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American Journal of  
Environment and Climate (AJEC)

Coastal Water Quality Assessment of  Partially Remediated Oil Spill Site
Regine A. Albios1*, Judy Marie R. Zoleta1

Volume 4 Issue 2, Year 2025
ISSN: 2832-403X (Online) 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajec.v4i2.4648
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajec

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: March 02, 2025
Accepted: April 06, 2025

Published: May 17, 2025

Oil spills are a major environmental catastrophe that poses significant threats to marine 
life and coastal communities. This study assesses the coastal water quality of  a partially 
remediated oil spill site in Jasaan, Misamis Oriental. Water samples were collected from 
Kimaya, Luz Banzon, and Solana stations to analyze key physico-chemical parameters, 
including temperature, pH, salinity, nitrate, total suspended solids, biological oxygen 
demand, dissolved oxygen, and oil and grease using descriptive comparative research design. 
According to the findings, the water quality parameters remained within acceptable limits. 
However, salinity in Station 3 was lower on average and not normally distributed, likely due 
to local activities. Among all the parameters, only temperature did not significantly differ 
between stations. However, it stayed within the allowable limits for Class SC waters, as defined 
by DENR Administrative Order 2016-08. Successful cleanup activities were indicated by oil 
and grease concentrations that were continuously below the reporting limit (<1 mg/L). 
The water quality after cleanup has remained stable throughout time, ensuring that it is 
suitable for marine life and recreational activities. The study emphasizes the importance 
of  community involvement, sustained enforcement policies, and long-term monitoring in 
maintaining water quality in areas affected by oil spills.

Keywords
Coastal Water Quality, DENR 
Compliance, Marine Ecosystem, 
Oil Spill, Remediation

1 College of  Engineering, Liceo de Cagayan University, Philippines
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: ralbios98272@liceo.edu.ph

INTRODUCTION 
Oil spills from maritime transportation have a huge effect 
on the economy and environment which can persist for 
years even with remediation efforts. Accidents involving 
oil tankers, offshore platforms, pipelines, and even 
smaller vessels are often the cause of  these disasters. The 
MV Tower 1 vessel, formerly known as the MV Racal IV, 
had a hole in its hull, resulting in an oil spill incident that 
occurred on April 3, 2021, which affected the livelihoods 
of  most residents in the barangays of  Jasaan. The residents 
in the said barangays have expressed concern that the 
poisoning of  seas and shorelines can cause significant 
losses whose coastal economies rely heavily on fishing 
and tourism. Hence, it threatened their primary sources 
of  income—fishing and tourism. When oil spills get into 
the environment, it wreaks havoc on ecosystems. In the 
ocean, it spreads across the water’s surface, polluting 
habitats and putting marine life at serious risk (Solo et 
al., 2021). Coastal areas, including fragile ecosystems like 
mangroves and estuaries, can suffer lasting damage. 
The toxic oil contaminates their habitats and disrupts 
their feeding patterns and reproduction. Thus, the 
harm doesn’t stop at wildlife but also create significant 
challenges for human communities that rely on these 
environments. Beyer et al. (2016) supports this claim. A 
recent oil spill incident from the MT Terra Nova, which 
capsized off  the coast of  Manila Bay, also prompted 
urgent efforts to contain and clean up the spilled fuel 
(Villamor, 2024).
Based on the assessment, the EMB-Region 10 reported 
that 80 percent of  the spilled oil was already removed 
in the affected areas through remediation. The villagers 
collected at least 2,000 liters of  oil-contaminated seawater 

from the seafloor using sawdust and mosquito net. As 
a source of  nourishment and food as well as a source 
of  revenue, the locals had to wait until the spill was 
completely contained before taking a bath or going 
fishing (Jerusalem, 2021). 
Water quality assessment is a vital component of  
environmental monitoring, providing crucial information 
on the physicochemical and biological status of  aquatic 
ecosystems. These parameters play a crucial role in 
evaluating ecological health and determining areas 
that are partially remediated and may need additional 
interventions, including the level of  environmental 
awareness (Zoleta & Nawang, 2015).
To evaluate environmental recovery and direct cleanup 
operations, it is crucial to analyze and monitor the quality 
of  coastal water following oil spills. This study set out the 
current state of  the coastal water quality after the post-oil 
spill incident. 

