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American Journal of  
Environment and Climate (AJEC)

Responses of  Brassica rapa “Bokchoy” to Varying Light Intensities Grown Under 
Hydroponic System

Angel Lhi D. Alcalde1*, Chinitt P. Sinco1, Ma. Lourdes S. Cantor1, Michelle T. Viña1, 
Jolai R. Garcia-Bolaños1, Rikka Bianca J. Condes1, Romeo Jr. B. Bordios1

Volume 1 Issue 2, Year 2022
ISSN: 2832-403X (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajec.v1i2.486
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajec

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: August 09, 2022
Accepted: August 15, 2022
Published: August 18, 2022

Climate change compounds matters because agriculture is dependent on land. Soilless 
system production is attractive since it allows for the use of  unproductive land for agriculture 
while reducing water use. The light intensities in one-, two-, and three-layer treatments 
affect Brassica rapa growth and development, according to the discussion and conclusions. 
The three-layer net group outgrew the one-layer control group in terms of  growth and 
development. Brassica rapa’s development and maturity were influenced by light intensities. 
Plant growth and yield improve as the number of  Brassica rapa layers increases. Varying 
effects on plant output, fresh weight, water consumption, and leaf  tissue in the intensities of  
light. The study discovered that light had an impact potentially in Brassica rapa in hydroponic 
systems. The temperature of  the environment can stymie development, manufacturing, and 
diffusion. The findings indicate that the cultivar is more resistant to light stress.

Keywords
Hydroponics, Brassica Rapa, 
Responses, The Interaction Of  
Climate Change, Light Intensities To 
Plants, Hydroponic System

1 Notre Dame of  Midsayap College, Midsayap, Cotabato, Philippines.
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: delacruzangellhi@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION
It would appear to be self-evident that food security 
is one of  the most important themes of  the new 
millennium and, logically, the most pressing challenge 
for the agricultural industry. This is due to the fact that 
it is anticipated that the population of  the world will 
increase in the coming years. The growing loss of  rich 
soil surface as a result of  environmental degradation and 
trends toward urbanization considerably complicates 
the predicament that already exists. It is important to 
take into consideration the intensification of  production 
cycles as well as the monoculture approach, both of  
which helped to enable the spread of  a variety of  diseases 
and the development of  disorders with associated those 
diseases. In an era marked by dramatic climate change, the 
fact that agricultural operations are extremely reliant on 
the availability of  land only serves to further exacerbate 
the problem. In this aspect, the possibility to use land 
that is no longer productive owing to pollution or 
pathogen issues for agricultural uses while simultaneously 
minimizing the amount of  water that is used makes 
production using soilless systems an appealing alternative. 
In addition, it is essential to point out that the application 
of  this kind of  technology constitutes a constructive 
response toward the development of  agriculture that is 
less harmful to the environment, in addition to being a 
practical tool in the context of  the worldwide problem 
of  ensuring adequate food supply (Satterthwaite et al., 
2010). An agricultural method known as hydroponics 
has been the focus of  a significant amount of  research 
as it pertains to the production of  vegetables. Research 
on hydroponics was initially pioneered by the University 
of  the Philippines at Los Baos, and several Filipino 
academics are currently at the forefront of  their fields. 
What has not been done, and where this research is 

critical, is to apply hydroponics to urban, any location, 
or rooftops and to develop a competitive business model 
that connects onsite production to onsite consumption, 
which will result in a reduction in the costs associated 
with the food supply chain. This approach not only offers 
a commercially viable paradigm for agriculture, but also a 
model that is environmentally sustainable. Brassica rapa, 
which is a popular product that is sold on the market, 
was utilized in the study as an important component that 
was used. It is common practice to include the leaves, 
which can be consumed, in dishes like as stews and soups. 
Pechay (Brassica rapa) is typically offered as part of  a 
meal alongside other vegetables, seafood, or meat when 
it is prepared for consumption at establishments such as 
restaurants or even in private homes.
Eastern Asia places a significant emphasis on the 
consumption of  this vegetable. It is the most often 
cultivated vegetable in China, particularly in the country’s 
northern regions, and other key locations of  production, 
such as Korea, including China. Therefore, it can be 
consumed raw or simply cooked, and it is also utilized in 
the preparation of  kimchi, which is a fermented side dish 
that is consumed.

