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American Journal of  
Environment and Climate (AJEC)

Effects of  Varying Nutrient Solution to Brassica Rapa “Bokchoy” Grow Under 
Hydroponic System

Angel Lhi D. Alcalde1*, Chinitt P. Sinco1, Ma. Lourdes S. Cantor1, Michelle T. Viña1, 
Jolai R. Garcia-Bolaños1, Romeo Jr. B. Bordios1

Volume 1 Issue 2, Year 2022
ISSN: 2832-403X (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajec.v1i2.485
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajec

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: August 09, 2022
Accepted: August 15, 2022
Published: August 20, 2022

The fact that farming is dependent on available land becomes even more complex when 
the climate is changing drastically. From this perspective, soilless system production is 
advantageous since it allows farmers to utilize land that has been unproductive due to pollution 
or illness, while simultaneously reducing the quantity of  water consumed. According to the 
discussion and conclusions that accompany the results, the growth and development of  
Brassica rapa are affected by the nutrients it receives in treatments. The concentrations of  
nutrient solutions have a significant impact on the growth of  Brassica rapa. As the number 
of  Brassica rapa layers increases, the Brassica rapa yield increases and improves, particularly 
in terms of  plant yield. The effects of  nutritional solutions on plant growth, fresh weight, 
water consumption, and the number of  nutrients in leaf  tissue demonstrated that the 
interactions between factors are not the same. According to the findings of  the study, the 
collected nutrients could be used as fertilizer. Therefore, hydroponic systems will require 
less mineral fertilizer. The environmental temperature is one of  the most important abiotic 
factors that could slow down the process of  development, production, and spread. Based on 
the data, it is feasible to conclude that the cultivar is more resistant to cold stress.

Keywords
Hydroponics, Brassica Rapa, 
Interaction, Climate Change, Nutrient 
Solution,  Hydroponic System

1 Notre Dame of  Midsayap College, Midsayap, Cotabato, Philippines.
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: delacruzangellhi@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION
Hydroponics is an agricultural method for growing 
vegetables that have been studied in depth. Hydroponics 
research began at the University of  the Philippines at 
Los Baños, and several Filipino scholars are now at the 
top of  their fields. What hasn’t been done yet, and this 
is why this research is important, is to use hydroponics 
in cities, anywhere, or on rooftops, and to come up 
with a competitive business model that connects local 
production to local consumption, which lowers the costs 
of  the food supply chain. This model is not only a good 
way to do business in agriculture, but it is also a good 
way to do business that will last. Brassica rapa, which is a 
common item sold on the market, was an important part 
of  the study. Its leaves can be eaten and are often used in 
soups and stews. 
Brassica rapa is a herb that grows back every year and 
grows best in temperate climates. In many countries, it 
is grown as a vegetable that can be eaten and to make 
vegetable oil to feed the growing population. But changes 
in temperature have a big effect on how plants grow and 
develop and how they make bioactive compounds. A 
study of  how cold stress affects the germination of  seeds, 
the growth of  biomass, and the amount of  biosynthesis 
in medicinally important Brassica rapa (IIyas et al., 2022).
Brassica is a group of  vegetables that are important all 
over the world and are affected by both biotic and abiotic 
stresses. The results showed that the response expression 
was higher after treatments for abiotic stress. The results 
suggest that chitinase genes could be helpful in making 
Brassica plants that can handle stress (Ahmed et al., 2012).
Researchers looked at the effects of  water stress in 
controlled experiments. Water shortages mostly hurt the 

