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American Journal of   
Environment and Climate (AJEC)

Surface Water Quality Assessment in the Different Coastal Regions of  Bangladesh 
Rubinoor Islam1*, Maisha Maliyat Aronna2, Md. Abdullah Al Arafat1, Md. Zakir Hossain1

Volume 4 Issue 3, Year 2025
ISSN: 2832-403X (Online) 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajec.v4i3.4435
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajec

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: May 22, 2025

Accepted: June 30, 2025

Published: September 11, 2025

The study evaluated the suitability of  surface water for routine utilization in the coastal regions 
of  Bangladesh during the period from February to May 2023. Water samples were collected 
at 11 sampling stations near the river in 7 distinct districts and analyzed at NGO Forun in 
Dhaka using Standard APHA methods. The results indicated that the pH, TSS, DO, nitrate, 
and BOD readings were within acceptable limits according to WHO’11 standards. The TDS, 
chloride, hardness, and EC values at all sites exceeded the allowable range. The TDS and EC 
values were 25,300 mg/L and 50,570 µs/cm at Kutubdia, while chloride and hardness were 
5,984 mg/L and 9,810 mg/L at Bhatiary, which were the highest values among all stations. 
The minimum values recorded for TDS, chloride, hardness, and EC were 330 mg/L, below 
60 mg/L, 90 mg/L, and 645 µs/cm, respectively. GIS was used to understand the scenario 
of  acceptability of  surface water in the coastal region. The correlation analysis revealed a 
high positive correlation between the EC value and the hardness, chloride, BOD, and TDS 
readings. Surface water EC values may increase due to saline intrusion caused by rising sea 
levels, decreased upstream flow, natural disasters, and increased groundwater exploitation.

Keywords
Coastal Regions, Electrical 
Conductivity and WHO’11, GIS, 
Water Quality

1 Department of  Civil Engineering, European University of  Bangladesh, Dhaka-1215, Bangladesh
2 Environmental Engineer, Imam and Associates, Mirpur-06, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: rubinoor@eub.edu.bd

INTRODUCTION
Safe and accessible water is essential for the existence of  
life on Earth. Potable water can enhance the environment, 
health status, economy, and food production (Jain, 2011).  
Approximately 36% of  individuals residing in urban 
areas and 65% living in rural areas did not have access 
to potable water (Sharma & Mishra, 2022). One of  the 
most significant challenges in contemporary global 
development is guaranteeing sustainable water security 
(Srivastava et al., 2022). By 2021, the number of  individuals 
residing in water-stressed nations has surpassed 2 billion. 
This predicament is projected to worsen in specific areas 
due to the combined effects of  climate change and 
population expansion (Marzi et al., 2021). The ecological 
and socio-economic significance of  marine ecosystems 
is crucial for both wildlife and human populations, with 
their benefits being contingent upon maintaining high 
water quality (Suarez et al., 2024). The Coastal zones of  
Bangladesh are characterized by their hydrological nature, 
since they are included by the Ganges, Brahmaputra, 
and Meghna (GBM) river system, as well as the Bay 
of  Bengal. The coastline region encompasses 32% of  
the country’s total land (Ahamed et al., 2020). Most of  
Bangladesh’s coastal towns are situated along the shores 
of  low-lying tidal zones, with an average elevation of  1.0–
1.5 meters above sea level (Rahman & Rahman, 2015). 
The coastal population of  Bangladesh in these regions 
heavily depends on rivers, tube wells (groundwater), 
and ponds for the purposes of  washing, bathing, and 
obtaining drinking water (Habiba et al., 2013; Abedin et 
al., 2018; Khan & Paul, 2023). The circular and aqueous 
environment of  the southwestern coastal regions of  
Bangladesh, known as SWCRB, is highly vulnerable to 

