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American Journal of   
Environment and Climate (AJEC)

Resource Recovery Potential of  Limuru Municipality Abattoir Waste
Mbugua J. K1*, Waswa A. G2, Mbui D. N3

Volume 4 Issue 2, Year 2025
ISSN: 2832-403X (Online) 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajec.v4i2.4386
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajec

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: January 09, 2025

Accepted: February 13, 2025

Published: May 10, 2025

Municipalities are entrusted with solid waste management to avoid rapid fill-up of  landfills, 
provide apt sustainable solid waste management solutions, and mitigate greenhouse gas 
emissions. Slaughterhouses are major contributors to environmental degradation, water 
pollution and global warming. In the current study, the waste generated from animal slaughter 
houses in Limuru was calculated, the potential of  Limuru municipality slaughterhouse waste 
to generate biogas and bio-electricity and organic bio-fertilizer investigated and the waste 
greenhouse gases emission potential was also computed. Inadequate information on abattoir 
resource recovery and utilization formed the need for this cross-sectional study conducted 
from January to March 2024. Four selected slaughter houses in Limuru municipality, 
Kenya, were selected; namely Limuru, Bahati, Makutano and Ngecha. Aniebo mathematical 
computation models were used to determine the amount of  slaughterhouse from the 
number of  animals processed. The results exhibited that 1739.479 tonnes of  abattoir waste 
is generated annually. Anaerobic digestion produced 92.1924 m3 of  biogas annually as per 
the Rao model. This translated to electricity production potential of  49.3229 kWh p.a and 
heat production potential of  71.4484 kWh p.a as a form of  resource recovery. There was 
549.0512 m3 reduction of  greenhouse gases using biogas technology which translated to 
positive impact on environmental safety, public health and GHG emission reduction.

Keywords
Abattoir, Anaerobic Digestions, 
Biogas, Bio-Slurry, Municipality

1 Limuru Municipality, Kiambu County P.O. BOX 2344-00900, Kiambu, Kenya
2 Department of  Physical Science, South Eastern Kenya University, P.O. Box 170-90200 Kitui, Kenya
3 Department of  Chemistry, University of  Nairobi, P.O Box 30197-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: domjamkam@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION
Waste from slaughterhouses includes a variety of  
contaminants, including animal feces, blood, bone, 
fat, animal trimmings, paunch content and urine from 
operations and in the form of  solid, liquid and gases 
(Adeyemo et al., 2002). If  abattoir wastes are not properly 
managed and controlled, they may negatively impact 
the nation’s economy, public health, animal health, 
and environment. Abattoirs, especially those based in 
developing countries, are always faced with setbacks 
in disposal, handling and treatment of  their wastes 
efficiently (Adesola et al., 2024). This has always resulted 
in contamination of  soils, water, air threatening public 
health and greenhouse gases emissions (Rojie et al., 2008).
Good production and hygiene procedures, together with 
appropriate waste disposal mechanisms are critical to 
reducing the adverse effects of  slaughterhouse wastes. 
Methods for safe disposal, treatment, and processing 
include burial, composting, rendering, incineration, 
anaerobic digestion, and blood processing can be 
harnessed and public health risks and environmental 
pollution mitigated (Tamenech & Tamirat, 2017).
Methane (CH4) is an important greenhouse gas because 
of  its absorbs radiation from the sun based on its chemical 
structure. Its components remain in the environment for 
hundreds or thousands of  years, making it a Short-Lived 
Climate Pollutant (SLCP) with a 12-year half-life. With 
a projected 0.3% rise in 2016 to a total of  9.2 Gt CO2 
eq, CH4 is the second most potent anthropogenic GHG 
in terms of  global warming potential (GWP) (Olivier 