yield and the parts of  the yield. The results showed a big 
drop when there wasn’t enough water from anthesis to 
maturity (Champolivier & Merrien, 1996).
In a study, the cause of  plant diseases could be in different 
parts of  the plant, like the leaf, root, or stem. However, 
the leaf  is one of  the most important places to look for 
signs of  infection. The study looked at different things 
that cause abiotic and biotic stress in plants (Kaur & 
Gautam, 2021).
In a greenhouse experiment, different levels of  salinity 
were used to study the effects of  salt and drought on the 
growth, physiology, and biochemistry of  Brassica rapa. 
The results showed that both drought and salt stress had a 
negative effect on plant growth, as measured by the fresh 
and dry weights of  the shoots and roots. On the other 
hand, the bad effects of  each stress factor were made 
worse when drought and salinity were both presentsSahin 
et al., 2018).
Salinity is one of  the most important environmental 
factors that affect the growth of  Brassica crops. Pavlovic 
et al. (2018) looked into the physiological, biochemical, 
and hormonal effects of  short-term salinity treatments 
on seedlings, with a focus on how auxin is made and 
broken down. Changes in biochemical stress markers 
were seen in the seedlings’ fresh weight and root growth, 
as well as in the rate of  photosynthesis and the number 
of  reactive oxygen species.
A study that looks at how mine species deal with arsenic 
toxicity and compares the results from plants exposed 
to arsenic in contaminated soil and from plants grown 
in a hydroponic solution. The results showed that how 
plants take in arsenic, move it from the roots to the leaves, 
distribute it, and get rid of  it depends on the growth 



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conditions. When grown in soil, it had the most arsenic in 
its roots and shoots compared to other species. However, 
when grown in hydroponics, it had less arsenic in its roots 
and shoots than when grown in soil (Zabludowska et al., 
2009).
There are things below the plowed zone that make it 
less likely that production will be sustainable, such as the 
amount of  calcium in the soil. This could stop the roots 
from getting longer and make the crop more vulnerable 
to drought. Experiments have shown that low-calcium 
tolerance can be different between and within cultivars 
(Spehar & Souza, 1995).
When there is a lot of  salt in the soil, it is harder for 
plants to find and take up Ca2+. This causes membranes 
to break down and other problems that are caused by 
a lack of  Ca2+ in plants. How well calcium is taken in 
and used when the environment is salty. Arshad et al. 
(2012) found that plants that take in and use calcium well 
in salty environments may be better able to handle salty 
conditions in the field. Most of  the time, the response to 
high salt and low Ca2+ has been done against high salt 
alone. Due to low calcium and high salinity, the length of  
the shoot, the length of  the roots, and the fresh weight 
of  the shoot and roots all decreased by a lot. So, the study 
shows that some genotypes are better able to take in and 
use calcium when there is less calcium available, which 
makes salt better in salty conditions.
When the pH of  the medium is lower than Quantitative 
Trait Locus (QTL) analysis, proton rhizotoxicity stops 
roots from growing. The fact that the mechanisms of  
resistance and aluminum resistance are controlled by 
different genes shows that there is no simple link between 
the genes that control each trait (Ikka et al., 2007).
In a hydroponic experiment, the role of  potassium and 
silicon in reducing the bad effects of  NaCl on different 
plant genotypes with different salt tolerances was tested. 
The results showed that K and Si made plant genotypes 
more resistant to salt stress. This was due to less Na+ 
and more K+, which improved the K+/n ratio, which 
is a good way to measure how well plants can handle salt 
stress (Ashraf  et al., 2010).
Chromium (Cr) is a well-known cancer-causing substance 
that is found in half  of  the EPA’s drinking water (EPA). 
The X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) results for 
this study showed that some of  the supplied Cr (VI) was 
taken up by the roots. However, the analysis of  the plant 
tissues showed that it was completely turned into Cr (III) 
in the leaf  tissues (Aldrich et al., 2003).

