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American Journal of  
Environment and Climate (AJEC)

The Fight Against Climate Change: Adaptive and Strategies Activities Among Farmers
Ali K. Dilangalen1*

Volume 1 Issue 2, Year 2022
ISSN: 2832-403X (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajec.v1i2.344
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajec

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: June 23, 2022
Accepted: June 27, 2022
Published: July 17, 2022

Farmers are the ones who provide food to the people in the society and they are considered 
to be heroes of  today. This study was conducted to determine the challenges experienced by 
farmers related to climate change, their coping strategies, and different means to ensure crop 
yield. Qualitative-phenomenology was employed. Findings revealed that farmers experienced 
failure due to unpredictable weather patterns, bad harvest, slow growth of  crops, low quality 
of  fruits, costs them much expenses with loss of  capital because of  climate change. They 
cope by employing waterworks and waited for government’s assistance. To ensure crop yield, 
they applied fertilizers, chemicals, and waterworks. 

Keywords
Adaptive Strategies, Climate Change, 
Farmers, Cotabato, Philippines

1 Cotabato Foundation College of  Science and Technology Doroluman, Arakan, Cotabato, Philippines.
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: akdilangalen@yahoo.com

INTRODUCTION
Farmers are the ones who provide food to the people 
in the society and they are considered to be the heroes 
of  today. Being one take some skills, courage and 
determination to face all the difficulties and obstacles 
especially regarding to climate change. Climate change 
is one of  the opponent of  farmers for it can affect the 
growth, development and productivity of  the crops. 
The Philippines is located near the equator and is 
surrounded by ocean which makes it as one of  the 
countries that is at risk of  climate change. The most 
affected in this kind of  phenomenon are in the field 
of  agriculture specifically the farmers (Defiesta & 
Rapera, 2014). The negative effect of  climate change are 
potentially evident in this time, which triggers farmers to 
have an agricultural adaptation in an instant. There are 
many options that farmers can practice in order to fight 
against the possible impact of  the said phenomena and 
improve their cropping system (Howden et al., 2007). 
The current and available products for agriculture have 
been examined to create new technologies that are more 
efficient in ensuring crop yield (Rosegrant et al., 2015).
Due to the effect of  climate change, many farmers 
specially the small-holders have lost their livelihood and 
led them in such deep problems (Chandra et al., 2011). 
The Philippine economy is projected to cost much money 
by year 2050 due to the impact of  climate change in the 
field of  agriculture (Rosegrant, et al., 2015). Adaptation 
strategies that will help increase the productivity growth 
in agriculture is expected to minimize the negative effect 
of  climate change in the society (Rosegrant et al., 2015). 
The current strategies of  farmers in their field can be 
enhanced or improved in order to significantly reduce the 
impact of  climate change. As the years will pass by, the 
farmers can get more knowledge in the field that they 
are in and with this, they can get new techniques and 
strategies that are more effective than the previous ones 
(Lasco et al., 2011).

This study is significant among the farmers. It will help 
them think for the better strategies in order to combat 
climate change and increase crop yield. Moreover, this 
study is qualitative where it employed phenomenology. 
Though there were similar studies conducted (Ayeri et al., 
2012; Hirpa et al., 2020), however, these were conducted 
in Africa. Some studies in the Philippines are on the 
contexts of  case studies (Feola et al., 2015; Escarcha et 
al., 2020). Therefore, there was an urgency to conduct 
this study in the local contexts.
Correspondingly, this will give insights on the challenges 
faced by the farmers against climate change. The findings 
will serve as an additional bodies of  knowledge to the 
farmers and to the different governmental agencies. 
Thus, this study was conceptualized and pursued. 

Research Questions
1. What are the challenges experienced by farmers 

related to climate change?
2. How do farmers cope with this phenomenon?
3. What are the different means employed by farmers 

to ensure crop yield?