Brassica rapa Environmental Stress
Brassica rapa  is an annual biennial herb, cultivated 
worldwide, and most adapted to temperate climates. It 
is commonly cultivated in many countries as an edible 
vegetable and for the production of  vegetable oil for 
the growing population. However, the fluctuation in 
temperature greatly affects plant growth and development 
and the production of  bioactive compounds. An 
investigation of  the effect of  cold stress on seed 
germination, biomass gain, and biosynthesis content in 
medicinally important Brassica rapa (IIyas et al., 2022). 

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Brassica is an important vegetable group worldwide that 
is impacted by biotic and abiotic stresses. Results showed 
response expression after abiotic stress treatments 
indicating higher potentials. Results presented herein 
suggest that chitinase genes may be useful resources in 
the development of  stress-resistant Brassica (Ahmed et 
al., 2012).
In experiments under controlled conditions, it was 
investigated the effects of  water stress. The yield and yield 
components were mainly affected by water shortages. 
The results demonstrated a marked reduction when water 
deficit occurred from anthesis to maturity (Champolivier 
& Merrien, 1996).
In a study, the reason for plant diseases could be the 
reason of  disease in different parts of  a plant such as the 
leaf, root, and stems, however, leave is one of  the most 
important institutes to be observed to identify and detect 
infection. The study showed covers different factors 
which is the reason for abiotic and biotic stress (texture, 
shape, and size) in plants (Kaur & Gautam, 2021). 
The effects of  salt and drought factors on the growth, 
physiological and biochemical responses of  Brassica rapa, 
a greenhouse experiment was conducted with different 
levels of  salinity. 
The result showed that individual drought and salt stress 
conditions have negatively affected the plant growth 
including the shoot, root fresh, and dry weights when 
applied separately. On the other hand, the combination 
of  drought and salinity enhanced the adverse effects of  
each stress factor (Sahin et al., 2018).
Salinity is one of  the major abiotic stresses affecting 
Brassica crop production. In the investigations (Pavlovic 
et al., 2018) into the physiological, biochemical, and 
hormonal components of  the short-term salinity 
treatments in seedlings, with particular emphasis on the 
biosynthesis and metabolism of  auxin. Observed changes 
in biochemical stress markers in reductions in seedling 
fresh weight and root growth, decreased photosynthesis 
rate, and increased levels of  reactive oxygen species.
A study that evaluates the strategies for coping with 
arsenic toxicity by the mine species, and compares 
results obtained from plants exposed to arsenic present 
in contaminated soil and with a hydroponic solution. 
The result showed basic differences in plant responses 
to arsenic depending on growth conditions with respect 
to uptake, root0to-shoot translocation, distribution, and 
detoxification. 
When grown in soil, it accumulated the highest amount 
of  Arsenic in roots and shoots relative to other species, 
however, when exposed to arsenic in hydroponics, it 
had lower Arsenic in hydroponics, it had lower Arsenic 
concentrations (Zabludowska et al., 2009).  
Factors that limit the prospect of  sustainable production, 
such as levels of  calcium in the soil, below the plowed 
zone. This may prevent root elongation and expose the 
crop to drought stress. Experimental data have shown 
variability for low-Calcium tolerance among and within 
cultivars (Spehar & Souza, 1995).

