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American Journal of  
Environment and Climate (AJEC)

Efficacy of  Newly Developed Activated Carbon from Bark of  Butea monosperma For 
Removal of  Hexavalent Chromium

Hunge S.S.1*

Volume 1 Issue 1, Year 2022
ISSN: 2832-403X (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajec.v1i1.180
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajec

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: March 11, 2022

Accepted: May 09, 2022

Published: May 12, 2022

Heavy metals present in the aquatic systems have become a serious problem. Due to this 
reason, it has been a great concentration on the development of  new technologies for the 
removal of  heavy metal ions from contaminated water. The adsorption process is one of  
the effective technology for the removal of  toxic heavy metal ions. Hexavalent chromium is 
one of  the major metal ion pollutants in the environment and is present in wastewater from 
most of  the various industrial sections. Several conventional physical and chemical treatment 
technologies are reported in the literature for the removal of  hexavalent chromium. But, 
these processes are expensive and energy intensive and lead to the generation of  harmful 
and carcinogenic by-products. In the recent study, the adsorption ability of  activated carbon 
derived from the bark of  Butea monosperma for removal of  Cr(VI) from polluted water has 
been studied with respect to different parameters like the effect of  pH, adsorbent dosage, 
contact time and initial metal ion concentration. The hexavalent chromium uptake was 
dependent on equilibrium pH=6.5, being the optimum pH value. Cr(VI) elimination from 
aqueous solution increases with an increase in contact time, and equilibrium was attained 
at 150 min. Further, on increasing the adsorbent dose, there was an increase in Cr(VI) 
removal. The maximum adsorption of  Cr(VI) (96%) was examined at 5.0 g/l of  adsorbent 
dose. The upsurge in the initial concentration of  Cr(VI) decreases the percent removal of  
Cr(VI). This examination proved that the newly synthesized activated carbon from the bark 
of  Butea monosperma could be used as a cost-effective and less energy-intensive adsorbent to 
remove hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution and can be successfully applied for the 
treatment of  wastewater.

Keywords
Activated Carbon, Adsorption, 
Bark of  Butea monosperma, 
Hexavalent chromium.

1 Chintamani College of  Science, Pombhurna, Gondwana University, Gadchiroli (MS), India
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: sudhir@chintamani.edu.in

INTRODUCTION
Water is the most significant resource for all living things 
throughout the world (Berger, et.al.,2017; Brandes, 
et.al.,2019; Tran, et.al.,2021; Anush, et.al.,2019). However, 
water pollution is considered the greatest stimulating 
issue all over the world, especially in developing countries 
like India (Anush, et.al., 2019;Jackcina Stobel,et.
al.,2019;Tofighy,et.al.,2020). Origin of  pollution of  
water is mainly in urbanization, industrialization and the 
increase in human population observed during the past 
one and half-century. Among these, different industries 
release several toxic contaminants such as heavy metals, 
organic dyes, pharmaceuticals, petroleum products, 
and others into water bodies (Hokkanen, et.al.,2016; 
Mohd., et.al.2020; Qin X., et.al.,2019). Owing to their 
noxiousness and bioaccumulation, they supply enormous 
hazards to living things ( Md Ariful, et.al., 2020; He C, 
et.al. 2017; Amanda, et.al.,2020). Some of  the metal ions 
can have toxic effects on many forms of  human life 
and the environment [Shahnaz, et.al.,2020; Tshikovhi, 
et.al.,2020; Bhanjana, et.al.,2017). Metals that are toxic 
to human beings and ecological environments include 
copper, chromium, lead, mercury, cadmium, nickel, iron, 
and cobalt (Vilardi, et.al.,2018; Yu G, et.al.,2019; Hou 
S,et.al.,2019). Even the presence of  a low concentration 
of  these heavy metal ions in the environment may cause 
serious environmental and health issues (Alidokht, 
et.al.2011; Yu X, et.al.,2014). Chromium and its derivative 