et al., 2017). Methane is responsible for at least 25% 
of  global warming because it is very good at trapping 
solar heat (Climate and Clean Air Coalition, 2012). As a 
result, it adversely affects ambient air quality and makes 
a substantial contribution to climate change. Enteric 
fermentation in ruminant animals is responsible for over 
70% of  agricultural CH4 emissions (Jackson et al., 2020). 
Slaughterhouses generate vast amounts of  biological 
waste, much of  which is unused. (Khan et al., 2023). 
Utilizing plants to produce industrial byproducts such 
as fats and oils, such as lard and tallow (Chakraborty et 
al., 2014), fertilizers made from organic compost (Darch 
et al., 2019), biogas through the production of  methane 
(Ware & Power, 2016), and animal feed as meat powder 
(Ragályi & Kádár, 2012) is the most common method of  
reusing livestock waste.
Therefore, this work was carried out to assess the 
tonnage of  abattoir waste generated by slaughterhouses 
in Limuru municipality, Kenya, on a daily basis, assess its 
bio-energy and bio-fertilizer potential and estimate the 
green houses gases emissions, so as to develop policies 
on slaughterhouse waste sustainable management.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sampling
Cross-sectional study design was used with an approach 
of  simple random sampling done at four slaughterhouses 
located in: Limuru, Bahati, Ndeiya and Ngecha Wards 
within Limuru municipality in Kenya. The area of  study 
is depicted in figure 1.



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Limuru is one of  the municipalities in Kiambu County. 
The population was about 159,314 people according to 
the 2019 census (Kenya National Bureau of  Statistics 
(KNBS), 2020). This urban community is located roughly 
30 kilometers northwest of  Nairobi at coordinates of  
1°06’28.0″S and 36°38’34.0″E.

Data on Number of  Animals Slaughtered 
The quantity of  animals slaughtered in the four 
slaughterhouses in Limuru municipality was recorded 
daily for three months and the mean ± standard deviation 
reported.

Economics of  Slaughterhouse Wastes
For abattoir waste generation, a mathematical model by 
Aniebo et al. (2009) was applied (Equation 1). 
Total waste = ∑ (BLw+Bnw+Icw+Tw)*N               (1)
where BLw is the blood waste, Bnw is the bone waste, 
Icw is the intestinal content waste, and Tw is the tissue 
waste, all measured in kg; N is the number of  slaughtered 
livestock.

Estimation of  Biogas Production from Abattoir 
Waste
The Rao et al. (2000) model was used to compute biogas 
generation. The model suggests that 1 Kg of  abattoir 
waste produce 0.053m3 of  syngas. Therefore, the volume 
of  biogas produced (VBP) can be estimated using 
equation 2:
VBP=AWG*0.053m3 kg(-1)                            (2)
Where AWG is the total waste generated.

Figure 1: A map of  slaughterhouses in Limuru municipality

Estimation of  Energy from Biogas
Ngumah et al. (2013) state that the calorific value (high 
heating value) of  the methane concentration in biogas 
determines its energy potential. According to Rohstoffe 
(2012), biogas has an average calorific value of  21-23.5 
MJ/m3 (around 22.0 MJ/m3). Kilowatt hours (kWh) are 
commonly used to denote energy, and 3.6 MJ is equivalent 
to 1 kWh. 1 m3 of  biogas has an energy potential of  
6.1 kWh if  the 22.0 MJ/m3 of  biogas is converted to 
kWh. Biogas’s energy (heat and electricity) potential 
was determined using the energy conversion techniques 
developed by Banks (2009). These methods demonstrated 
that biogas has a 35% conversion efficiency to electricity, 
meaning that 1m3 of  biogas has a potential for producing 
2.14 kWh of  electricity (i.e., its energy potential of  
6.1kWh × 0.35). Consequently, the formula in equation 
3 can be used to determine the electricity production 
potential (EPP), or kWh:
EPP=VBPm*2.14kWh                 (3)
Furthermore, according to Banks (2009), biogas has a 
50% conversion efficiency to heat energy, meaning that 
1 m3 of  biogas has a 3.1 kWh heat production potential 
(i.e., 6:1 kWh × 0.5 energy potential). Equation 4 provides 
an estimate of  the heat production potential (HPP), 
expressed in kWh:
HPP=VBP*3.1kWh                 (4)

Greenhouse Gas Reduction through Biogas Technology
According to mathematical calculations based on (B-sustain, 
2013, IPCC, 2000, JGCRI, 2018), the greenhouse gas 
emissions from disposal sites are summarized as follows:



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Am. J. Environ. Clim. 4(2) 42-48, 2025