In saline soil conditions the availability and uptake 
of  Ca2+ are reduced that resulting in the loss of  
membrane integrity and other disorders associated with 
Ca2+ deficiency in plants. The efficiency in uptake and 
utilization of  calcium under saline conditions. In research 
from Arshad et al. (2012) efficient uptake and utilization 
of  calcium under saline conditions may be better able 
to withstand saline conditions in the field. The response 
to salinity and low Ca2+ has usually been done against 
salinity alone. Physical growth parameters in shoot 
length, root length, and shoot and root fresh weights were 
decreased significantly due to salinity and low calcium. 
Hence, the study proves that certain genotypes can better 
uptake and utilize calcium than under low calcium supply 
which improves salt under saline conditions.
Root growth is inhibited by proton rhizotoxicity in low 
ionic strength media when the pH of  the medium is 
lower than Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) analysis.  The 
study that indicates different genetic factors regulate 
mechanisms of  resistance and Aluminum resistance 
indicates that there is no simple relationship between the 
genetic factors controlling each trait (Ikka et al., 2007). 
A hydroponic experiment was conducted to evaluate the 
role of  potassium and silicon in mitigating the deleterious 
effects of  NaCl on plant genotypes differing in salt 
tolerance. The result showed K and Si enhanced salt 
tolerance in plant genotypes it was ascribed to decreased 
Na+ concentration and increased K+ with a resultant 
improvement in K+/n ratio, which is a good indicator to 
assess plant tolerance to salt stress (Ashraf  et al., 2010).
Chromium (Cr) is a well-established carcinogen that is 
contaminated by half  of  the Environmental Protection 
Agency (EPA).  The X-ray absorption spectroscopy 
(XAS) results for this study showed that some of  the 
supplied Cr (VI) were uptaken by the roots, however, the 
data analysis of  the plant tissues demonstrated that it was 
fully reduced to Cr (III) in the leaf  tissues (Aldrich et al., 
2003).

Site Selection
Hydroponics is the growing of  plants without soil. The 
name “hydroponics” implies that the plants grow in 
water. The plants are grown in growing beds that may be 
filled with gravel or sand or other material, and the plants 
get the nutrients from a water solution added to the beds.
Some of  the important advantages of  successful 
hydroponics over soil culture are yields can be as much 
as ten times greater than in soil culture; plants need less 
space because nutrients are concentrated; the nutrient 
solution is reused, so the amount of  water needed is much 
smaller, and the nutrients are easier to test and adjust to 
growing conditions.

Sunlight
Require solar radiation to grow. Sunlight is absorbed 
by plant leaves and used as an energy source for 
photosynthesis. The ability of  a crop to absorb sunlight 
is determined by the leaf  surface or leaf  area index. The 

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ability of  a crop to collect sunlight is enhanced when it 
has a full canopy (McKenzie, 2017).
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants produce 
food. It occurs when a plant collects carbon dioxide, 
nutrients, and water through pores in its branches, stems, 
and leaves. 
The light energy initiates a chemical reaction that 
degrades the carbon dioxide and water molecules. 
This process generates a sugar called glucose as well as 
oxygen. Glucose provides oxygen and is broken down by 
chloroplast organelles, which contain a green substance 
called chlorophyll, which gives the leaves their green 
hue. Due to sunshine exposure, both the “full sun” and 
“some sun” plants were able to enable for photosynthesis 
(Measuring Plant Growth with Sunlight, 2019).
When plants receive insufficient sunlight, photosynthesis 
slows and the plant begins to climb upward and stretch 
its stems to reach for the sunshine. This process is easily 
seen in both plants that received partial and restricted 
sun. Plants grew longer stems and expanded their reach 
toward the sun (Measuring Plant Growth with Sunlight, 
2019b).
Sunlight concentration and transmission for daylighting 
is a burgeoning technique of  direct solar energy 
consumption. To address the cooling problem during 
high irradiation, a solar concentrating and transmission 
system was devised and tested. The study found that 
using extensive shade as a cooling technique to ensure a 
safe temperature range was achievable.
A study looked into the morphological changes, 
photosynthetic responses, and gene expression of  plants 
in response to intense sunlight. The results demonstrated 
that bright sunshine increased the expression of  
the gibberellin biosynthesis gene and affected plant 
morphology. Plants grown in direct sunlight also showed 
increased shoot growth, stem elongation, and branching. 
As a result, higher expression of  photosynthetic genes 
and photosynthesis rate have a favorable effect. The 
strategy that led to the improvement of  plant leaf  
photosynthetic efficiency was a method to boost 
light energy consumption, which reduced chloroplast 
senescence caused by surplus light energy (Cao et al., 
2021).
Light and dryness will boost the biomass and glucosinolate 
synthesis of  Brassica rapa. Experiments with prolonged 
light exposure improved plant growth. Plants subjected 
to a combination of  drought and long light conditions 
grew in the same way as control plants. Plants exposed 
to lengthy light produced more glucosinolates, however, 
dryness had no effect on glucosinolate production. The 
data indicate that lengthy light exposure was employed to 
boost both biomass and GL production in Brassica rapa 
(Park et al., 2021).