compounds are the most toxic water pollutants out of  
these toxic metal ions. 
Chromium (VI) is present in the effluents of  electroplating, 
metal finishing, magnetic tapes, wood preservation, leather 
tanning, pigments and chemical manufacturing industries 
(Gupta, et.al.,2019; Wang, et.al., 2012). Chromium is 
present in the environment in two oxidation states, viz. 
trivalent Cr(III) and hexavalent Cr(VI). Cr(III) is referred 
to as a crucial trace nutrient for humans, while Cr(VI) 
is highly toxic to human life (Dobrowolski & Otto,2010; 
Nriagu & Nieboer,1988). Because of  the mutagenic and 
carcinogenic properties of  hexavalent chromium affect 
skin irritation, lung cancer and kidney, liver, and gastric 
damage (Mansri, et.al.2009). As determined by NTP, 
IARC and WHO, chromium (VI) is a human carcinogen 
at a level above its WHO standard value (Ozgunay,et.
al.,2007; Hauber & Buljan,2000). According to the 
WHO, the tolerance limit for Cr(VI) for discharge into 
inland surface water is 0.1 mg/l and in filtered water is 
0.05mg/l. The Ethiopian Environmental Protection 
Authority (EPA) also set a minimum standard of  0.1 
mg/l for hexavalent chrome containing industrial effluent 
(Belay,2010). Several technologies have been developed 
for the treatment of  water and wastewater. The most 
common technologies for chromium-carrying wastewater 
remediation include membrane filtration, ultrafiltration, 
ion exchange, co-precipitation, electrolytic methods, 
photocatalysis, and Adsorption (Hegazi, 2013). Most of  

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Am. J. Environ. Clim. 1(2) 28-33, 2022

these techniques are not capable of  efficient removal of  
chromium metal ion concentration up to the tolerable 
limit (Zare,et.al.,2018). They also have some technical 
drawbacks such as intensive operation, high energy-
expensive, high cost, a lot of  chemical consumption and 
the generation of  secondary products which are toxic and 
harmful (Maitlo,et.al.,2019). Therefore most conventional 
techniques are not profitable as an industrial-scale method 
for removal of  hexavalent chromium from an aqueous 
solution (Jin L,et.al.,2019). Amongst these methods, 
adsorption is a very effective and economical process. 
Adsorbents are prepared from various kinds of  biomass, 
agricultural by-products, clay, corncob and fly ash ( Selvi, 
et.al., 2001; Rao, et.al., 2007; Ait Bentaleb, et.al., 2016) 
which are used for the removal of  contaminants from 
the water. A large number of  low-cost biosorbents are 
developed from different by-products, such as green 
coconut shell (Kumar & Meikap,2014), sugarcane bagasse 
(Singh,2017), coffee husk (Berihun,2017), rice husk 
(Dai, et.al.,2015), mango kernel (Rai,et.al., 2016), maize 
cob (Ibrahim, 2013), sawdust (Ibrahim & Jimoh, 2012), 
hazelnut shell (Kobya, 2004), groundnut hull (Owalude 
& Tella, 2016), sugarcane bagasse (Kumari, 2017), pea 
pod peel (Sharma, et.al.,2016), avocado seed kernel 
(Mekonnen, et.al.,2015), tea waste (Malkoc & Nuhoglu, 
2007) and olive bagasse (Demiral, et.al.,2008) had been 
used for Cr(VI) adsorption. In the recent work, the 
studies are carried out for the removal of  Cr(VI)  from 
an aqueous solution using activated carbon generated 
from the bark of   Butea Monosperma. Butea monosperma is 
a flowering plant belonging to Fabaceae family, locally 
known as dhak or palas. Butea monosperma is mostly used 
in Ayurveda, Unani and Homeopathic medicine (The 
Ayurveda Pharmacopeia of  India,1999) and has become 
a cynosure of  modern medicine (Sindhia & Bairwa, 
2010). The characterization of  newly prepared activated 
carbon from the bark of  Butea monosperma was done 
by XRD, FTIR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 
studies. The batch equilibrium method was conducted 
at 308K to evaluate the efficacy of  the newly developed 
adsorbent for the abatement of  hexavalent chromium 
from the aqueous solution. Experiments were conducted 
to evaluate the effect of  pH, adsorbent dosage, contact 
time and initial metal ion concentration. Thus, recently 
activated carbon has been confirmed a very excellent 
adsorbent and successfully utilized the abatement of  
hexavalent chromium from an aqueous solution. 