Brassicaceae in soilless condition
Nutrient analysis was conducted on pechay grown on two 
mediums by the Central Analytical Services Laboratory 
of  the National Institute of  Molecular Biology and 
Biotechnology (BIOTECH) of  UPLB. Organically 
grown pechay in conventional plots fertilized with organic 
matter such as compost was compared with pechay grown 
on hydroponics solution. The result showed that the 
pechay grown in hydroponic acquired a higher value in 

crude protein, crude fiber, and crude fat that helps in the 
elimination of  waste, and toxins, protects from diseases, 
and keeps the body active and resistant. Hence, being low 
in crude protein and crude fat is nonetheless important 
in supplementing a poor diet. The study also reported 
higher calcium and iron content in hydroponically grown 
pechay (Rotor, 2014).
Iron (Fe) aids in the oxygenation of  the body through the 
lungs and blood. Since oxygen is essential to life, people 
who lack iron are anemic, docile, and sickly. The most 
source of  iron is leafy vegetables especially the member 
of  the Family Brassicaceae (Rotor, 2014).
Phosphorus (P) is important in the proper functioning 
of  the brain and nerves/ Iodine and phosphorous are 
very important in brain development. While calcium is 
important to build and rebuild tissues in the bones and 
muscles and all the cells of  the body (Rotor, 2014).
The book chapter (Aires, 2018), presents a general 
overview of  the role of  hydroponics in the enhancement 
of  important types of  nonessential nutrients, and 
based on the discussion of  the book, hydroponics can 
be an essential instrument to have vegetables with high 
nutritional quality. However, both hydroponics and soil-
based production systems require proper control and 
must be implemented correctly with full respect for plant 
needs, soil, water, environment, growers, and consumer 
safety.
Hence, a study by (Gashagari et al., 2018) compared and 
find the best system that will cover the current and future 
demand with the least cost natural resources consumption. 
The result showed that the type of  seeds doesn’t have a 
significant effect on plant growth. However, the planting 
system has a significant effect on plant growth, the 
hydroponic system has a higher growth rate. 
In the study of  Ezziddine et al. (2021), the performance 
of  nutrient solution on plants yield, fresh weight, water 
consumption, and nutrient content in leaf  tissue showed 
no significant difference in the yield. The study showed 
that nutrients recovered can be utilized as fertilizer, 
thereby reducing the dependency on mineral fertilizer in 
a hydroponic system.

Nutrient Solution
A higher photosynthesis rate contributed to the 
accumulation of  photosynthetic products and supported 
the material requirements for increasing biomass and 
improving rhizome functional ingredients (Cao et al., 
2021). 
The over-fertilization with Nh4+, Si, or B lead to higher 
yields, increased color indexes, firmness, sucrose content, 
and sweetness indexes. Furthermore, the fertilizations led 
to an improved shelf-life (Valentinuzza et al., 2018).
Brassica contains essential minerals and a range of  low 
molecular weight carbohydrates, but the presence of  
these nutrients can be affected by moisture stress. The 
study of  Pathirana et al. (2017) determines the response 
of  Brassica rapa to moisture stress. The result of  the 
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nutritional quality are greatly affected by moisture stress.
The study of  different greenhouse species was grown 
with different relative humidity. The result was dry weight 
increased significantly by increasing relative humidity from 
the lowest to the highest level. Shoot length increased 
very considerably by increasing the relative humidity in 
most of  the plants. The number of  leaves was increased 
by relative humidity in some of  the species while not in 
others (Mortensen, 2018).

METHODOLOGY
Research Site
The study was undertaken at Midsayap, North Cotabato, 
Philippines is located in a province between 5 and 8 
degrees latitude, which means that Midsayap and all 
places within its authority were less affected by typhoons. 
The municipality was classified as having a fourth kind 
of  climate, which was defined by an annual rainfall 
distribution that is more or less uniform.

Research Design
The study employed a strip-plot design. As a result, it 
is deemed to have an equal selection of  each Brassica 
rapa with three replications. The following will be the 
treatments:

Research Specimen
The study used the Brassica rapa or the bok choy as a high 
valued crop in the market. It is a type of  Chinese cabbage 
used as food. 

Research Instruments
The study used the following instruments to measure the 
factors affecting the length, width, height, number of  
leaves, and yield of  Brassica rapa.

Ruler. It was used to measure the height, length, and 
width of  the leaves of  Brassica rapa.

