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American Journal of  
Environment and Climate (AJEC)

A Diagnostic Study of  Household Solid Waste Management in Kollo, Niger
Hassimi Moussa1, Laminou Manzo Ousmane2, Bachir Yaou Balarabe3*, Hassoumi Djibo4, Mohamed Hafidi5

Volume 1 Issue 3, Year 2022
ISSN: 2832-403X (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajec.v1i3.1050
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajec

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: December 04, 2022
Accepted: December 08, 2022
Published: December 18, 2022

Household solid waste management is one of  the most prevalent problems in urban areas. 
This study aims to diagnose the household solid waste management system in the Kollo 
urban district of  Niger. Specifically, the purpose of  this study is to identify household waste 
types, determine their management methods at the household level, and estimate how 
much waste is produced daily. A survey of  200 households was conducted as part of  the 
study. As a result of  the study, four types of  household waste, namely sand, organic matter, 
plastics, and others, were identified. At the scale of  an urban municipality, waste production 
is estimated to be 9.44 tons per day or 0.72 kg per inhabitant per day. Additionally, only 47% 
of  households have garbage cans for storing waste. Most households use trash cans with a 
capacity of  0.015 m3, with 27.5% evacuating waste daily, 50% twice a week, and 22.5% once 
weekly. 35 % of  households dispose of  waste in wild dumps, 30% dig pits to bury waste, 
15% burn it openly, 15% use the waste to fertilize their fields, and 5% make other uses. The 
municipality provides no waste management service. The organization lacks the financial 
and technical resources to accomplish its goals. Kollo’s urban municipality, however, must 
develop strategies for managing waste sustainably and environmentally.

Keywords
Management, Solid 
Waste, Household, Urban 
Municipality, Kollo

1 Department of  Environmental Sciences, Faculty of  Agronomic Sciences, Boubakar Bâ University of  Tillabéri, Tillabéri, Niger
2 Department of  Rural Engineering and Water & Forests, Faculty of  Agronomy and Environmental Sciences, Dan Dicko Dankoulodo  
  University of  Maradi, Maradi, Niger.
3 School of  Engineering and Technology, National Forensic Sciences University, Sector-09, Gandhinagar, India
4 Department of  Socio-economics and Consumer Sciences, Faculty of  Agronomic Sciences, Boubakar Bâ University, Tillabéri, Niger
5 Ecology and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of  Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Morocco
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: atpscontact@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION
The production of  waste is a natural consequence of  all 
aspects of  human activity, be it domestic, agricultural, 
industrial, or commercial, which is an unavoidable by-
product of  everyday life. The practice is not considered 
a public issue in Africa until it reaches urban areas 
(Alouemoune, 2006.). Despite being universal, this 
problem manifests differently in different parts of  
the world. Solid waste is produced in Africa daily in 
thousands of  tons. Most of  these wastes are disposed 
of  in open landfills and wetlands, which can contaminate 
surface and groundwater and pose serious health and 
environmental risks. It is estimated that some cities 
and regions produce between 0.5 - 0.8 Kg of  waste per 
person per day (Babalola et al., 2010b; Sotamenou, 2018). 
However, even though it seems modest compared to 
1-2 Kg of  waste per person and per day in developed 
countries, the majority of  waste in Africa is not 
collected by municipal collection systems due to poor 
management, irresponsibility, embezzlement, equipment 
failure, or inadequate waste management budgets (Saidou 
& Aminou, 2015a). In general, household waste refers to 
all materials generated within a household. Food waste, 
journals and papers, small metallic packaging, bottles, 
paper or plastic packaging, chiffons, and other textile 
residues. Garden and other plant waste can be included in 
this category. Cities in developed and developing countries 
face a significant challenge as population, prosperity, 
and urbanization increase. It is becoming increasingly 
difficult to collect, recycle, treat, and eliminate solid 
waste and water (Holenu Mangenda et al., n.d.; Tchuikoua 
et al., n.d.-a). To achieve sustainable development in 