GHGemission=[((QX×DOC×DOCF×F1×1.336)-R) * 
(1-OX)]*25                  (5)
F1 is the methane fraction produced from carbon 
to methane; R is the recovered methane over the 
year, expressed in kg or tons; QX is the amount of  
slaughterhouse waste stated in tons/kg from waste 
records; DOC is the degradable organic carbon 
represented as a proportion of  abattoir waste (default 
value (DV) = 0:12); DOCF is the fraction of  degradable 
organic carbon dissimilated for the abattoir waste (DV = 
0:7); In order to convert the amount of  methane released 
to CO2eq from the amount of  abattoir waste generated 
(equation 6), the oxidation factor (OX) is employed (DV 
= 0:1 for well-managed and DV = 0 for unmanaged); and 
the CH4 global warming potential is 25.
GHGemissions(tCO2eq)=Qj×EFj                           (6)
where Qj is the amount of  trash by type j (only abattoir 
waste is considered here), EFj is the biogas emission 
factor for waste type j (0.02 kg CO2eq), t is the unit of  
waste, either in tons or kilograms, and CO2eq is the CO2 
equivalent. The difference between equations 5 and 6 
(equation 7) will be used to estimate the GHG emissions 
from the production of  biogas.
ReductionoftheGHGsusingbiogas=
∑Equation5-∑ Equation6               (7)

Equivalence of  Biogas in Fossil Fuels (equation 8) 
Blottnitz (2010) and B-Sustain (2013) energy estimation 
states that using 1 m3 of  biogas is equivalent to using 0.45 
kg of  LPG, 0.6 kg of  kerosene, 3.50 kg of  charcoal or 
firewood, 0.4 kg of  furnace oil, 0.7 kg of  gasoline, and 0.5 
kg of  diesel for the same activities.
Equivalence=∑ CFF*N                 (8)
Where CFF is each of  above coefficient factor; N is the 
volume of  biogas produced (i.e., from Equation (2)).

Cost Estimate for Biogas Energy
The amount of  energy generated was calculated 
by comparing it to the Ethiopian Electric Power 
Corporation/EEPC (2018) cost (equation 9); that is, the 
minimum cost (tariff) of  1kWh of  heat or electricity is 
0.021USD (2.71 KShs).
Cost=(Equation5*2.71KShs)+(Equation6*2.71KShs) (9)

Methods for Estimating Biofertilizer Yield Potential
The percentage of  organic waste’s dry mass (DM) that is 
not converted to biogas is the basis for the coefficients used 
to estimate biofertilizer yields (Ngumah et al., 2013). The 
coefficient proportion of  the dry mass (DM) and volatile 
solid (VS) components of  slaughterhouse waste was used 
in this study to calculate the amount of  biofertilizer.  For 
slaughterhouse waste, the DM percentage of  fresh organic 
wastes was set at 15%, and the theoretically dry mass 
(DM) of  abattoir waste converted to gas (dry mass minus 
mineral content) is known as the volatile solid (VS), which 
was calculated by multiplying the DM of  abattoir waste by 
85%. DM and VS were determined for this study using the 
following formulas (equations 10 and 11):
DM=AWG*0.15(15”\%” )             (10)
VS=DM*0.85(85”\%” )                (11)
Biofertilizer production from slaughterhouse waste was 
evaluated using the coefficient fraction model of  the dry 
mass (DM) part developed by Deublien and Steinhauser 
(2008), and the biofertilizer yield (BFY) of  abattoir waste 
was computed using DM and VS as inputs. However, 
according to Burke (2000), 60% of  VS is the actual 
proportion converted to biogas, with the remaining 
40% factored into the BFY estimate. Consequently, the 
potential of  BFY was deduced as follows:
BFY=(DM-VS)+(40”\%”*VS)            (12)

Calculating the Cost of  Producing Biofertilizer
As per the average retail prices in Kenya, 50 kg of  UREA 
and DAP fertilizers cost at about Ksh 3500 to Ksh.5500 
respectively. In comparison, similar quantities of  biofertilizers 
could have a cost multiplier factor of  almost 30-40.
CostofBFY=50kgofBFY*US$28.6 ((KSh.4000))⁄Kg  (13)