Timer. It was used to regularly monitor the collection 
of  data.

Spectrometer. It was used to measure the temperature 
and humidity of  the controlled environment of  the 
plants.
Power of  Hydrogen (pH) Tester. It was used to check the 
levels of  pH of  the nutrient solutions.

Research Procedure
Seedling Production of  Brassica rapa
Brassica rapa seeds were put in a sowing tray that was filled 
with heat sterilized coco coir before being transplanted. 
When the seedlings sprouted, there were placed beneath 
a structure made of  plastic covering to protect them 
from the elements, particularly rain and direct sunshine. 
When the seedlings reached the true-leaf  stage, there 
were poked by placing the healthy individual in a sowing 
tray and were placed in a hardening place with a small 
container. Three days following the germination of  the 
seedlings, a starter solution consisting of  a half-strength 
(12.5 ml) nutrient solution dissolved in 10 liters of  water 

was supplied to the seedlings within 10 days.
Ten days before being transplanted, the seedlings were 
hardened off. Until it showed evidence of  temporary 
wilting, the seedlings were gradually exposed to sunshine 
and watered down until they show signs of  temporary 
withering.

SNAP Hydroponics System Set-up 
After being grown for 10 days, the seedlings were 
transferred to a growing box with a polyethylene plastic 
container and were transferred to the treated half-strength 
solution for 14 days. A total of  around 30 liters of  water 
with a nutrient solution was stored in each empty growing 
box (30 cm x 40 cm in size). These were lined with 
polyethylene bags with a thickness of  .05 cm. The cover 
of  the growing box was fitted with ventilation holes (2-3 
cm in diameter) in order to allow for proper ventilation. 
There were nine holes, measuring15-20 cm in diameter, 
and were drilled to accommodate the cups in which the 
Brassica rapa was planted. The cups could hold 8oz to hold 
the Brassica rapa seedlings and were half-filled with coco 
coir to support the roots of  the Brassica rapa.
Due to its high cation exchange rate, coco coir stores and 
releases nutrients as needed, yet it has a tendency to retain 
calcium, magnesium, and iron. This means that it needs 
to supplement crops with specialized coco coir nutrients 
to increase their calcium, magnesium, and iron levels 
(Advanced Nutrients, 2018).
Particularly in cases where the roots have not yet 
developed extensively, the base of  the cup is always 
immersed in the solution. The solution was maintained at 
2-4 cm between the bottom of  the cup and the top of  the 
solution while the roots grow and develop. 

Nutrient Solution Application 
In this study, the nutrient solution was replenished once a 
week to ensure the water in the growing media decreases 
the required amount for growing the Brassica rapa. Thus, 
it is required to be checked every Tuesday and Thursday 
(8:00 am, 10 am, 12 pm, 2 pm, and 4 pm) for possible 
deficiencies of  the Brassica rapa and contamination of  
the nutrient solution in the growing box. The number 
of  Brassica rapa per treatment was replicated 3 times in a 
random arrangement with randomly assigned numbers. 
Following transplantation, the Brassica rapa was available 
for harvesting 45 days after it was transplanted.

Types of  Nutrient Solution
The nutrient solution was important in a hydroponic 
system setup. Therefore, it is important to test the levels 
of  nutrient solution applied to the Brassica rapa and its 
effects on plant growth and development. 
The different levels of  nutrient solution used are as 
follows:

C0 = normal 
C1 = Nutrient Solution A (NutriHydro)
C2 = Nutrient Solution B (Yamasaki)
C3 = Nutrient Solution C (SNAP)



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Data Gathering Procedure
The data were gathered in accordance with the 
methodology used in the study in order to be appropriately 
led in the data collection process:

1. Brassica rapa Height and Width. The height of  the 
plant was recorded by measuring the plant from the 
surface of  the stalk of  the Brassica rapa that was seen to 
the tip of  the last leaflet. While the width was measured 
with the diameter for each Brassica rapa. This was one week 
of  growing the Brassica rapa seeds out in the growing tray. 
There were 243 Brassica rapa plants that were randomly 
placed in each block with 9 holes planted with Brassica 
rapa. 