the infiltration of  saltwater caused by cyclones and storm 
surges (Raknuzzaman et al., 2016; Ashrafuzzaman et al., 
2022). The overall saline area has expanded to around 
1.056 million hectares, up from 0.833 million hectares 
during the past four decades (Hasan et al., 2019). The 
salinity intrusion in the coastal zone of  Bangladesh is 
caused by several factors, including the country’s critical 
geographical location, reduced river flow due to a 
barrage in the upstream neighboring country, inadequate 
management of  coastal polders, rising sea levels, cyclones 
and storm surges, backwater effects, precipitation, and 
shrimp culture (Ayers et al., 2017; Islam et al., 2017). Water 
quality is often categorized based on biological, physical, 
and chemical criteria, with multiple factors falling under 
each category (Akhtar et al., 2020). The physicochemical 
and biological characteristics of  the aquatic environment 
directly influence the organisms inhabiting these water 
bodies and the overall aquatic ecosystem (Ebuete et al., 
2023).
So, the assessment of  these three categories, utilizing 
parameters obtained by on-site monitoring of  water 
samples, offers crucial data for discerning patterns, 
expanding the scope of  understanding for water resource 
authorities, and making recommendations for future 
planning (Sutadian et al., 2016; Zainurin et al., 2022; 
Amon et al., 2022; Hassan et al., 2020). Multiple research 
studies have tested the water quality of  the coastal zone 
in Bangladesh. The investigations have concentrated 
on groundwater hydro geochemical characterization, 
suitability for irrigation and drinking purposes, and 
the effects of  shrimp farming and toxic algal blooms. 
The findings imply that water quality in the coastal 
region of  Bangladesh differs based on the location and 



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characteristics examined. Some regions have groundwater 
that is potable and good for drinking and irrigation, while 
others are deemed unsuitable for human consumption. 
Shrimp farming operations have been identified as a 
possible source of  water quality problems, including 
elevated ammonia and nitrogen levels. Harmful algal 
blooms have been seen in coastal waters, impacting aquatic 
ecosystems, fisheries, and public health. Additional study 
is required to enhance our comprehension and reduce 
the negative impacts of  these blooms on the marine 
resources in the Bay of  Bengal (Shaibur et al., 2023; Khan 
et al., 2022; Tajwar et al., 2023; Uddin et al., 2024; Hossain 
al., 2021; Akhter et al., 2023; Hossain., 2022). This study 
evaluated the geochemical features of  surface water 
(SW) in the coastal region. The primary objective of  this 
study was to assess if  the water quality at the research 
locations is suitable for routine purposes. To accomplish 
this, the study had the following objectives: generating 
maps of  the region using GIS, examining surface water’s 
parameters and co relation between them.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
According to Adhikary et al. (2012), Bangladesh has a 
711-kilometer coastline that includes a vast system of  

river canals. In ten districts, including Chattogram, Cox’s 
Bazar, Khulna, Bagerhat, Satkhira, Barisal, Patuakhali, 
Laxmipur, and Bhola, the study was carried out in eleven 
villages and three upazilas (sub-districts) (Figure 01). Due 
to the restricted water supply, salinity, and other water 
quality criteria, certain coastal regions of  the nation are 
having a very difficult time meeting their freshwater 
demands (Adhikary et al., 2012M. R. Khan et al., 2022). 
As shown in Table 1 below, samples are taken following 
the usual procedure for gathering water samples from a 
variety of  districts and locations.

Sampling
Water sampling was conducted from February to May 
2023, both during dry and pre-monsoonal months 
to control for temporal differences in water quality. 
Triplicate samples were collected at each of  the 11 
stations to reduce temporal sampling bias. Samples 
were collected using pre- cleaned 1000ml high-density 
polyethylene (HDPE) bottles, following standard APHA 
guidelines. The bottles were rinsed with sample water 
three times before collecting. Each sample was preserved 
immediately by storing it in a light-restricted icebox 
and transported to the laboratory within 12 hours to 
minimize degradation. 

Table 1: Sampling collection points from different locations to the related rivers
Location Surface Water Collection Date Lat-Long
Kokilmoni Java River 20 Feb 2023 21.946128° - 89.597579°
Dobeki Araibegi River 22 Feb 2023 22.098412° - 89.228009
Char Manika Meghna River 2 April 2023 22.015178° - 90.664761°
Koyra Sakbaria River 4 April 2023 22.210402° - 89.325218°
Kutubdia Kutubdia Channel 22 Feb 2023 21.814728° - 91.869565°
Nizampur Meghna River 2 April 2023 21.894699° - 90.137158°
Nolian Shibdah River 11 April 2023 22.460082° - 89.436424°
Ramgoti Meghna River 23 March 2023 22.678353° - 90.910816°