LITERATURE REVIEW
This study utilized Suter’s framework to evaluate water 
quality post-cleanup, examining residual pollutants and 
ecological impacts on marine life. By applying the TEA 
framework, the study provided a systematic understanding 
of  the ongoing ecological risks and recovery stages of  
the affected ecosystem. The Environmental Monitoring 
Theories which proposed that water bodies are dynamic 
systems influenced by both natural and anthropogenic 
factors, and requires continual monitoring to track 
variations in water quality over time supported the 
framework (Jørgensen & Fath, 2011).
To track long-term changes in the quality of  coastal water, 
this study assessed the physical, chemical, and biological 



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properties of  water samples including pH, temperature, 
dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand 
(BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), salinity, nitrate, and 
oil and grease. 
Iloabuchi et al. (2024) emphasize that strengthening 
regulatory frameworks, improving spill response 
capabilities, and promoting transparency are essential for 
advancing responsible practices in the petroleum sector. 
While most of  the oil spill incidents are the result of  
human mistakes, the negative impacts on water quality, 
such as elevated pollution levels, altered physicochemical 
characteristics, and disturbances to marine ecosystems, 
are regularly noted in the literature (Peterson et al., 2003; 
Whitehead, 2013). Depending on how the oil spill’s effects 
were handled, the influence on water quality was only 
temporary (Effendi et al., 2022). The study of  Bacusa et 
al. (2022) emphasized the importance of  bioremediation 
in this case. Biodegradation and other oil weathering 
mechanisms play a major role in reducing the amount 
of  oil in the environment. Although biodegradation can 
mitigate the effects of  oil spills, it is still influenced by 
several physicochemical and environmental parameters. 
Low pH values are indicative of  both contaminated acid 
drainage and water that is rich in dissolved organic matter 
(Ololade & Lajide, 2010). At low temperatures, enzymatic 
activities associated with oil biodegradation decrease 
(Bacosa et al., 2018). The greatest bioremediation efficacy 
was reported in the summer, followed by spring, autumn, 
and winter, in a study on hydrocarbon bioremediation 
in seawater that has been simulated to be contaminated 
by petroleum taken from Tokyo Bay (Aung et al., 2018). 
Temperature has an impact on the makeup of  the microbial 
community since various bacteria have temperature 
tolerance (Lui et al., 2017). There are oil spills from boats 
and residential trash in the water, which will hinder the 
growth of  aquatic plants and the photosynthetic rate, 
which will lead to low DO (Best et al., 2007). Because 
the oil coating obstructs the air’s diffusion mechanism, it 
can also directly result in low levels of  dissolved oxygen 
in the water (Ifelebuegu et al., 2017). A large amount of  
crude oil causes a sudden rise in BOD due to the activity 
of  hydrocarbon-degrading organisms and the reduced 
oxygen dissolution in the water (Enujiugha & Nwanna, 
2004). Because of  this, water with a low BOD is of  
good quality, but water with a high BOD is considered 
contaminated. Typically, unpolluted natural water has a 
BOD of  5 mg/l or below. Also, different organic and 
inorganic elements can be introduced into the water by 
oil spills, changing the natural equilibrium and raising the 

total dissolved solids, in turn, will also realize the turbidity 
of  the water (Andalecio et al., 2014).
Most of  the time, low to intermediate-salinity waters have 
the highest rates of  oil and mineral flocculation (Daly 
et al., 2016). Hence, salinity was considered as another 
important parameter. Nutrients, on the other hand, 
play a crucial role in the biodegradation of  spilled oil. 
According to recent research, adding nutrients improves 
the rate at which oil breaks down. For instance (Chen et 
al., 2020). Oil and grease degrade extremely slowly. Even 
the smallest film of  oil or grease can have an impact on 
aquatic life (Pintor et al., 2016). 
Monitoring a range of  criteria, such as chemical 
contaminants, biological indicators, and physical qualities, 
is necessary to assess the quality of  the water in partially 
remediated oil spill sites. A thorough picture of  the state 
of  the ecosystem and the status of  recovery is provided 
by this multifaceted approach (Owens et al., 2005).
To evaluate the success of  cleanup measures and the 
restoration of  water quality, ongoing monitoring is 
necessary. The significance of  a thorough monitoring 
program that considers physical, chemical, and biological 
characteristics is emphasized by research conducted by 
Li et al. (2020). These kinds of  systems could recognize 
patterns, spot new problems, and direct adaptable 
management techniques.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The descriptive–comparative assessment method was 
utilized in this study. The research study approaches to 
obtain the water quality by measured factors include pH, 
temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen 
demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), salinity, 
nitrate levels, and oil and grease. Chang et al. (2021) 
conducted a study using descriptive-comparative to 
evaluate the quality of  coastal water.
This study was conducted in Jasaan, Misamis Oriental, 
specifically in the fishing communities where the oil spill 
disaster occurred three years ago. These communities 
reside in the coastal barangays of  Kimaya, Luz Banzon, 
and Solana and predominantly depend on marine 
resources for their livelihoods. Jasaan is located on the 
island of  Mindanao at around 8.6516, 124.7535. It is 
estimated that the elevation at these coordinates is 19.8 
meters, or 64.9 feet, above mean sea level. The research 
sites’ precise locations are shown in Table 1. Figure 1 and 
2 on the other hand, shows the locations of  the sampling 
sites and the oil spill sites, respectively.