Data Analysis
Minitab, Version 17/19, was used to enter the data for 
analysis. Numerical data was analyzed using descriptive 
statistics, including frequency (F), range, mean (M), total, 
percentage, and standard deviation (SD).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This study in Limuru municipality collected the number 
of  slaughtered animals (cattle, goats, pigs, and sheep) 

Figure 2: Number of  animal slaughtered daily in different abattoir



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Am. J. Environ. Clim. 4(2) 42-48, 2025

daily from January 1, 2024, to March 31, 2024, from the 
four registered abattoirs, as represented in Figure 2. The 
number approximated 20,805 animals annually. Only 
Ngecha slaughterhouse slaughters pigs, while the other 
three slaughter bovine, ovine, and caprine animals.

The specific and total waste generated from bovine, ovine 
and caprine and porcine is shown in table 1 as calculated using 
equation 1 as described by Aniebo et al., 2009 mathematical 
model. The waste ranges from blood, rumen matter, bones 
among other form of  waste as shown in figure 3.

Figure 3: Slaughterhouse wastes from Limuru abattoir

On estimate, 12.6 kg of  blood waste, 8.0 kilogram of  
intestinal content waste, 6.4 kg of  tissue waste, and 11.8 
kg of  bone debris (a total of  38.8) might be produced by 
one cow. Likewise, a single goat or sheep that has been 
killed may yield 0.72 kilogram of  blood waste and 1.25 kg 
of  digestive content waste.
The study demonstrated that an annual total waste of  
1739.479 ton was generated in Limuru municipality. 
The proportions depended on the number and type of  

livestock slaughtered, whereby 76.8 % of  the total waste 
originated from bovines, with Bahati abattoir contributing 
the most. This would suggest that a significant amount 
of  abattoir waste is produced throughout the public or 
privately run slaughterhouses in comparison to other 
towns. This necessitates the study of  resource recovery 
from the enormous amounts of  waste and environmental 
considerations at their disposal.

Table 1: Animal wastes per slaughterhouse in Limuru municipality
Name of  
slaughter 
house

Livestock 
slaughtered

Blood waste 
(ton)

Bone waste 
(ton)

Intestinal 
content (ton)

Tissue waste 
(ton)

Total waste 
(ton)

B
ov

in
e

O
vi

ne
/ 

C
ap

rin
e

Po
rc

in
e

B
ov

in
e

O
vi

ne
/ 

C
ap

rin
e

Po
rc

in
e

B
ov

in
e

O
vi

ne
/ 

C
ap

rin
e

Po
rc

in
e

B
ov

in
e

O
vi

ne
/ 

C
ap

rin
e

Po
rc

in
e

B
ov

in
e

O
vi

ne
/ 

C
ap

rin
e

Po
rc

in
e

B
ov

in
e

O
vi

ne
/ 

C
ap

rin
e

Po
rc

in
e

Limuru

2.
92

5.
47

5

0.
00

36
.7

9

3.
94

2

0.
00

34
.4

6

11
.2

8

0.
00

23
.3

6

6.
84

0.
00

18
.6

9

4.
38

0.
00

11
3.

29

26
.4

4

0.
00

Bahati

3.
65

1.
46

0.
00

45
.9

9

1.
05

12

0.
00

43
.0

7

3.
01

0.
00

29
.2

0

1.
83

0.
00

23
.3

6

1.
17

0.
00

14
1.

62

7.
05

0.
00

Makutano

2.
19

0.
73

0.
00

27
.5

9

0.
52

56

0.
00

25
.8

4

1.
50

0.
00

17
.5

2

0.
91

0.
00

14
.0

2

0.
58

4

0.
00

84
.9

7

3.
53

0.
00

Ngecha

0.
00

0.
00

12
.0

0

0.
00

0.
00

8.
64

0.
00

0.
00

31
.2

0.
00

0.
00

15
.0

0

0.
00

0.
00

9.
60

0.
00

0.
00

57
.9

6

According to Montford and Wotherspoon (2021), 
slaughterhouses produce billions of  tons of  biological 
waste each year, both liquid and solid. 
The quantity of  animals slaughtered and the method 
used for treating them determine how much garbage 
is produced. The Kikuyu municipality’s Dagorretti 
slaughterhouse, for instance Each of  its around 15 

slaughterhouses generate 4,000 L of  wastewater and 
four tons of  solid waste daily on average (Odera et al., 
2018). A unit that slaughtered 200 cows and 400 sheep 
daily on average produced 16,000 kg of  solid waste and 
40 m3 of  wastewater, according to a study by Kabeyi 
and Olanrewaju (2022). The investigation found that 
the biogas digestor does not process 53,200 kg of  the 