Figure 1: The overall scenario of  the study area in Bangladesh



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Shoronkhola Panguchi River 30 March 2023 22.472419° - 89.860601°
Bhatiyari Bay of  Bengal 27 March 2023 22.511468° - 91.700591°
Tojumuddin Meghna River 22 Feb 2023 22.414012° - 90.851517°

Parameters and Analytical Method
All tests were performed at NGO Forum, Lalmatia, Dhaka. 
Instruments for measuring physicochemical parameters 
(EC meters, DO meters, Spectrophotometers) were 

calibrated using standard solutions. The Table 2 shown 
below summarized the physicochemical parameters 
analyzed in this study, along with the respective analytical 
methods and standard protocols followed.

Table 2: Analytical Methods for Water Quality Parameters
Parameter Analytical Method Standard Protocol
pH Digital pH Meter APHA 4500-H⁺

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Digital Conductivity/TDS Meter APHA 2540C
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Winkler Titration Method APHA 4500-O
Nitrate (NO₃⁻) UV Spectrophotometry APHA 4500-NO₃ E
Chloride (Cl⁻) Argentometric Titration APHA 4500-Cl⁻ B
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Gravimetric Analysis APHA 2540D
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD₅) 5-Day Incubation at 20°C APHA 5210B
Electrical Conductivity (EC) Digital Conductivity Meter APHA 2510
Hardness (as CaCO₃) EDTA Titrimetric Method APHA 2340C

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Water Parameters
The Surface water quality of  the coastal regions 
of  Bangladesh was evaluated by analyzing their 
physicochemical parameters and comparing them with 

established standards according to WHO (WHO’11). 
The pH values of  surface water samples in the coastal 
region range from 7.1 to 7.9. According to WHO’11, 
these values were within the range of  6.5–8.5.

Figure 2: pH concentration: (a) Spatial Distribution using GIS, (b) pH vs Locations.

The average TDS value was remarkable high in the 
Kutubdia Channel, which was 25300 mg/L. In addition, 
the TDS values for the Meghna River in Ramgoti, 
Tajumuddin, Char Manika, Nizampur were 6430 mg/L, 
2557 mg/L, 330 mg/L, and 7120 mg/L, respectively. 
On the other hand, the TDS values for the Java River 
at Kokilmoni, the Araibegi River at Dobeki, the Sakbaria 

River at Koyra, the Shibdah River at Nolian, the Panguchi 
River at Shoronkhola, and the Bay of  Bengal at Bhatiyari 
were 13,160 mg/L, 13260 mg/L, 23000 mg/L, 3250 mg/L, 
5840 mg/L, and 24000 mg/L respectively. According to 
WHO’10. The TDS readings for all surface waters, except 
Char Manika, were higher than the standard. The TSS 
value for all locations was within permissible limits.



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The dissolved oxygen for all samples was within standard 
limits. The average value was the minimum for Jamuna 
River at Ramgoti, which was 5.5 mg/L, and maximum 
was 6.1 mg/L at Char Manika. The nitrate value was 
maximum for the Meghna River at Char Manika 
which was 2.3 mg/l and maximum was 15.5 mg/L 
at Tojumuddin for the same river. All values for other 
river water were within the standard limit according to 
standards. The value of  chloride in every river’s surface 

water was higher than the recommended level, except 
for the Char Manika, which is less than 60 mg/l. The 
peak value was found at Bhatiary. At Bhatiary on the Bay 
of  Bengal, the hardness and EC values are maximum, 
whereas at Char Manika, they are lowest. Others were 
found to be above the standard permissible limit. All 
BOD values, except for Tojumuddin and Nolian, were 
within the allowable range. These two stations had the 
same BOD result of  0.4 mg/L.

Figure 3: TDS concentration: (a) Spatial Distribution using GIS, (b) TDS vs Locations.

Figure 4: DO concentration: (a) Spatial Distribution using GIS, (b) DO vs Locations.



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Figure 5: Nitrate concentration: (a) Spatial Distribution using GIS, (b) Nitrate vs Locations.

Figure 6: Chloride concentration: (a) Spatial Distribution using GIS, (b) Chloride vs Locations.

Figure 7: Hardness concentration: (a) Spatial Distribution using GIS, (b) Hardness vs Locations.