developing countries, effective, affordable, and genuinely 
eco-friendly waste management practices are required. 
Sustainable development requires effective, efficient, and 
long-term waste management practices in developing 
countries. Along with the cultural dimension, long-term 
management of  solid waste should take into account 
the poverty of  the population. The cost of  disposing of  
waste in Niger, as in most southern countries, has become 
increasingly unaffordable for municipal authorities. As 
far as the sustainability and effectiveness of  interventions 
are concerned, economic and financial factors play a 
key role. Each strategy should consider the ability of  
citizens to contribute to the collection and disposal of  
household solid waste. This is because of  the economic 
difficulties that these populations face. There is no 
doubt that financial issues account for many of  Maradi’s 
failures(Saidou & Aminou, 2015a). It is estimated that the 
city’s budget is very limited, and the royalties collected 
are low. Penda (2015) reports that the urban population 
in Niger is overwhelmingly poor, has very low incomes, 
and is largely analphabetic. Often, green spaces, school 
fronts, health centers, or market surroundings are used 
as dumping grounds for trash. People are forced to seek 
alternative methods of  disposal of  their waste when 
garbage collection is unreliable or nonexistent, with the 
sole aim of  removing them from their homes. In some 
cases, waste is disposed of  in natural disposal facilities. 
Some people burn, bury, or spread their waste on open 
spaces or use it to repair roads that have been damaged by 
flooding (Adamou, 2014). The result is chronic insalubrity 
in the cities of  Niger due to the lack of  systems for pre-
collection, storage, collection, and treatment of  solid 

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household waste. Even though these tools are available, 
the Niger government’s waste management system does 
not meet the needs of  its citizens. In this regard, Kollo’s 
urban community is no exception. African cities have 
conducted studies to address all of  the inadequacies 
and poor practices associated with the management of  
solid waste (Babalola et al., 2010a; Holenu Mangenda 
et al., 2020; Saidou & Aminou, 2015b; Solomon, 2009; 
Topanou et al., 2021).  This paper provides an overview 
of  the management of  household solid waste in the 
Tillaberi region of  the Niger Republic’s western region, 
Kollo, one of  the largest urban communes.

MATERIALS & METHODS
Zone of  study
This study was conducted in the municipality of  Kollo, 

and 13°25’ north and longitudes 2°17’ and 2°27’ east 
(Figure 1).
In 2022, it is expected to have 44,550 residents based 
on a 3.1% annual growth rate (INS, 2012). Agriculture, 
livestock, irrigated crops, and fishing are the principal 
economic activities of  the commune (PDC, 2012). 
This study was descriptive and cross-sectional, with 
households as the unit of  analysis. Participants must be 
at least 20 years of  age and reside in one of  the selected 
communities. Furthermore, they must have lived in the 
area for at least one year. The selected individuals were 
enrolled after giving their consent.

Sampling
Data were collected through a household survey and 
field observations. In this study, we only looked at the 
urban population of  the municipality, which was 17,867 
residents [OLM1] (about 2,620 households). From 2,620 
households, 200 were sampled and distributed in six (06) 
districts of  the urban center of  the commune, which were 
considered the most densely populated residential areas. 
The number of  households in each neighborhood was 
calculated based on the weight “P” of  each neighborhood. 
The table below shows the distribution of  household 
surveys by district, the distribution of  households by 
district, and the number of  inhabitants.
P = n/N…………………………………(1)
Nm = P x E……………………………..(2)
P: neighborhood weight, N: total number of  households in 
the neighborhoods considered, n: number of  households 
per neighborhood, Nm: number of  households to be 
surveyed in the neighborhood, and E: Sample size 2.3.