Table 1: Overview of  the locations and characteristics of  the sampling stations

Station Area Geographic Location Area Description
1 Kimaya, Jasaan Misamis 

Oriental
8° 38’41” N, 124° 45’21” E Less populated but settlements are near the 

coastline
2 Luz Banzon, Jasaan, 

Misamis Oriental
8° 38’21” N, 124° 45’41” E Less populated but settlements are near the 

coastline
3 Solana, Jasaan, Misamis 

Oriental
8° 37’26”’ N,124° 45’ 39” E Less populated but settlements are near the 

coastline. Construction and Industrial are also 
occur near-by the area.



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Am. J. Environ. Clim. 4(2) 49-56, 2025

Figure 1: Sampling locations in Jasaan, Misamis Oriental

Figure 2: Oil spill incident in Jasaan, Misamis Oriental

Water samples were collected from the designated 
sampling sites in Jasaan, Misamis Oriental namely: 
Station 1 (Kimaya), Station 2 (Luz Banzon), and Station 
3 (Solana). The process of  collecting water samples was 
anchored from the study of  Suarez and Zoleta (2024) 
in which sampling was carried out in replicates at each 
sampling site. Key water quality parameters such as 
pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological 
oxygen demand (BOD), salinity, total suspended solids 
(TSS), nitrates, and oil and grease were measured. The 
data obtained were compared to DENR administrative 
standards 2018-06 and consequently subjected to 
statistical analysis for validation. 
The set of  data obtained was compared with the DENR-
EMB guidelines. The Analysis of  Variance (ANOVA) was 
utilized to validate the results.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Problem 1. To what extent do the water quality parameters 

vary among the three (3) stations in Jasaan in terms of:
1.1 Physical
1.1.1 Temperature
 1.2. Chemical 
1.2.1 pH
1.2.2 Salinity
1.2.3 Nitrate
1.2.4 Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
1.2.5 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
1.2.6 Dissolved Oxygen
1.2.7 Oil and Grease?

The mean values for the three Jasaan stations vary during 
each sampling period, as seen in Figure 5. Additionally, 
Table 3 shows the summary matrix for both water quality 
samplings which is a reliable indicator of  compliance 
with DAO 2016-08’s criteria for water quality class SC.
The mean temperature across sites is 27.51°C, which is 
within the acceptable range of  25-31°C, indicating stable 
thermal conditions that are unlikely to stress aquatic life. 
The average pH of  8.11 falls well within the permissible 
range of  6.5-8.5, suggesting no significant acidic or 
alkaline pollution, thus supporting biodiversity. Salinity 
averages at 1.82 ppt, significantly below the DENR 
standard of  30 ppt, which may indicate freshwater 
inflows or dilution effects from remediation efforts, 
potentially altering the saline habitat and making it less 
saline. Nitrate concentrations are low at 0.16 mg/L, well 
below the allowable 10 mg/L, reflecting minimal nutrient 
loading and reducing eutrophication risk. The level of  
total suspended solids (TSS) is 9.67 mg/L, which is much 
lower than the 80 mg/L threshold that is advised. This 
implies that remediation is effective in reducing sediment-
related contaminants. The average Biochemical Oxygen 
Demand (BOD) is 5.27 mg/L, compliant with standards 
and suggesting a manageable organic load for oxygen 
recovery essential for aquatic life. Dissolved Oxygen 
(DO) measurements show an average of  5.24 mg/L, 
compliant with the minimum standard of  5 mg/L.
Additionally, the Oil and Grease (O/G) test results 



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reported as less than the reporting limit or less than 
1mg/L, suggest that concentrations are minimal 
or undetectable. This is a positive indicator of  the 

remediation’s effectiveness in addressing hydrocarbon 
contamination, which is a primary concern following an 
oil spill.