Shading
Heavy shading is commonly applied during the 
production of  pot plants in order to avoid damage caused 
by high light intensities; usually the daily light integral 

photosynthetically active radiation. However, shading 
carries a production penalty as light is the driving force 
for photosynthesis. The study showed higher daily light 
integral led to more leaves and stems. Furthermore, 
high daily light integral resulted in more compact plants 
without light damage in leaves or in both cultivars. Hence, 
less shading stimulates plant growth but also improves 
plant quality, especially compactness (Li et al., 2014).

Temperature
High temperatures have a variety of  effects on plant 
growth. The effects of  heat on photosynthesis, in which 
plants consume carbon dioxide to make oxygen, are the 
most visible. According to Colorado State University 
Extension experts, these processes accelerate as 
temperatures rise. 
The two processes become imbalanced when temperatures 
reach unacceptably high levels. Temperature has a wide 
range of  effects on plants, which are impacted by factors 
like as exposure to sunshine, height, the variation between 
day and night temperatures, and proximity to surrounding 
structures (Dyer, n.d.).
Holcman and Sntelhas (2012) investigated the effect of  
different color shade screens on several climatic variables 
in a greenhouse covered with low-density polyethylene. 
The testing revealed that the treatment with a black 
screen had the lowest solar radiation transfer.
Temperature is a major component influencing plant 
development. Warmer temperatures projected as a result 
of  climate change, as well as the possibility of  more 
extreme temperature occurrences, will have an impact on 
plant productivity. 
Other than selecting plants, there are few adaptation 
methods available to cope with temperature variations 
during this developmental period. Warm temperatures 
accelerated phenological development in controlled 
environment tests but had no influence on leaf  area 
or vegetative biomass when compared to normal 
temperatures. 
As a result, warmer temperatures had the greatest impact 
during the reproductive stage of  development, and grain 
yield in maize was dramatically reduced compared to a 
normal temperature regime in all situations. 
Temperature effects are exacerbated by water deficits and 
excess soil water, demonstrating that understanding the 
interaction of  temperature and water will be required to 
develop more effective adaptation strategies to offset the 
impacts of  greater temperature extreme events associated 
with a changing climate Hatfield and Prueger (2015).
Drought events, which are expected to become more 
frequent and intense as a result of  climate change, have 
the largest economic impact. 
As a result, while assessing agricultural drought risk 
reduction, good yield management should be a primary 
factor (Foster et al., 2015).
According to Yan et al. (2019), one of  the most important 
abiotic variables affecting growth, productivity, and 
distribution is low temperature. Based on the results, it is 

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inferred that the cultivar has a greater ability to respond 
to cold stress (chilling and freezing stresses).

METHODOLOGY
Research Site
The study was undertaken at Midsayap, North Cotabato, 
the Philippines is located in a province between 5 and 
8 degrees latitude, which means that Midsayap and all 
places within its authority were less affected by typhoons. 
The municipality was classified as having a fourth kind 
of  climate, which was defined by an annual rainfall 
distribution that is more or less uniform.

Research Design
The study employed an experimental design. As a result, 
it is deemed to have an equal selection of  each Brassica 
rapa in simple Randomized Complete Block Design 
(RCBD) with three replications. The following will be the 
treatments:

T0 = Control group (Brassica rapa in SNAP Hydroponic 
with the normal  environmental conditions)

T1 = SNAP Hydroponic System with different light 
intensities

T2 = SNAP Hydroponic System with different levels 
of  nutrient solution
 
Research Specimen
The study used the Brassica rapa or the bok choy as a high 
valued crop in the market. It is a type of  Chinese cabbage 
used as food. 

Research Instruments
The study used the following instruments to measure the 
factors affecting the length, width, height, number of  
leaves, and yield of  Brassica rapa.

Ruler: It was used to measure the height, length, and 
width of  the leaves of  Brassica rapa.

Timer: It was used to regularly monitor the collection 
of  data.

Spectrometer: It was used to measure the temperature 
and humidity of  the controlled environment of  the 
plants.