2. Brassica rapa Weight. The weight of  the Brassica rapa 
was determined in the yield of  the production to compare 
the differences between the treatments. The result was 
controlled with varied light intensity and different types 
of  nutrient solutions used for a higher yield.

3. Number of  the Leaves of  Brassica rapa Per Plant. The 
leaves of  Brassica rapa were counted per plant for each 
treatment.

4. Type of  Nutrient Solution. The type of  nutrient 
solution was monitored to check the relationship and 
differences between each treatment.

5. Light Intensities. The amount of  light received 
during the treatment was a greater factor to increase and 
decrease the yield of  Brassica rapa. Thus, it was important 
to measure and check the difference in the result from the 
replanting to the harvesting period of  the Brassica rapa.

6. Time Temperature. This measured the differences 
between the growth of  Brassica rapa with the length 
measured with varied time (8 am, 12 pm, and 5 pm) 
temperature and determined the relationship within the 
result. Hence, specimen temperature was monitored by 
the researcher to investigate and observe.

Treatment of  Data
For the purpose of  determining the relationships and 
mean the difference between data treatments (light 
intensity and level of  nutrient solution) applied to Brassica 
rapa, an analysis of  variance (ANOVA) was used in the 
study. As a result, the tests for normal distribution of  
each sample the researcher was randomly picked in a 
growing Brassica rapa out from the population of  the fully 
grown seedlings of  Brassica rapa was tested in varied lights 
and treatments. The Analysis of  Variance and test for 
correlation were employed to determine the relationships.

Experimental Design and Analysis
The strip plot design was used in this study. The light 
intensities (T0 – under normal environmental condition, 
T1 – the wooden frame that will scaffold the one layer 
of  mosquito net, T2 – wooden frame that will scaffold 
the three layers of  mosquito net), was the vertical and 
the amount of  nutrient solution (N0 – no nutrient 
solution A, N1 – 30 ml/box of  nutrient solution B, N2 
–with Yamasaki 30 ml/box nutrient solution, and N3 
with SNAP with 30 ml/box nutrient solution C). Each 

treatment was replicated three times.
The ANOVA was employed in the strip-plot design that 
was used to analyze the data for the comparison of  each 
treatment, a post hoc test was used for the comparison of  
the mean difference, while to test the relationship of  the 
intensity of  light, humidity, yield, and layers of  mosquito 
net Pearson-r correlation was employed.

RESULTS
Effects of  Varying Light Intensities
As evidenced by an f-ratio of  6.40 and a p-value of  0.00, 

Table 1: A Differences in the Varying Light Intensities 
in the Numbers of  Leaves on Brassica rapa
Source SS df MS
Between-treatments 107.08 3 35.69
Within-treatments 2651.80 476 5.57 F =6.40*
Total 2758 479

The f-ratio value is 6.40. The p-value is 0.00. The result is significant 
at p <.05
this result exhibited a statistically significant difference 
between the varying of  one, two, and three layers. The 
ANOVA test revealed a significant difference in the 
amount of  leaves developed by Brassica rapa when light 
intensity was varied across one, two, and three layers.
For pairwise comparisons of  treatment in layers based on 
ANOVA data. T0  (M = 3.54) was substantially different 
(p = 0.00) from T1. T0 was significantly different (p 
= 0.03) from the mean of  T2 with two layers of  net 
covered (M = 4.45), but T1 was considerably different 
(p = 0.03) from the mean of  T3 with three layers of  net 
covers (M = 5.07). T0 and T3, T1 and T2, and T2 and T3 
comparisons, on the other hand, revealed no significant 
changes. Light intensities had a significant effect on the 
growth and development of  Brassica rapa. However, some 
treatments had no effect on growth and development 
when compared to others.