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Correlation with All Parameters
The co-relation matrix (Table 4) shows that conductivity 
is significantly linked with hardness, TDS, and chloride, 
negatively with BOD, moderately with pH, and poorly 
with nitrate and TSS. TDS, chloride, and hardness 
negatively affect pH. In addition to conductivity, Hardness 
is negatively correlated with pH and BOD and strongly 

positively correlated with link with TDS and chloride. 
Nitrate correlates negatively with DO and positively with 
TSS. Chloride has a negative correlation with BOD and 
pH and a positive correlation with conductivity, hardness, 
and TDS. DO is negatively impacted by concentration 
of  nitrate.

Figure 8: EC concentration: (a) Spatial Distribution using GIS, (b) EC vs Locations.

Figure 9: BOD concentration: (a) Spatial Distribution using GIS, (b) BOD vs Locations

Table 3: Correlation among different parameters
Conductivity pH BOD Hardness Nitrate TSS Chloride TDS DO

Conductivity 1.000 -0.341 -0.845 0.830 -0.246 0.067 0.836 1.000 0.011

pH -0.341 1.000 0.626 -0.505 0.150 -0.048 -0.515 -0.342 0.092
BOD -0.845 0.626 1.000 -0.749 0.182 -0.059 -0.756 -0.845 0.114
Hardness 0.830 -0.505 -0.749 1.000 -0.100 0.307 0.999 0.831 0.018
Nitrate -0.246 0.150 0.182 -0.100 1.000 0.655 -0.115 -0.247 -0.598
TSS 0.067 -0.048 -0.059 0.307 0.655 1.000 0.305 0.066 -0.215



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CONCLUSIONS
From the experimental Data, the pH, DO, and Nitrate 
were within the acceptable limits according to WHO’11, 
except for the CharManika, all tested parameters such as 
TDS, chloride, EC, and Hardness values were high for 
the surface water. The graph generated by ArcGIS 10.5 
presented above displayed fluctuations in the various 
parameters that were assessed during the study. It helped 
with the simplification and explanation of  all evaluated 
factors by illustrating the intensity of  different parameters 
within the study area. The high EC value indicated that 
the water at the chosen sites was saline, posing a greater 
risk of  human indigestion. High Total Dissolved Solids 
(TDS) levels might lead to odor issues and be aesthetically 
unsatisfactory. The high value of  Hardness might be 
caused by problems associated with scale formation.  
From the correlation, it was found that the correlation 
coefficient values between conductivity and TDS, 
conductivity and Hardness, and conductivity and chloride 
ions were positive, showing that TDS, Hardness, and 
chloride rise as conductivity increased. The increase in 
conductivity was positively associated with the presence 
of  chloride ions in water. This principle also applied to 
the relationship between conductivity and Hardness. In 
conclusion, the surface water in most studied regions is 
not suitable for routine domestic use without treatment, 
especially due to high salinity and mineral content. The 
study also emphasized generally the need of  efficient 
water management techniques to solve salt intrusion, 
nutrient loading, and other water quality problems in 
coastal Bangladesh. 
While the study reiterated the need for legislative measures 
and integrated management of  water resources to 
counteract salinity impacts, there is a need to understand 
predominant methodological shortcomings. These 
included limited seasonal coverage, absence of  microbial 
or heavy metal data, and restricted longitudinal sampling. 
In addition, while spatial variability was traced well with 
GIS, hydrodynamic modeling and pollutant source tracing 
were not conducted. Future studies must incorporate with 
year-round surveys to assess seasonal dynamics; inclusion 
of  toxicological parameters; hydrological modeling 
combined with remote sensing; surveys of  community 
perceptions and uses of  water. Relevant policy and 
stakeholder- specific recommendations are: 
• Setting up coastal buffer zones to reduce saline ingress.
• Enforcing wastewater discharge regulations in 

upstream areas.
• Investment in decentralized water treatment to remove 

saline for high salinity areas.
• Regular monitoring for frameworks assisted by the 

government as well as local institutions.
By addressing these areas, future studies can not only 
build upon the findings of  this research but also improve 
water security and resilience in vulnerable coastal zones 

of  Bangladesh.

Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank  Imam and Associates 
for its support

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