Research Procedure
Seedling Production of  Brassica rapa
Brassica rapa seeds were put in a sowing tray that was filled 
with heat sterilized coco coir before being transplanted. 
When the seedlings sprouted, there were placed beneath 
a structure made of  plastic covering to protect them 
from the elements, particularly rain and direct sunshine. 
When the seedlings reached the true-leaf  stage, there 
were poked by placing the healthy individual in a sowing 
tray and were placed in a hardening place with a small 
container. Three days following the germination of  the 
seedlings, a starter solution consisting of  a half-strength 
(12.5 ml) nutrient solution dissolved in 10 liters of  water 
was supplied to the seedlings within 10 days.
Ten days before being transplanted, the seedlings were 

hardened off. Until it showed evidence of  temporary 
wilting, the seedlings were gradually exposed to sunshine 
and watered down until they show signs of  temporary 
withering.

SNAP Hydroponics System Set-up (Santos and 
Ocampo, 2002)
After being grown for 10 days, the seedlings were 
transferred to a growing box with a polyethylene plastic 
container and were transferred to the treated half-strength 
solution for 14 days. A total of  around 30 liters of  water 
with a nutrient solution was stored in each empty growing 
box (30 cm x 40 cm in size). These were lined with 
polyethylene bags with a thickness of  .05 cm. The cover 
of  the growing box was fitted with ventilation holes (2-3 
cm in diameter) in order to allow for proper ventilation. 
There were nine holes, measuring15-20 cm in diameter, 
and were drilled to accommodate the cups in which the 
Brassica rapa was planted. The cups could hold 8oz to hold 
the Brassica rapa seedlings and were half-filled with coco 
coir to support the roots of  the Brassica rapa.
Due to its high cation exchange rate, coco coir stores and 
releases nutrients as needed, yet it has a tendency to retain 
calcium, magnesium, and iron. This means that it needs 
to supplement crops with specialized coco coir nutrients 
to increase their calcium, magnesium, and iron levels.
Particularly in cases where the roots have not yet 
developed extensively, the base of  the cup is always 
immersed in the solution. The solution was maintained at 
2-4 cm between the bottom of  the cup and the top of  the 
solution while the roots grow and develop. 

SNAP Nutrient Solution Application 
In this study, the nutrient solution was replenished once a 
week to ensure the water in the growing media decreases 
the required amount for growing the Brassica rapa. 
Thus, it is required to be checked every Tuesday and 
Thursday (8:00 am, 10 am, 12 pm, 2 pm, and 4 pm) for 
possible deficiencies of  the Brassica rapa and contamination 
of  the nutrient solution in the growing box. The number 
of  Brassica rapa per treatment was replicated 3 times in a 
random arrangement with randomly assigned numbers. 
Following transplantation, the Brassica rapa was available 
for harvesting 45 days after it was transplanted.

Temperature
The normal condition of  the environment per treatment 
was monitored by the use of  a laboratory spectrometer 
with specific time intervals: 8:00 – 10:00 am, 10:00 – 12:00 
pm, 12:00 – 2:00 pm, and 2:00 – 4:00 pm. Observation 
of  the growth and length records of  the Brassica rapa was 
kept using the daily logbook with the given datasheets.

Treatment Method
Light Intensity
Under this treatment, the plot was covered with 2.2m 
x 2.0m with different layers of  mosquito net that were 
monitored with specific time and temperature in terms 

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of  variations of  light intensities until the harvest time of  
the Brassica rapa.
The different intensities are as follows:
T0 = under normal environmental condition
T1 = under the cover of  two layers of  mosquito net
T2 = under the cover of  three layers of  mosquito net
T3 = under the cover of  four layers of  mosquito net
The total amount of  light that penetrated through varying 
layers was measured using a light meter. The length and 
width were measured using the foot rule.

Data Gathering Procedure
The data were gathered in accordance with the 
methodology used in the study in order to be appropriately 
led in the data collection process:

1. Brassica rapa Height and Width. The height of  the 
plant was recorded by measuring the plant from the 
surface of  the stalk of  the Brassica rapa that was seen to 
the tip of  the last leaflet. While the width was measured 
with the diameter for each Brassica rapa. This was 
one week of  growing the Brassica rapa seeds out in the 
growing tray. There were 243 Brassica rapa plants that were 
randomly placed in each block with 9 holes planted with 
Brassica rapa. 