Figure 1: Kollo municipality location map (PDC, 2012)
located in the Kollo district of  the Tillabéri region in 
Niger. A semi-urban community covering an area of  
approximately 146 km² located between latitudes 13°11’ 

Table 1: Distribution of  households surveyed by neighborhood, type, number, and size
Neighborhoods Populations Number of  

households
Neighborhoods 
weight

Sample Number of
persons

Average size 
of  households

Kollo Sahara 2550 364 0.14 28 357 8,5
Kollo Fandou 4595 656 0.25 50 230 8,2
Kollo Carré 4000 571 0.22 44 95 7.9
Kollo Madina 1105 158 0.06 12 203 8,1
Aoula Koira 2095 322 0.12 25 420 8,4
Sirignéré 3521 549 0.21 42 370 8,4
Total 17866 2620 1 200 1675 8,25

Survey data collection Methods
To collect survey data, individual interviews were 
conducted based on questionnaire sheets. Each district 
surveyed randomly selected households. To ensure a 
representative sample, each household had the same 
probability of  being picked for the survey. Known as the 
“step” method. We selected Step 4 to cover a significant 
portion of  each neighborhood. Thus, if  house N°1 is the 
first house observed in the street, the fifth house will be 
the next to be examined. Following the survey of  four 
houses, a change of  direction is made.

Estimation of  waste amount
In this context, measuring the amount of  waste produced 
per day and per resident is difficult since most waste is not 

stored in bins. Therefore, three parameters were taken into 
consideration: (i) the average capacity (volume) of  the bins 
identified, (ii) the number of  households with bins per 
storage capacity, and (iii) the frequency of  trash disposal.

Analysis of  results
Microsoft Office Excel spreadsheets and SPSS version 
22 were used to enter and process the survey data. To 
assess respondents’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices 
regarding waste management, proportions were calculated 
and compiled into a table and figures.

RESULTS
Waste typology
Based on the surveys, four types of  waste have been 

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identified, including sand, organic matter, plastic, and 
others, which are grouped with textiles, metal, glass, 
ceramics, etc. The following figure shows the percentage 
of  respondents who answered questions about household 
waste’s physical characteristics. The response modes are 
independent, so a respondent may select several responses 
simultaneously (Figure 2a). According to this figure, 
42.14% of  households describe their waste as composed 
of  organic matter, plastic, sand, etc. It is followed by 

Figure 3: Volume of  trash cans

Figure 2: (a)-Household waste characteristics, (b)-Households with or without trash cans, waste storage at the 
household level: (c)-Households without trash cans, (d)-households with trash cans

27.27% with organic matter and plastic, 15.06% with 
organic matter, plastic, and others, and 15.53% with 
plastic and others. The most common household wastes 
are organic matter and plastics.

Identification of  households with or without bins
As shown in Figure 2b, 53% of  the households surveyed 
do not have trash bins to store their waste; instead, they 
pile them up on the ground (Figure 2c&d).

Volume of  Trash can
As shown in Figure 3, three types of  trash cans are used 
in households to collect and store solid waste. In general, 

70% of  households use 0.015m3 containers, followed 
by 24.56% using 0.06 m3 containers and 5.44% using 
0.15m3 containers.

Frequency-based waste production estimation
Table 2 presents waste volumes evacuated by households 
with bins of  0.015m3, 0.06m3, and 0.15m3 per day and 
week. The results show that 27.50% of  households with 
0.015m3 bins dispose of  an average volume of  1.155m3 
daily. Additionally, 50% of  households dispose of  their 
waste twice a week, i.e., 0.6m3, and 22.50% once weekly, 
i.e., 0.135m3. A total of  1,890m3 of  waste was disposed 
of. In the case of  households with 0.06m3 bins. Over-
identified households disposed of  1.680m3 daily; 42% 
disposed of  twice a week, i.e., 0.720m3; and 29% once 

a week, i.e., 0.240m3. A total of  2.640m3 of  waste was 
evacuated. Lastly, for households with 0.15m3 bins. As 
a result, 100% of  households with bins containing an 
average of  0.150m3 remove their waste once a week, 
resulting in an average of  0.450m3. Using the volumes 
evacuated and the density of  the waste, daily waste 
production can be estimated. Approximately 0.47 kg of  
waste per liter is generated in Niger’s households (Devant, 
2003). In this way, we estimated the average individual 
daily production at 0.72 kg.