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slaughterhouse’s total solid and liquid waste, with only 
2,800 kg being used in biogas generation.
Depending on the animal’s sex, load weight, collecting 
method, fat percentage, and living topographic area, 
the yield % of  animal abattoir wastes might vary greatly 
(Kupusovic et al., 2007). The waste from slaughterhouses 
can be handled in a number of  ways. Incineration (heat 
destruction technology), burial, and controlled landfilling 
(dumping byproducts into the landfill site) are the primary 
disposal methods that are still in use today (Yagout, 
2003, Chen et al., 2008). Hence, there is a greater need 
for studies on the resource recovery potential of  abattoir 
wastes in the generation of  biogas and biofertilizers. 
This is mainly so in reference to the management of  the 
abattoir solid and liquid wastes. Solid wastes account for 
3% of  worldwide GHG emissions (Ilmasa et al., (2018). 
Among these solid wastes, animal byproducts are well-
known GHG emitters. The life cycle assessment study 
also found that vegetarian meals had a 40% lower 
environmental effect than meat-containing meals in 
terms of  indices such as carbon footprint, resource usage, 
water use, and health implications. (Ernstoff  et al., 2019). 
Furthermore, because many slaughterhouses are located 
in city centers, traditional waste disposal methods such 
as application to agricultural land are no longer viable 
due to increased transit distances. Direct discharge of  
contaminated degradable waste into the sewerage system 
before treatment is generally unacceptable owing to the 
resultant environmental and ecological issues and the 
possibility of  clogging in wastewater pipe systems. Water, 
waste treatment, and electricity expenditures account 
for approximately 20% to 30% of  total slaughtering 
costs. Resource recovery process from abattoir waste 
could also greatly contribute to greenhouse gas emission 
management. Methane (CH4) emissions from manure, 
untreated organic waste, and wastewater, as well as 
fuel consumption for processing (such as drying and 

evaporation), are the two main sources of  greenhouse 
gas emissions from slaughterhouses. Anaerobic lagoons 
are a regularly used treatment system that reduces the 
nutritional content of  waste while producing methane 
as a byproduct. Existing abattoirs must have a strategy 
to decrease the emission of  ozone-depleting gases. In 
addition to various treatment techniques, recycling and 
re-use strategies for organic waste and adequate storage 
capacity should be put in place to limit CH4 emissions 
brought on by the (uncontrolled) disposal of  untreated 
waste (Degate et al., 2001).
IPCC and GWP coefficient factors were applied in 
estimation of  global warming gases emitted from the 
dumping sites of  these meat processing places (Figure 
2). An annual reduction of  549.0512 m3 greenhouse gas 
was determined, translating to a positive impact on the 
environment (Table 2). 
In addition, the Rao model established that 92.1924 m3 
of  annual biogas was generated from abattoirs in Limuru 
municipality, translating to 49.3229 kWh and 71.4484 
kWh of  electricity production and heat production 
potential respectively, indicating that this could viably be 
scaled up across other municipalities within the country 
for complementary energy production from abattoir 
wastes (Table 2).
In terms of  biofertilizer yield potential estimation, the 
residual abattoir wastes were viable for improving soil 
quality and optimizing crop yield. The microbes degrade 
complex organic matter into simpler form thereby 
enriching the soils (Mbugua et al., 2022). Annual yield of  
110.8115 tons of  biofertilizer was obtained with over 90 
% originating from bovines. Scaled production of  this 
biofertilizer could eventually lead to competitive retail 
market costings in which the small-scale farmers can 
afford. Cost benefit analysis regarding chemical fertilizer 
effects on the environment could also advantage the 
production of  biofertilizer.