Interactions of  Varying Light and Nutrient Solutions
Data revealed that there is a relationship in the length (r 
= 0.834), width (r = 0.909), height (r = 0.896), number of  
leaves, yield (r = 0.911) in the growth and development 
of  Brassica rapa. The p-value of  0.000 < 0.05 level 
of  significance indicates that the null hypothesis had 
significant relationships between variables is rejected. 
Therefore, the growth and development of  Brassica rapa 
had significant effects in Brassica rapa to the varying type 
of  intensities of  light used in each group.
Length (r = 0.834), width (r = 0.909), height (r = 0.896), 
number of  leaves (r = 0.911), and yield of  Brassica rapa 
are correlated with growth and development, according 
to the data. As a result, the growth and maturity of  
Brassica rapa interacted with the different light intensities 
used by each group. Consequently, when Brassica rapa light 
intensities increases as light, width, height, the number of  
leaves, and yield all increase.
The analysis revealed that there was a substantial 
difference (p <.05) in the total number of  leaves produced 
by each treatment as well as by each individual treatment 



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Table 2: Pos Hoc Tukey Analysis on Varying Light Intensities
Pairwise Comparisons HSD.05 = 1.23 Q.05 = 3.66 Q.01 = 4.46

HSD.01 = 1.50
T0:T1 M0 = 3.54 1.53 Q = 6.34 (p = .00)*

M1 = 5.07
T0:T2 M0 = 3.54 0.91 Q = 3.78 (p = 0.03)*

M2 = 4.45
T0:T3 M1 = 5.07 0.62 Q = 2.57 (p = 0.26)

M3 = 4.16
T1:T2 M1 = 5.07 0.62 Q = 2.57 (p = 0.26)

M2 = 4.45
T1:T3 M1 = 5.07 0.91 Q = 3.78 (p = 0.03)*

M3 = 4.16
T2:T3 M2 = 4.45 0.29 Q = 1.21 (p = 0.82)

M3 = 4.16

Table 3: Relationship of  Length, Width, Height, Number of  Leaves, and Yield  in the Varying Light Intensities

Variable
Interactions of  varying light of  48 Brassica rapa
r-value p-value Decision

Length 0.834** 0.000 S
Width 0.909** 0.000 S
Height 0.896** 0.000 S
Number of  Leaves 0.870** 0.000 S
Yield 0.911** 0.000 S
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)

Table 4: Relationship of  Length, Width, Height, Number of  Leaves, and Yield in the Varying Types of  Nutrient Solutions

Variable
Interactions of  varying nutrient solutions of  48 Brassica rapa
r-value p-value Decision

Length 1.000-** 0.000 S
Width 0.903** 0.000 S
Height 0.946** 0.000 S
Number of  Leaves 0.961** 0.000 S
Yield 0.909** 0.000 S
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)

(F-statistics = 16.76). Because of  this, the quantity 
of  leaves produced by each treatment is significantly 
different due to the differences in the nutritional solution.
There is a statistically significant gap between the sample 
means of  T0 (M = 3.54) and T1, which has a value of  4.81; 
T0 (M = 3.54) and T3, which has a value of  5.28; T1 (M = 
4.81) and T2 (M = 3.59); and T2 (3.59) and T3, which has 
a value of  5.28. As a result, it has been established that the 
applied nutrient solution had an effect on several groups 
and had a significant effect on the growth and production 
of  plants in both the control group and the treatment 
group. There was also no discernible change found 
between T0 (M = 3.54) and T2 (M = 3.59), as well as T1 
(M = 4.81) and T3 (M = 5.28). In light of  this finding, a 
comparison of  the treatments used within these groups 
revealed that the growth and yield were unaffected by the 

Table 5: Growth and Yield Response of  Brassica rapa to 
Varying Nutrient solution.
Source SS df MS
Between-treatments 263.66 3 87.88
Within-treatments 2495.21 476 5.57 F=16.76*
Total 2758.88 479

The f-ratio value is 16.76. The p-value is 0.00. The result is significant 
at p <.05

various types of  applied solutions, despite the fact that 
these solutions were of  different types.