2. Brassica rapa Weight. The weight of  the Brassica rapa 
was determined by the yield of  the production to compare 
the differences between the treatments. The result was 
controlled with varied light intensity and different types 
of  nutrient solutions used for a higher yield.

3. The number of  the Leaves of  Brassica rapa Per Plant. 
The leaves of  Brassica rapa were counted per plant for 
each treatment.

4. Type of  Nutrient Solution. The type of  nutrient 
solution was monitored to check the relationship and 
differences between each treatment.

5. Light Intensities. The amount of  light received 
during the treatment was a greater factor to increase and 
decrease the yield of  Brassica rapa. Thus, it was important 
to measure and check the difference in the result from the 
replanting to the harvesting period of  the Brassica rapa.

6. Time Temperature. This measured the differences 
between the growth of  Brassica rapa with the length 
measured with varied time (8 am, 12 pm, and 5 pm) 

temperature and determined the relationship within the 
result. Hence, specimen temperature was monitored by 
the researcher to investigate and observe.

Treatment of  Data
For the purpose of  determining the relationships and 
mean the difference between data treatments (light 
intensity and level of  nutrient solution) applied to 
Brassica rapa, an analysis of  variance (ANOVA) was used 
in the study. As a result, the tests for normal distribution 
of  each sample the researcher was randomly picked in a 
growing Brassica rapa out from the population of  the fully 
grown seedlings of  Brassica rapa was tested in varied lights 
and treatments. The Analysis of  Variance and test for 
correlation were employed to determine the relationships.
Treatment of  Data
The strip plot design was used in this study. The light 
intensities (T0 – under normal environmental condition, 
T1 – the wooden frame that will scaffold the one layer of  
mosquito net, T2 – wooden frame that will scaffold the 
three layers of  mosquito net), was the vertical and the 
amount of  nutrient solution (N0 – no nutrient solution, 
N1 – 30 ml/box of  nutrient solution A, N2 –with 
nutrient solution B 30 ml/box nutrient solution, and N3 
with SNAP with 30 ml/box nutrient solution C). Each 
treatment was replicated three times.
The ANOVA was employed in the strip-plot design that 
was used to analyze the data for the comparison of  each 
treatment, a post hoc test was used for the comparison of  
the mean difference, while to test the relationship of  the 
intensity of  light, humidity, yield, and layers of  mosquito 
net Pearson-r correlation was employed.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
As evidenced by an f-ratio of  6.40 and a p-value of  0.00, 

Table 1: Differences in the Varying Light Intensities in 
the Numbers of  Leaves on Brassica rapa
Source SS df MS
Between-treatments 107.08 3 35.69
Within-treatments 2651.80 476 5.57 F =6.40*
Total 2758 479

The f-ratio value is 6.40. The p-value is 0.00. The result is significant 
at p <.05

Table 2: Pos Hoc Tukey Analysis on Varying Light Intensities
Pairwise Comparisons HSD.05 = 1.23 Q.05 = 3.66 Q.01 = 4.46

HSD.01 = 1.50
T0:T1 M0 = 3.54 1.53 Q = 6.34 (p = .00)*

M1 = 5.07
T0:T2 M0 = 3.54 0.91 Q = 3.78 (p = 0.03)*

M2 = 4.45
T0:T3 M1 = 5.07 0.62 Q = 2.57 (p = 0.26)

M3 = 4.16
T1:T2 M1 = 5.07 0.62 Q = 2.57 (p = 0.26)

M2 = 4.45
T1:T3 M1 = 5.07 0.91 Q = 3.78 (p = 0.03)*

M3 = 4.16
T2:T3 M2 = 4.45 0.29 Q = 1.21 (p = 0.82)

M3 = 4.16

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Table 3: Growth and Yield Responses of  Brassica rapa 
to Varying Light Intensities.
Source SS df MS
Between-treatments 263.66 3 87.88
Within-treatments 2495.21 476 5.57 F=16.76*
Total 2758.88 479

 The f-ratio value is 6.40. The p-value is 0.00. The result is significant 
at p <.05

Table 4: Growth and Yield Response of  Brassica rapa 
to Varying Nutrient solution.
Source SS df MS
Between-treatments 263.66 3 87.88
Within-treatments 2495.21 476 5.57 F=16.76*
Total 2758.88 479