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Practices for waste disposal and evacuation 
In most households with children, waste disposal is 
prevalent. Field waste is evacuated with carts, while 
waste intended for pits or wild dumps is evacuated with 

As future citizens, we need to be responsible and have a 
positive attitude toward life, the land, and the environment. 
A large amount of  waste is also accumulated in this 
municipality. Wild deposits of  these wastes can be found 
in habitat zones, ravines, gutters, and abandoned wells. 
A similar situation has been described by Soro et al. in 
the district of  Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (Soro et al., n.d.). 
Kollo’s household waste composition is not unique, but it 
is similar to that of  other African cities that also produce 
household waste. In Niamey, household waste consists 
mainly of  organic matter, plastics, and sand, according to 
Penda (2015) (Adamou, 2014). In their diagnostic study 
of  household solid waste management in Abidjan, Soro 
et al. (2010) reported plant waste as 23.7%. Plastics, bags, 
textiles, paper, animal waste, stones, glass and ceramics, 
metals, hospital waste, and toxic waste accounted for 
23.2% (Soro et al., n.d.). Managing household solid 
waste is dependent upon household collection. Most 
households in Kollo do not have waste collection bins 
in their homes but keep them in a corner or front of  
the house. However, this is not a widespread problem. 
In Tillabéri, Niger, Mohammed reports that 76% of  
households possess trash cans within their concessions 
(Akbari et al., 2020). In addition to the urbanized nature 
of  Tillaberi, the capital of  the Region, there are several 
explanations for this situation. Almost half  of  the 
households evacuate their waste twice a week, others 
once a week, and the rest daily. The waste production 
ratio in the municipality of  Kollo is close to that of  
Penda (2015), estimating the average daily production 
per inhabitant in Niger at 0.75 kg (Adamou, 2014). 
Household waste disposal is entrusted to the children of  
the household. This is consistent with the observation 
of  Sotamenou (2018), who reports that it is women and 
children who are mainly involved in transporting waste 
from their homes to a landfill or a garbage bin. He adds 
that in Morocco, for example, 50% of  women and 20% 
of  children are responsible for transporting waste outside 
homes. The problem that arises here is, above all, to know 
whether the children who are responsible for evacuating 
the waste receive the necessary instructions from their 
parents or the persons in charge of  the services in charge 
of  hygiene and sanitation to dump garbage in the right 

Figure 4:  Household Solid Waste Disposal Practices
wheelbarrows. According to survey results (Figure 4), 
landfilling is the most commonly used waste disposal 
method among households (35%). Approximately 30% 
of  households buried their waste, 15% incinerate it in 
the open air, 15% use it as agricultural amendments, 
and 5% dispose of  it otherwise. 5% of  households fill 
rainwater gullies with waste. Garbage is accumulated and 
abandoned by households in the urban commune of  
Kollo near housing, on vacant lots, in public places, and 
in open gutters. Most households are satisfied with their 
practices, especially those who live near ravines or in areas 
where rainwater stagnates. In contrast, others are not. 
These households use garbage dumps, and uncontrolled 
dumps installed next to homes. Families living next to 
food shops with garbage. The waste left in landfills and 
pits emits foul smells and attracts flies and mosquitoes.

DISCUSSION
As a result of  the survey, 38% of  the population is illiterate. 
However, 42% have a primary level of  education, 17% 
have a secondary level, and only 3% have a higher level 
of  education. The population of  Kollo is undereducated 
and cannot adopt proper waste management behaviors. 
Education is based on eco-citizenship, according to 
Tchuikoua (2010) (Tchuikoua, Louis Bernard, n.d.-b). 