DATA & METHOD
This research study employed qualitative phenomeno-
logical research design. It aimed to understand and 
interpret a phenomenon making it a qualitative research 
and having phenomenological research design will 
enable the informants to share their experiences and 
give thoughts on a phenomenon based from their 
corresponding experiences (Gallagher, 2012). Qualitative 
phenomenology is an approach to research that centers 
on the experience of  a person that answers a particular 
problem (Husserl & Gibson, 1983). 
There were ten (10) informants in this study. The 
informants were selected through purposive sampling 
in which they were chosen based on the qualities they 
possess (Tongco, 2007; Etikan & Bala, 2017). Moreover, 



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criterion-based sampling had been utilized since there 
were criteria set by the researcher in choosing the 
informants (Gehart et al., 2001). The criteria set for this 
study is that they are farmers who work on their own 
farm for at least five years. Five (5) informants took part 
as Key Informants and another five (5) for the Focus 
Group Discussion (FGD).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Challenges experienced by farmers related to 
Climate change

Failure due to unpredictable weather patterns
Farmers revealed that due to unpredictable weather 
patterns they experienced failure in their farms. The 
unpredictable weather patterns had caused slow growth 
and damage to their crops which leads to the farmers’ 
downfall. As the years pass by, climate change is getting 
worse which heavily affected the agricultural sector. 
Due to the continuous unpredictable weather, they 
end up crop failures, reduced water level in tanks and 
wells to support their crops and new pest and diseases 
were found. Thus, they are trying to adapt this kind of  
phenomenon (Varadan & Kumar, 2014). Learning how 
the farmers notice the way rainfall uncommonly change is 
indeed important to know. Especially, looking forward to 
the effects of  unusual changing climate patterns. Most of  
the farmers think that the rainfall usually starts earlier and 
end later. In the meteorological data, there’s no evidence 
given to support on how the farmers think of  the usual 
rainfall that would start as early as September or October. 
There is only one explanation the farmer’s vision and 
meteorological evidence is that unusual rainfall changes 
can fluently confused with the changes in farming system 
(Simelton et al., 2013). The way farmer’s see on how rainfall 
is changing is indeed important, especially expecting the 
possible effects of  climate change. Nonetheless, even 
within the same location, people may think rainfall 
changes differently. The purpose of  this they suggest to 
control the possible climate change impact scenarios need 
to be grounded, along the farmers & prolonging workers’ 
understandings of  how the weather is changing more 
carefully in order to improve the policy to implement 
(Simelton et al.,  2011).

Bad harvest 
Harvest is one of  the awaited moment for the farmers 
for their crops. But due to the climate change, the farmers 
revealed that they may experience a bad harvest due to 
damaged crops. This will result to a poor income and low 
profit, and worst if  they will not gain any and loss their 
capital. As the years pass by, a lot of  agriculture policy 
analysts have discussed that incompletely subsidized crop 
insurance would be a more efficient and equitable way to 
protect farmers from disaster than unconsidered disaster 
aid.
Regardless of  the high expectation and promises of  the 
insurance of  the crop redeem the efforts, it is doubtful 

that the benefits of  the nation have outreach the taxpayer 
cost (Skees, 2001). The assessment of  climate impacts 
especially on water resources shows that an increase 
in average water availability in Russia, but it also has 
an enough increased frequency of  high turnout events 
portion of  central Russia, and more periodical how 
turnout events in the portion which is already dry crop 
growing regions in the South. These results shows that 
the increasing condition of  extreme climate will act an 
huge threat not just the water resources, but also the food 
system of  Russia (Alcamo, 2007).