Figure 3: Summary results of  the Physico-chemical parameters

Table 3: Summary Matrix of  Overall for both Sampling of  Water Quality Results versus DENR Water Quality 
Standards
Parameter Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Avg. Mean DAO2016-08 Remarks
Tempera-ture (°C) 27.38 27.72 27.42 27.51 25-31 Compliant
pH 8.32 7.62 8.38 8.11 6.5-8.5 Compliant
Salinity (ppt) 2.59 2.17 0.70 1.82 30 Compliant
Nitrate (mg/L) 0.023 0.047 0.408 0.159 10 Compliant
TSS (mg/L) 8.33 7.67 13.00 9.67 80 Compliant
BOD (mg/L) 5.01 4.93 5.88 5.27 7 (C) Compliant
DO (mg/L) 4.92 4.99 5.82 5.24 Min. 5 Compliant
O/G (mg/L) <1** <1** <1** <1** 3 Compliant

**Reporting Limit

Table 4: Results of  Jasaan Sea Water Analysis in 2021

Parameter Station 1 Station 2 Station 3
Temperature (°C) 30 30.5 30.5
pH 8.3 8.3 8.3
Salinity (ppt) — — —
Nitrate (mg/L) 0.27 0.19 1.20
TSS (mg/L) 9 9 5
BOD (mg/L) — — —
DO (mg/L) 8.4 8.5 7.5
O/G (mg/L) <1** <1** <1**

Source: DENR-EMB Region X

Salinity and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 
measurements were included in the current parameters, 
providing a more comprehensive assessment of  water 
quality of  partially remediated oil spill site. While some 
of  the values for all parameters are in their normal 

range, some are extremely low, and some are near the 
recommended maximum limit. As to the Oil and Grease, 
the values are the same as the when the water body was 
remediated. Table 4 shows the results of  the analysis of  



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Jasaan sea water after oil spill incident. Overall, it can be 
inferred that the oil spill site was perfectly maintained 
from the time it was remediated until the time of  sampling

Problem 2. Is there a significant difference in the water 
quality of  Jasaan coastal waters across stations in terms 
of  the parameters?

Table 4: Results of  Jasaan Sea Water Analysis in 2021

Parameter Source Sum of  
Squares

df Mean 
Square

F Sig. Remarks

Tempera-ture Between Groups 0.404 2 0.202 0.046 0.955 No Significant Dif-ference (p 
> 0.05)

Within Groups 66.045 15 4.403
Total 66.449 17

pH Between Groups 2.164 2 1.082 6.091 0.012 Significant Differ-ence (p < 
0.05)

Within Groups 2.665 15 0.178
Total 4.829 17

Salinity Between Groups 11.917 2 5.959 39.197 0.0001 Significant Differ-ence (p < 
0.05)

Within Groups 2.280 15 0.152
Total 14.197 17

Nitrate Between Groups 0.559 2 0.280 74.952 0.0001 Significant Differ-ence (p < 
0.05)

Within Groups 0.056 15 0.004
Total 0.615 17

TSS Between Groups 101.333 2 50.667 7.862 0.005 Significant Differ-ence (p < 
0.05)

Within Groups 96.667 15 6.444
Total 198.000 17

BOD Between Groups 3.368 2 1.684 9.144 0.003 Significant Differ-ence (p < 
0.05)

Within Groups 2.762 15 0.184
Total 6.131 17

DO Between Groups 3.008 2 1.504 6.239 0.011 Significant Differ-ence (p < 
0.05)

Within Groups 3.615 15 0.241
Total 6.623 17

The findings shown in Table 3 indicated that, except for 
temperature, there is a statistical difference in stations. 
This indicates that there are no appreciable differences 
in temperature among the three stations. Additionally, 
it shows values that are substantially distinct from one 
another but still fall within the normal range. As a result, 
certain values are both higher and within the range. These 
discrepancies are explained by the different activities and 
conditions in each sampled site.
A significant spatial variation in pH values (p = 0.012) 
occurred across all sampling sites. A pH variation can 
result from natural buffering, pollution, or industrial 
discharges. As highlighted by De-la-Cruz and Quijano 
(2021), a stable pH within this range is essential for 
biological functions such as respiration and reproduction 
in aquatic organisms. The salinity levels measured have 
high variation between stations but stable and within 