The f-ratio value is 16.76. The p-value is 0.00. The result is significant 
at p <.05

Table 5: Pos Hoc Analysis of  the Differences in Growth and Yield 
Pairwise Comparisons HSD.05 = 1.23 Q.05 = 3.66 Q.01 = 4.46

HSD.01 = 1.50
T0:T1 M0 = 3.54 1.27 Q = 5.44 (p = .00)*

M1 = 4.81
T0:T2 M0 = 3.54 0.05 Q = 0.21 (p = .99)

M2 = 3.59
T0:T3 M0 = 3.54 1.74 Q = 7.43 (p = .00)*

M3 = 5.28
T1:T2 M1 = 4.81 1.22 Q = 5.23 (p = .00)*

M2 = 3.59
T1:T3 M1 = 4.81 0.46 Q = 1.99 (p = .49)

M3 = 5.28
T2:T3 M2 = 3.59 1.69 Q = 7.22 (p = .00)*

M3 = 5.28

this result exhibited a statistically significant difference 
between the varying of  one, two, and three layers. 
The ANOVA test revealed a significant difference in the 
number of  leaves developed by Brassica rapa when light 
intensity was varied across one, two, and three layers.
For pairwise comparisons of  treatment in layers based on 
ANOVA data. T0  (M = 3.54) was substantially different 
(p = 0.00) from T1. T0 was significantly different (p = 
0.03) from the mean of  T2 with two layers of  net covered 
(M = 4.45), but T1 was considerably different (p = 0.03) 
from the mean of  T3 with three layers of  net covers (M 
= 5.07). 
T0 and T3, T1 and T2, and T2 and T3 comparisons, 
on the other hand, revealed no significant changes. 
Light intensities had a significant effect on the growth 
and development of  Brassica rapa. However, some 

treatments had no effect on growth and development 
when compared to others.
The table result showed that there is a significant 
difference (F = 16.76 < p = 0.00) between and within 
treatments. It means that replication 1, 2, and 3 with 

treatments of  different light intensities interplay with the 
number of  leaves in Brassica rapa.
The analysis revealed that there was a substantial 
difference (p <.05) in the total number of  leaves produced 
by each treatment as well as by each individual treatment 
(F-statistics = 16.76). Because of  this, the quantity 
of  leaves produced by each treatment is significantly 
different due to the differences in the nutritional solution.
There is a statistically significant gap between the sample 
means of  T0 (M = 3.54) and T1, which has a value of  
4.81; T0 (M = 3.54) and T3, which has a value of  5.28; 

T1 (M = 4.81) and T2 (M = 3.59); and T2 (3.59) and 
T3, which has a value of  5.28. As a result, it has been 
established that the applied nutrient solution had an 
effect on several groups and had a significant effect on 
the growth and production of  plants in both the control 
group and the treatment group. 
There was also no discernible change found between T0 
(M = 3.54) and T2 (M = 3.59), as well as T1 (M = 4.81) 
and T3 (M = 5.28). In light of  this finding, a comparison 
of  the treatments used within these groups revealed that 
the growth and yield were unaffected by the various types 
of  applied solutions, despite the fact that these solutions 
were of  different types.

CONCLUSION
The following discussion and implications focus on the 
effects of  light intensities received in treatments with 
one layer, two layers, and three layers having significant 
differences in the growth and development of  Brassica 

rapa. These treatments were compared to one another in 
terms of  the number of  layers present. When compared 
to the control group with one layer of  net covering, 
the experimental group with three layers of  coverage 
demonstrates much better growth and development than 
the control group.
The findings lend credence to the hypothesis put up by 
Hatfield and Rueger (2015), which states that temperature 
is the key factor that determines the rate at which plants 
mature. 
The likelihood of  more extreme temperature events, along 
with the warmer temperatures that are anticipated as a result 
of  climate change, will have an effect on plant productivity. 
At this developmental stage, the only adaptation strategy 
that is available to cope with temperature extremes is to 
pick plants. 
There are very few alternative adaptation techniques 
accessible. Warm temperatures sped up the rate of  
phenological development in experiments conducted 

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in controlled environments; nevertheless, there was no 
impact on the total leaf  area or vegetative biomass when 
compared to temperatures that were typical.

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