MATERIALS AND METHOD
Chemicals:
The chemicals of  AR grade are used and purchased from 
Global Marketing, Nagpur (India).
Activated Carbon preparation from the bark of  Butea 
Monosperma (ACBBM):
The bark of  Butea monosperma tree is collected in a native 
forest area. The bark of  the tree was divided into small 
pieces and washed with tap water to get rid of  sand 
particles. The washed material was then immersed in 

formaldehyde to prevent the formation of  pigment in 
the aqueous solution. It is also washed with water. Once 
drying, the bark is subjected to the pyrolysis process for 
carbonization at 7500C for 5 to 6 hr. So that volatile 
matter was removed and converted into a char. The char 
is placed in a microwave oven for microwave activation 
for 30 min. Activated carbon particles were grounded and 
sieved in 120-200 mm size. The newly generated activated 
carbon was then washed with double distilled water and 
dried at 105oC for 4 to 5 hr.  
Characterization of  ACBBM
Characterization of  ACBBM was done by SEM (Fig.1), 
FTIR ( Fig.2), XRD (Fig.3)
Adsorption Studies
Standard operating solutions were developed from the 
Cr(VI) stock solution. The batch equilibrium method 
is performed for Cr(VI) removal using ACBBM. The 
different parameters such as pH effect, contact time, 
adsorbent dosage and initial metal ion concentration have 
been examined. The pH impact and contact time were 
investigated at 350C with an initial metal ion concentration 
of  25 mg/l and 5g/lit of  adsorbent, i.e., ACBBM. The 
impact adsorbent dose turned into studied with varying 
quantities of  adsorbent from 1g to 9g with Cr(VI) 
concentration of  25mg/l, while the effect of  initial metal 
ion concentration was investigated with concentrations 
ranging from 5mg/l to 50mg/l with an adsorbent dose of  

Figure A: Bark of  Butea Monosperma

Figure B: Activated Carbon Derived from Bark of  BM
5g/l at 350C and the residual concentration is measured 
the usage atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
   
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Characterization of  ACBBM
FTIR Analysis: FTIR analysis (fig.1) was performed to 
identify the various functional group present in ACBBM. 
The spectrum of  ACBBM implies that different 
absorption peaks are present that indicate the complex 

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nature of  ACBBM. A band at 3420 cm-1 represents –OH 
and –NH group stretching. The absorption peak at 2960 
cm-1 can be proven withinside the aliphatic C-H group. 
The peak at 1740cm-1 was displayed in the -C=O group, 
similar to the carboxylic or ester group. A band around at 
1620cm-1 displaying in –C=O group (the amide band is 
usually a stretching band). The peak at 1520 cm-1 implies 
that –C=O group corresponds to the carbonyl stretching 
band.
SEM Analysis: The scanning electron microscopy 
(SEM) of  ACBBM, as proven in fig. 2, suggests that it 
has a clean pore shape structure developed on the floor 
of  ACBBM. It was noticed that there had been very small 
and big cavities on the surface of  the ACBBM. Due to 
the existence of  the hollow space like the shape of  an 
adsorbent, ACBBM possessed excessive surface area 
and high adsorptive properties. The adsorption method 
of  any heavy metal relies upon the dimension of  hallow 
space on the surface of  the activated carbon. 
XRD Analysis: The XRD is tested to observe the 
crystalline or amorphous nature of  the ACBBM and 
is shown in Figure 3. The fabric is an amorphous 
characteristic in the comprehensive XRD pattern 
structure, indicating an extremely disordered structure. 
The elevation is found around to 2θ value of  around 22°, 

Figure 1: FTIR Spectrum of   activated carbon of  Bark 
of  Butea Monosperma(ACBBM)

Figure 4: pH effect on Cr(VI) adsorption

Figure.5: Effect of  Contact time 

Figure 3. X-ray diffractogram  of  ACBBM

and small peaks near 16° and 35° and is associated with 
crystalline cellulose (Barnette, et.al., 2012).
Impact of  pH:  The impact of  pH on Cr(VI) adsorption 
is shown in fig.4. It is proven that pH of  the solution 
plays an essential role in the elimination of  Cr(VI). The 
elimination percentage of  Cr(VI) increases from 55 
to 94.5 as the initial pH of  the solution rises from 1 to 