Slow growth of  crops
The season can affect the growth of  the plants. The 
farmers revealed that during dry season, one of  their 
problems is that the plants are growing slow and making it 
to become stunt. This will lead to a long time for plants to 
become fully developed. Both changes and temperature 
variability can affect crop processes. 
Some crop processes, often associated with boom like 
photosynthesis and breathing, show non-stop and 
primarily nonlinear changes in their rates as temperature 
increases. Improvement and development rates through a 
lifestyle of  crops (Porter & Semonov, 2009). Additionally, 
sources of  growth in agricultural productivity are 
multifaceted and consist of  funding levels for public and 
private look-up and development, soil quality adjustments, 
mineral fertilizer availability and rate, CO2 and ozone (O3) 
atmospheric concentrations, and temperature (T) and 
precipitation (P) changes (Lobell & Gourdji 2012). 
Solar radiation affects crop growth and productivity 
deeply. Photosynthesis is generally impaired during the 
rainy season due to reduced light intensity and duration 
caused by the excessively cloudy weather. This is a major 
constraint on tropical rice productivity and production 
(Yoshida 1981). In different growth phases, the solar 
radiation requirements of  a rice crop differ (Yoshida & 
Parao, 1976). Shading slightly affects rice growth and 
yield during the vegetative growth phase, while shading 
during the reproductive phase has a pronounced effect 
on sink capacity (spikelet number per panicle and per unit 
land area). Shading significantly reduces grain yield during 
maturation due to a spikelet sterility spurt (Yoshida, 1981).

Quality of  the fruits are affected
The quality of  fruit is one of  the factor in knowing what 
will be the income of  the farmers. It was discovered that 
because of  high temperature, the fruits of  the plants 
become undersized and causing it to have a meager 
harvest in the farm. Abiotic stress potential has a huge 
impact on the quality and nutrition within the fresh cut 
fruits and vegetables. 
Nevertheless, it has been directed to defining and 
documenting the abiotic stresses that happen during 
fresh cut processing, packaging and also storage (Hodges 
& Toivonen, 2008). Peppers are very known vegetables 
not just of  their color and taste, but the nutritional value 
contains within. The levels of  Vitamins C, phenolic 



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compounds and carotenoids are increased when they’re 
fully develop or matured enough. Moreover, peppers 
grown under an organic culture which had a higher 
Vitamin C, henolic and carotenoid rather than those 
grown under conventional culture (Perez-Lopez et al.,  
2007).

Costs much expenses and loss of  capital
Having a farm really needs money for finances. Due 
to the climate change, farmers revealed that they spent 
too much expenses than before and experienced losing 
their capital because of  damaged crops due to the heat. 
This caused them some difficulties in producing more 
harvests. Thus, their finances were also affected. 
The increase of  temperature has brought negative 
response in the global yield in which the annual income 
for crops nationwide has reduced 5 billion dollars per year 
since 1981 until 2002 as stated by Lobell and Field (2007). 
Drought will be a problem to poor farmers because with 
this they might lost their investments for the crops in the 
farm and worse, they may go into a debt (Pandey et al., 
2007). The use of  pesticides to increase the productivity 
rate and destroy the pests in the farm has resulted in the 
increase of  costs which affects the profit of  the farmers 
(Wilson & Tisdell, 2001). Moreover, farmers who uses 
organic do not earn higher than the synthetic users, they 
who earns a high income had spent higher production 
expenses also thus both of  them had a little profit for 
their hard work (Uematsu & Mishra, 2012).

Exhausting and tiresome
Due to the effect of  climate change, it was discovered 
that farmers need to work hard to ensure that their crops 
will live even though it is dry season. They do many works 
to the point where they feel exhausted and tired. It can 
be reiterated by the mere fact they only earn a meager 
amount from their produce. 
Working in the farm, farmers cannot avoid having 
an unfavorable body posture and with this, farmers 
experienced fatigue in the body especially in lower 
back and shoulders (Maeda et al., 1980). In relation to 
this, farmers are prone to having low back pain and 
musculoskeletal disorder because of  the activities they do 
in the farms such as working with wrong body posture 
and doing physical work load like lifting and carrying 
loads (Solecki, 2011).