Interactions of  Varying Light and Nutrient Solutions
There was a substantial correlation between the light 
and nutrient solution intensities that the Brassica rapa was 
exposed to and its subsequent growth and development.
The findings provide credence to the findings of  Ilyas et 
al., 2022, which state that variations in temperature have 
a significant impact on the growth and development of  
plants as well as the generation of  bioactive chemicals. 
An examination of  the impact that cold stress has on 
seed germination, the accumulation of  biomass, and 
the production of  biosynthesis. The findings revealed 
that response expression occurred after abiotic stress 
treatments, indicating that greater potentials were 
present. Ahmed et al., 2012 about the creation of  stress-
resistant Brassica rapa. The consequences of  water stress 
were explored through a series of  studies conducted 
under carefully monitored conditions. Water was the 
primary factor that determined the yield components. 
The findings revealed a significant decrease whenever 
there was a water shortage between anthesis and maturity 
(Champolivier & Merrien, 1996).



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Table 5: Pos Hoc Analysis of  the Differences in Growth and Yield 
Pairwise Comparisons HSD.05 = 1.23 Q.05 = 3.66 Q.01 = 4.46

HSD.01 = 1.50
T0:T1 M0 = 3.54 1.27 Q = 5.44 (p = .00)*

M1 = 4.81
T0:T2 M0 = 3.54 0.05 Q = 0.21 (p = .99)

M2 = 3.59
T0:T3 M0 = 3.54 1.74 Q = 7.43 (p = .00)*

M3 = 5.28
T1:T2 M1 = 4.81 1.22 Q = 5.23 (p = .00)*

M2 = 3.59
T1:T3 M1 = 4.81 0.46 Q = 1.99 (p = .49)

M3 = 5.28
T2:T3 M2 = 3.59 1.69 Q = 7.22 (p = .00)*

M3 = 5.28

Response of  Brassica rapa in Growth and Yield
Brassica rapa yield production exhibits stronger growth 
and development responses, particularly in plant yield, as 
the number of  the plant layers net increases. However, 
the study discovered that increased net layers showed not 
only accelerated plant growth but also improved plant 
quality, particularly in terms of  compactness.
Also, there were significant differences between the 
effects of  nutritional solution on plant yield, fresh 
weight, water utilization, and the number of  nutrients in 
leaves. The investigation demonstrated that the recovered 
nutrients are suitable for use as fertilizer. This means that 
less mineral fertilizer can be used in a hydroponic system.
Droughts, which are anticipated to worsen and occur 
more frequently due to climate change, have the greatest 
impact on the economy. Consequently, managing good 
yields should be the first priority when considering 
agricultural drought risk mitigation (Foster et al., 2015).
Likewise, the study by Yan et al. (2019) demonstrates that 
low temperature is one of  the most significant non-living 
elements that inhibit growth, productivity, and spread. 
The results of  this experiment indicate that the cultivar is 
better able to withstand cold stress (chilling and freezing 
stresses).

CONCLUSIONS
Temperature is an essential component in plant growth. 
As a result of  climate change, temperatures are anticipated 
to rise, and more extreme temperature events are possible. 
This affects plant development in controlled trials with 
net layers and various types of  nutritional solutions. Warm 
temperatures provided a significant effect on improved 
phenological development. Also affected are the leaf  area 
and vegetative output relative to normal temperatures.
Changes in temperature have a significant impact on plant 
growth and development. According to the findings, 
higher potentials were seen following abiotic stress 
treatments. The development of  stress-resistant Brassica 
rapa was the result of  controlled experiments in which 
the effects of  various nutritional solutions and controlled 
settings on plant growth and development varied. The 
found nutrients can be utilized as recommended nutrients 
for Brassica rapa, Consequently, in hydroponic systems, 

less mineral fertilizer, less water usage, and a Brassica rapa 
resistant to high temperatures were created.

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