Table 2: Weekly and daily waste disposed of  by households with bins with average capacities of  0.015, 0.06, and 0.15m3.
0,015 m3 trash cans
Frequency Everyday Twice a week Once a week
Proportion of  households 27,5% 50% 22,5%
Volume /week (m3) 1,155 0,600 0,135
Total volume / week (m3) 1,890
0,06 m3 trash cans
Frequency Everyday Twice a week Once a week
Proportion of  households 29% 42% 29%
Volume /week (m3) 1,680 0,720 0,240
Total volume / week (m3) 2,640
0,15 m3 trash cans
Frequency Everyday Twice a week Once a week
Proportion of  households 0 0 100%
Volume /week (m3) - - 0,450

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place (Sotamenou, 2018). This does not seem to be the 
case because, in some neighborhoods with collection 
infrastructure, garbage is sometimes dumped on the 
ground near housing and along roads. In contrast, the 
dumps intended to receive them are empty despite their 
proximity to households. This situation is similar to that 
experienced in Kinshasa, described by Likoli (2007), 
more precisely in the Commune of  Limete. According to 
this author, in almost all the markets of  this commune, 
mounds of  rubbish litter the aisles of  the places where 
foodstuffs are sold. However, households that do not 
dispose of  their waste mostly correspond to large 
concessions at the corner of  which waste is piled up, as 
reported by Lelo (2008) (Benoît et al., 2021b; Lelo Nzuzi, 
2008). In the commune of  Ngaliema, 91% of  households 
have plot gardens where they bury household waste. 
According to Mohamed (2019), 64% of  households in 
Tillaberi dispose of  their waste through landfills and wild 
animals, 15% through incineration, 4% through private 
service providers, and 1% through burial (Akbari et al., 
2020). Many of  the waste disposal practices used in the 
commune are hazardous to the health of  the residents, 
including malaria and diarrhea. However, Niger has 
enacted a framework law on environmental management 
and quality of  life. As part of  this law, municipalities 
can delegate all or part of  their responsibility for 
solid waste management. In addition, they can define 
responsibilities and establish the principle of  integrated 
and environmentally sound waste management. Other 
African cities are also experiencing the same problem. 
Indeed, Benoît et al. found that waste management in the 
Mambanda district of  Douala, Cameroon, is very similar 
to that of  Kollo. As per Benoît et al. (2021a), 50% of  
households have mosquitoes running rampant, 33.23% 
have mice, 10.7% have cockroaches, and 5.9% have flies. 
It is the poor management of  waste that causes such 
diseases as malaria, typhoid fever, cholera, diarrhea, etc., 
to spread. Abidjan’s yellow fever epidemic that struck the 
city in 2005 led to victims in precarious neighborhoods, 
including Yopougon, according to (Dongo et al., 2008; 
Dongo, n.d.). Towards the settlement of  Kollo, according 
to the head of  the hygiene and sanitation service (SHA), 
the management of  household solid waste there is 
characterized by a lack of  financial means, materials, and 
equipment, as well as by the inadequacy of  the SHA, 
which is exacerbated by the incivility of  some households 
in the evacuation of  waste.

CONCLUSION 
In the study, poor practices in solid waste management 
were revealed at the household level, as well as their 
shortcomings. A key point to note was that waste 
collection and disposal were inappropriate. As a matter 
of  public health and the environment, this should be of  
concern. In light of  this situation, the population and the 
public authorities are under pressure to develop practical 
and lasting solutions. In addition to creating a pleasant 
living environment, effective waste management can 

provide socio-economic and energy opportunities for 
the future by recovering material and/or energy from 
waste streams. It is, therefore, necessary to integrate 
the management of  this resource into the planning of  
municipalities. According to the recommendations, it 
would be of  particular importance that the municipality 
and, indirectly, the government properly fulfill their 
roles in ensuring the population’s safety. This is because 
improper waste storage exposes the population to severe 
risks. In the future, studies can focus more on the actual 
effects of  these wastes on the environment.

Acknowledgments 
The authors would like to extend their appreciation to 
the Department of  Environmental Sciences, Faculty of  
Agronomic Sciences, Boubakar Bâ University of  Tillaberi.

Conflict of  interest
The authors have declared no conflict of  interest.

Funding 
This study was supported by the Department of  
Environmental Sciences, Faculty of  Agronomic Sciences, 
Boubakar Bâ University of  Tillaberi.
 
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