Plants will be dehydrated
Farmers revealed that too much heat brought by climate 
change, the plants will become dehydrated. Having 
not enough source of  water, the plants cannot sustain 
nutrients needed by the plants thus it will become wither. 
A wide range of  period having water deficit or the lack 
of  water supply in the farm can cause drought stress and 
dehydration to the plants (Ingram & Bartels, 1996). In 
addition, some plants have a little capacity of  dehydration 
tolerance and most of  it die due to low water potential 

(Oliver, Cushmad & Koster, 2010).

Ways farmers cope with Climate Change
Employ Waterworks
Water is essential for the growth and development 
of  plant. It was discovered that during dry season, the 
farmers are doing waterworks to ensure that their crops 
stay alive even if  there is no rain. 
Having efficient supply of  water can be the determinant 
in the farmers’ crops yield and as for the resistance of  the 
crops to drought and dehydration (Blum, 2009). Similarly, 
crop growth is strongly dependent on the moisture of  
the soil that was stored from the out-of-season rain and 
farmers improved and maintain it by doing water works 
(Condon, et al., 2002). Additionally, by doing water works 
through irrigation can help the plants develop and grow 
under different condition of  the weather (Doorenbos & 
Kassam, 1979). 

Wait for the assistance from the government
Farmers revealed that the effect of  climate change cannot 
be easily coped up if  doing it alone. The reason why 
farmers rely on the assistance from the government and 
also join in association in which they can received help. 
Investments by government and donors are undoubtedly 
the best way to finance risk assessments and start-up prices 
for market development. Government support wherever 
the government is in the type of  premium subsidies. 
Paying a certain amount of  total insurance premiums can 
very well hamper adaptation by encouraging households 
to maintain or increase investment in unsustainable 
livelihoods. 
A less distorting structure of  government support 
in progress is to divide the hazard into a moderately 
severe layer of  business and a particularly severe social 
layer. Regardless of  whether investments are built by 
governments and donors to support insurance markets, 
they should be carefully considered in light weight 
of  their chance prices as adaptation desires outweigh 
current levels of  funding (Collier et al., 2009). Contrary to 
governmental views, their programs are usually viewed in 
an unfavorable manner, and therefore there is a demand 
to evaluate the effectiveness of  export programs also 
facilitate as a result of  the ways in which customized 
businesses generate user awareness. There is evidence 
of  a lack of  understanding between government and 
small business on the role and value of  existing export 
programs facilitate the small sample base. 
Future programs must reflect on the wishes of  the small 
bourgeois $64,000 and recognize their entirely different 
stages of  development, variable periods of  overseas 
involvement and export expertise (Albaum, 1983). Some 
government payments to farmers also translate into 
financial gain for merchants offering inputs from seed, 
fertilizer, machinery, and alternative production. Lenders 
benefit from enhanced farm borrowers ‘ reimbursement 
capacity and reduced risk on portfolios of  farm loans. 



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As native economic multipliers create ripple effects from 
the additional income across the agricultural community, 
alternative indirect benefits accrue (McCabe, 2001). 
Government plays a vital role in fostering smallholders 
‘ CF in the Asian country of  recent fruit and vegetables 
(FFV). Indeed, the program event (Contract Farming 
Program), effective management technique, and strong 
player engagement, as well as strong government support. 
They are thought-out because they are the strongest tools 
to facilitate the economic process and to raise the living 
standards of  farmers in Asia (Baqutayan et al., 2017).

Different means employed by farmers to ensure crop 
yield
Applying Fertilizer to the plants
Plants need nutrients in order for it to grow and have 
a good quality products. It was revealed that farmers 
used fertilizer in replenishing the nutrients found in the 
soil which will be absorb by the plants that will result 
to a healthy production. The farmers applied fertilizer 
because it has a strong potential for building an adaptive 
food system in the face of  vacillation. 
Also farmers used synthetic fertilizer, to facilitate the 
process of  the growth their crops, so that they can 
acquire higher yields or they can gain profit to their 
crops (Scialabba & Müller-Lindenlauf, 2010). Fertilizer 
are useful and important to our crops. It improve crop 
productivity and also restore soil fertility (Mwangi, 1996). 
The use of  fertilizer is an effective, efficient and ensuring 
it has a good production. It also increase soil aggregation 
(Ahmad et al., 2016).