Table 2: Biogas and energy production from Limuru municipality abattoirs
Name of  
slaughter 
house

Total waste 
(ton)

VBP (m3) EPP (kWh) HPP (kWh) GHG emission 
(Eq5)

GHG emission 
(tC02eq)

B
ov

in
e

O
vi

ne
/C

ao
rin

e

Po
rc

in
e

B
ov

in
e

O
vi

ne
/C

ao
rin

e

Po
rc

in
e

B
ov

in
e

O
vi

ne
/C

ao
rin

e

Po
rc

in
e

B
ov

in
e

O
vi

ne
/C

ao
rin

e

Po
rc

in
e

B
ov

in
e

O
vi

ne
/C

ao
rin

e

Po
rc

in
e

B
ov

in
e

O
vi

ne
/C

ao
rin

e

Po
rc

in
e

Limuru

11
3.

29

26
.4

4

6.
00

5

1.
40

2

0.
00

12
.8

5

2.
99

9

0.
00

18
.6

1

4.
34

4

0.
00

14
3.

0

33
.3

9

0.
00

2.
27

0.
52

8

0.
00

Bahati

14
1.

62

7.
05

2

7.
50

6

0.
37

4

0.
00

16
.0

6

0.
79

9

0.
00

23
.2

7

1.
15

8

0.
00

17
8.

8

8.
90

3

0.
00

2.
84

0.
14

1

0.
00

Makutano

84
.9

7

3.
52

6

4.
50

3

0.
18

7

0.
00

9.
63

8

0.
39

9

0.
00

13
.9

6

0.
57

9

0.
00

10
7.

3

4.
45

2

0.
00

1.
70

0.
07

0

0.
00

Ngecha

0.
00

0.
00

0.
00

0.
00

57
.9

6

0.
00

0.
00

3.
07

0.
00

0.
00

6.
57

3

0.
00

0.
00

9.
52

0.
00

0.
00

73
.1

7



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CONCLUSION
Anaerobic digestion of  organic matter leads to emission 
of  GHG; carbon dioxide and methane (Mitchie, 2022). 
The calculated GHG emissions from the slaughterhouses 
per slaughtered animal is shown in table 2. Using equation 
5, an average GHG emission of  143.03 and 15.311 from 
bovine and ovine/caprine was computed, respectively. 
Further, the carbon dioxide equivalent from bovine 
and caprine was 2.27 and 0.692 tCO2eq. According to 
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate 
Change (UNFCCC), a tonne of  animal waste produces 
over 100 cubic metres of  biogas has a concentration 
of  65 per cent methane (CH4) and 35 per cent carbon 
dioxide (CO2), both of  which are among the five 
notorious greenhouse gases contributing to global 
warming (UNFCCC, 2015). 

Conclusion
The study showed that the four selected abattoirs generated 
a significant amount of  abattoir waste which could pose 
a challenge on disposal and effects on the environment. 
With the increasing number of  abattoirs across other 
municipalities within the county, scale of  abattoir wastes 
is expected to increase, leading the more GHG emissions, 
hence effective and efficient abattoir resource recovery 
and utilization as done through production of  biogas 
and biofertilizer will be quite essential in managing the 
wastes and enhancing environmental safety and public 
health. The calculations showed that 1739.479 tonnes of  
abattoir waste is generated annually. Anaerobic digestion 
produced 92.1924 m3 of  biogas annually as per the Rao 
model. This translated to electricity production potential 
of  49.3229 kWh p.a and heat production potential of  
71.4484 kWh p.a as a form of  resource recovery. There 
was 549.0512 m3 reduction of  greenhouse gases using 
biogas technology which translates to GHG emissions 
reduction.

REFERENCES
Aniebo, A. O., Wekhe, S. N., & Okoli, I. C. (2009). 

Abattoir blood waste generation in Rivers State and 
its environmental implications in the Niger Delta. 
Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 91(4), 619–625.

Banks, C. (2009). Optimization of  anaerobic digestion to provide 
energy output via conversion. Forestry Commission. 
Retrieved from http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/.../
rrps_AD250309_optimising_anaerobic_digestion.
pdf

B-sustain. (2013). Environmental and social benefits of  biogas 
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