limit. Salinity shows a highly significant difference among 
stations, as indicated by a p-value of  0.0001 (p<0.05). 
Stable salinity is crucial for species sensitive to salinity 
fluctuations, such as corals and mangroves (Jiang et al., 
2020).
With nitrate, the results show a significant difference 
across stations (p=0.0001), with a high F-value of  
74.952. Nitrate concentrations remained well below the 
DAO 2016-08 standard of  10 mg/L for marine waters. 
Low nitrate levels are crucial to prevent eutrophication, 
a process that can lead to algal blooms, hypoxia, and 
biodiversity loss (Anderson et al., 2021). TSS levels indicate 
significant differences (p=0.05) and were observed to 
be below 80 mg/L. Low TSS is essential for reducing 
turbidity, which enhances light penetration needed for 
photosynthesis in aquatic plants like seagrasses and corals 
(Li et al., 2021).



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As for BOD, it exhibited significant differences across the 
stations (p=0.003), indicating that differences in organic 
load and decomposition processes between stations are 
substantial. Low BOD is critical for maintaining oxygen 
availability for aquatic organisms. Excessive BOD levels, 
often linked to organic waste, can deplete oxygen and 
disrupt ecological balance (Rehman et al., 2021). Dissolved 
oxygen on the other hand, shows significant variation 
across stations (p=0.011) but within standard limits. DO 
levels support aquatic life and are a positive indicator 
of  water quality and ecosystem health. Adequate DO is 
fundamental for the survival and reproduction of  marine 
species and indicates healthy ecosystem processes like 
nutrient cycling and organic matter breakdown (Nguyen 
et al., 2022).
Oil and grease levels were recorded at below 1 mg/L in all 
stations across months, complying with the DAO 2016-
08 standard of  3 mg/L for class SC. This result indicates 
successful remediation efforts to remove hydrocarbon 
contaminants. This statement is supported by Kose 
et. al (2021) that low oil and grease levels are essential 
to prevent bioaccumulation and toxicity in marine 
organisms, particularly in fish. 
Problem 3. How does the current water quality compare 
to the conditions after the remediation of  the oil spill, 
and to what extent does it comply with DENR standards?
From the results of  the laboratory analysis conducted 
based on the current data collected, it can be inferred 
that the present condition shown revealed no variances 
and is as good as when the coastal area was remediated 
particularly in S1 (Station 1) - Kimaya, S2 (Station 2) – 
Luz Banzon, and S3 (Station 3) - Solana.

CONCLUSIONS
The extent to which water quality parameters vary in their 
value is low because all of  them are within normal range. 
Oil and Grease are constantly less than the reporting limit 
across months in all stations, this signifies a condition 
that has been the same since after remediation in April 
2021. The coastal water quality physical and chemical 
parameters of  the partially remediated oil spill site in 
Jasaan are compliant with DENR Administrative Order 
2016-08 suggesting normal water quality. The analysis 
of  water quality parameters across the three stations 
demonstrates that while the temperature remains 
consistent, other key indicators such as pH, salinity, 
nitrate, TSS, BOD, and DO exhibit significant variability. 
Incorporating Salinity and Biochemical Oxygen Demand 
(BOD) as additional parameters in the present evaluation 
provides a more precise assessment of  water quality, 
enabling a comprehensive understanding of  the site’s 
ecological status. These results emphasize the importance 
of  integrating ecological rehabilitation with continuous 
long-term monitoring to ensure sustained recovery and to 
identify and address changes in environmental conditions 
over time.

Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusion presented, the 
following recommendations are suggested:

Management Implications
1. The researcher recommends establishing a long-

term, comprehensive monitoring program on biological 
indicator, including heavy metals parameter.
2. The researcher recommends for community 

engagement by training local communities in pollution 
monitoring and coastal management.
3. The researcher recommends foster awareness about 

the importance of  sustainable practices and advocate on 
ecological rehabilitation such as, planting mangroves.

Policy Implications
1. The researcher recommends that the DENR-EMB, 

Philippine Coast Guard, and Local Government Unit 
(LGU) may continue to implement a stricter regulation 
for the operation and maintenance of  sea transport 
including motorized fishing boats to minimize the risk 
of  oil spills. 
2. The researcher recommends developing policies 

requiring marine transport companies to maintain well-
equipped and regularly tested oil spill response plans.

Research Implications
1. For future research, an additional seasonal monitoring 

based on the weather conditions for better comparison 
on the measured parameters on water quality.
2. The researcher recommends conducting shoreline 

setting studies to provide a comprehensive understanding 
of  the interaction between coastal processes and shoreline 
stability in the affected areas.

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