Using chemicals
Synthetic and new products are available in the market 
to ensure that the plants are being protected against 
pests, insects and fungus. The farmers revealed that they 
use such chemicals to ensure that there are no hinder in 
growth of  their plants. Using such chemicals will also 
ensure high production of  crops. Farmers are continue 
using chemicals in their farm to increase their agricultural 
productivity. 
Even though, chemicals are harmful in humans’ health, 
still they used chemicals to reduce the number of  pest 
assaulting to their crops (Wilson & Tisdell, 2001). Farmers 
are now depends on synthetic chemicals to protect their 
crops from pest and insects (Chandler et al., 2011). Most 
farmers applied chemicals to manage the growth of  their 
crops and to control the pest and weeds that competing 
with crops (Magahud & Dimaano, 2005).

Using Waterworks
Water is essential for the plants and necessary for the 
improvement of  its growth. It was discovered that 
farmers are doing waterworks to ensure that the crops 
will result a good and bountiful harvest. Water is the most 
important element needed by humans in growing their 
crops to ensure food security and sustainability. 
Water is now quickly becoming critically short object for 

humans and for crop production (Waraich et al., 2011). 
The government implement programs specially in terms 
of  implementing an irritating system which can help in 
tolerating the plants to grow better (Abdel – Azim, Allam, 
2005). Irrigation serve as self-insurance, irrigating farmers 
using too much water volumes that’s why it can improve 
the difference of  outcome (Foudi, & Erdlenbruch, 2011).

Implications for Practice
Farmers especially the new ones can use the result of  the 
study to enable them to become aware on the challenges 
that they may encounter due to the effects of  climate 
change. They may also know that climate change is a 
serious matter in which farmers can experienced failure 
due to the unpredictable weather patterns, bad harvest, 
slow growth of  crops due to high temperature, the 
quality of  fruits is affected, spending much money to the 
expenses and loss of  capital, exhaustion and tiredness 
and dehydration of  plants.
To cope with the challenges brought by climate change 
farmers may have a water-pump to do the waterworks 
in order for the plants to stay alive and fight against too 
much heat and drought during dry season. Farmers may 
also ask the government or any associations for assistance 
in solving the problems in their corresponding farms.
To ensure crop yield, farmers can apply fertilizers like 
Potassium or potash, Urea and Yara which is available 
in the markets to ensure that the plants can get enough 
nutrients needed for better growth and development. 
They may also use chemical such as pesticide, insecticide 
and fungicide specifically Malathion and Dithane to 
combat against the pests and insects and ensure that there 
is no hinder for the growth of  their plants thus, it may 
result to a good quality production. Moreover, farmers 
may also do waterworks in order for the plants to stay 
healthy that may result to a bountiful harvest.

CONCLUSION
It has been noted that the farmers are one of  the most 
vulnerable because of  climate change. They played a 
significant role in feeding billions of  people of  this planet. 
Without them, there could have widespread famine that 
we could experience. Indeed, the government must have 
to intervene to help them cope with the challenges that 
they are currently facing.
The impact of  COVID-19 pandemic showed to have 
a detrimental effect on the harvest of  the farmers. As 
well, the on-going conflict between Ukraine and Russia 
added to the cost of  grains. As an engineer, educator, 
and a school president, I can say that we have the most 
important role in order to help our farmers. Their 
problems will also be ours. We cannot say that we are not 
part of  it. Thus, this study is a eye-opener that we have to 
walk hand-in-hand in combatting climate change. 

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