan and Khorezm region, which make up the territory of the Ancient Khorezm country, in the Fergana valley, in the valleys of Zarafshan and Kashkadarya, in the foothills. Many of these are cultural monuments and our historical treasures, and they have been destroyed in the next 70 years. Of these, those located close to cotton fields were flattened and added to the farming land, and some were demolished by the inhabitants and used as fertilizer for the roof. One of the main reasons for such neglect is that in the period after the October Revolution, the emergence of artificial hills is associated with various divine events, they are regarded as examples of religious beliefs and stalemates, antiquity and obsolescence. Their historical and cultural significance began to be forgotten. As a matter of fact, most of the hills are the ruins of an ancient city or the remains of some kind of fortification, caravan parking lot and other similar historical, archaeological, and architectural monuments. Among the types of hills there may be sundials (observatories of simple design), temples, guardhouses, soldiers' abode - hazora (gorrison), and similarly, those built for some other purpose that are not included in the types of buildings and structures we have already mentioned. In recent years, the Republic has paid much attention to the preservation and study of such objects. Although the protection of these hills is not carried out in the way of the will, with the efforts of scientists it is expedient that almost all of them be registered and included in the protection of the republican government. In particular, in the territory of Jondor district of the Bukhara region, there are such artificial hills, which are well preserved in the vicinity, near the inhabited areas, as well as in the steppe areas. I myself have been working as a teacher at the Bukhara Engineering and Technological Institute for 14-15 years, but in fact, since about 20 years of work as the chief architect of the district in Jondor district, I have been collecting materials related to the location of all artificial hills located in the district, the history of their appearance, the etymology of their formation, their area (level), height and volume. In addition, I collect relevant information and materials about these hills from archaeologists and cadastral experts. At the moment, in the information I have, there is relevant material about 62 (sixty-two) such hills located in the territory of Jondor district. For my part, I set out to study these hills more deeply and completely, to draw up a map 43 Journal of Engineering, Mechanics and Architecture www. grnjournal.us of their location in the territory of the district, to study the question of their dependence on the route of the ancient "Great Silk Road" passing through the territory of the present Jondor district and on the trade caravan route between the Bukhara Emirate and the ancient Khiva Khanate, to preserve the hill, which is in relatively good condition, I planned to create a small museum in front of the objects to determine their zone of protection, improve and improve their landscape, create a passport of the objects, create a tourist route along them, similar to the remains of the world famous city of Varakhsha (which is also located in Jondor district) and the remains of the city of Poykent (located on the border of Jondor district). To implement the above proposals, a large amount of money is required. To solve this issue, together with my student-master's student Murodov Shahriyor, in order to attract foreign investment and grants to this project, we prepare various proposals, send proposals to potential investors and negotiate with them. This article has also been prepared as a presentation of this project-proposal and we express our readiness to work with legal entities and individuals interested in our project of proposal. If the issue comes to someone's attention, we can call on additional specialists and experts to conduct our project and make sure that the work is done on demand. References: 1. Ahmedov M. Q. History of Central Asian architecture. 1995, pp. 134-138b. 2. V.A. Shishkin. Archaeological work in 1937 in the western part of the Bukharа oasis. UzFan-1940. 3. M.Allambergenov. Ancient Defensive Strongholds. T-2007. 4. А.Nurullaev (G'. With the participation of Rabiev). Jondor district in Bukhara history. Bukhara-2024.