6.5 and is appreciably better at 6.5 pH . The adsorption 
percentage gradually decreased to 80% as the pH of  the 
solution increased from 6.5 to 8.0. So the adsorbent, 
i.e., ACBBM, can be effectively used at 6.5 pH for the 
Adsorption of  Cr(VI). 
Effect of  Contact Time on Cr(VI) adsorption: 
Sorption of  Cr(VI) ion with contact time was studied 
and shown in fig.5. The figure indicates the removal of  
Cr(VI) ability to extend with increasing contact time 
before reaching equilibrium. Alternative limitations like 
a dose of  ACBBM, solution pH and initial Cr(VI) ion 
concentration were unbroken optimum. From Fig.4, it 
is observed that removal potency inflated from 50% to 
96% once contact time increased from 60 to 150 min. 
The optimum contact time for ACBBM was found to 
be 150 min. However, when equilibrium is achieved, it is 
nearly constant.

Figure 2. X-ray diffractogram  of  ACBBM

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Effect of  Adsorbent Dosage: The result of  adsorbent 
dose on Cr(VI) sorption is shown in fig 6. The study 
was performed by changing the ACBBM value from 1 
to 9 g/l while maintaining other limiting parameters like 
the pH scale of  the solution, contact time and initial 
metal in concentration fixed. The figure shows that the 
proportion of  Cr(VI) removal inflated with the rise in the 
dose of  ACBBM. The highest Cr(VI) removal was found 
at 94.5% with a dose of  adsorbent 6gm. This is often 
attributed to the fact that more accessibility of  cavity and 
availability of  surface area of  the adsorbent. Once the 

Figure 6: Effect of  Adsorbent dose

Figure 7: Effect of  concentration on Cr(VI) adsorption

bound dose of  adsorbent, the potency of  the removal 
remains unchanged as a result of  the utmost sorption set 
and Cr(VI) ion present within the solution are sure to the 
adsorbent almost unchanged. 
Impact of  initial metal ion concentration: The result 
of  initial metal ion concentration on hexavalent chromium 
removal by ACBBM as shown in fig.7. It is ascertained 
that the percentage of  Cr(VI) removal decreases with 
increasing of  Cr(VI) ion concentration. In the current 
study, the experiments were performed to gauge the effect 
of  initial metal ion concentration at 10mg/l to 50mg/l. A 
dose of  adsorbent was taken at 5g/l.The result shows a 
decrease in Cr(VI) removal from 96% to 73%.This will 
be even because the adsorbent has a restricted number of  
active sites or pores that are saturated beyond. 

CONCLUSION
• Powder X-ray confirmed that ACBBM was crystalline 

with a diffraction pattern, the scanning microscopy 
(SEM) of  adsorbent ACBBM steered that it had clear 

little cavities developed at the surface, and FTIR showed 
numerous functional groups is associated with them.

• ACBBM was the foremost effective adsorbent for the 
removal of  Cr(VI), i.e., 95%  removal at pH 6.5. After 
pH 6.5, the removal of  Cr(VI) was decreased. Therefore 
adsorbent is employed most effectively at pH 6.5 for 
removing Cr(VI).

• Further increase within the adsorbent and exaggerated 
contact time is found to extent Cr(VI) removal percentage

• As the dose of  ACBBM was fixed, surface assimilation 
of  Cr(VI) from aqueous solution decreased with the rise 
within the initial Cr(VI) ion concentration. 

• We can say that the newly developed ACBBM material 
features a potential application prospect as an economical 
adsorbent for Cr(VI) removal from waste water through a 
price effective and environment-friendly method.
Acknowledgements 
The author is highly thankful to Dr. P.K.Rahangdale, 
Bhawabhuti Mahavidyalaya, Amgaon and Prof. Mamata 
Lanjewar, PGTD Chemistry, RTM Nagpur University 
Nagpur, for their valued guidance, moral provision, timely 
help and persistent encouragement during the course of  
this investigation. The authors also thanked Scientist In-
charge, SAIF, STIC, Cochin University, Cochin for FTIR 
and SEM analysis of  the sample. The authors are also 
thankful to the Managing Director of  Deenee Chemical 
Laboratory (DCL), Chandrapur, for letting us accessing 
the atomic absorption spectrophotometer and UV-
Visible spectrophotometer.

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