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American Journal of  
Environment and Climate (AJEC)

The Positive Effects of  Covid-19 Lockdown on Environmental Attributes: A Review 
Sushmita Rani Saha1*, Anik Saha2, Munmun Saha3, Kawshik Saha4, Zinat Jahan Chowdhury5

Volume 1 Issue 2, Year 2022
ISSN: 2832-403X (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajec.v1i2.550
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajec

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: August 21, 2022
Accepted: September 01, 2022
Published: September 01, 2022

The effect of  covid 19 on human health was devastating and the fatality rate was high around 
the world. World Health Organization declared the outburst of  this infectious disease a 
pandemic situation. To check the rapid dispersal of  the COVID-19 virus, most countries 
of  the world enforced quarantine and strict lockdown. The effects of  COVID-19 lockdown 
on environmental health draw the attention of  the scientific communities. Therefore, this 
research paper inspected and narratively reviewed the observed effects of  COVID-19 
lockdown on the changes in the environmental quality based on secondary research data. 
The work provides a distinct indication considering the impacts executed by COVID-19 
lockdown on the air, water, soil, and noise as typical environment elements. It has been 
widely reported that the amount of  pollution in the air, water, soil, and noise exhibited a 
significant decline during lockdown period. It has been noticed in different literature that 
global air quality improved because of  less anthropogenic emissions of  air contaminants 
and atmospheric particles. For instance, releases of  carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and particulate 
matter are reduced and ozone layers were reported to being increased. Aquatic life and 
water ecosystem have also been restored in many countries due to less commercial fishing. 
Moreover, soil pollution was less due to a significant decrease in solid and water waste 
dumping. Because of  less transportation of  vehicles, industrial and other urban activities, 
sound pollution dropped to a significant level. Clean beaches, transparent seawater, wildlife 
sightings and free movement of  animals and birds were also found in some counties during 
lockdown. However, these effects of  lockdown were temporary, as the world again enters the 
pre-lockdown situation. Human attitudes must be changed to continue the positive impact 
on the environment. World policymakers should take the necessary steps to guarantee the 
steadiness of  the positive environmental effects derived from the COVID-19 lockdown.

Keywords

COVID-19, Lockdown, 
Environment, Pollution, Pandemic

1 Deptartment of  Crop Botany and Tea production Technology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh
2 Deptartment of  Entomology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh
3 Deptartment of  Agricultural Chemistry, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh
4 Deptartment of  Architecture, Shahjalal Science and Technology University, Bangladesh
5 Deptartment of  Entomology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: sushmi.sau@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION
People are relaxed while close to nature and stunned by the 
beauty of  natural diversification. Two major elements exist 
in the environment i.e- the abiotic atmosphere (air, water 
and soil) and the biotic components (living organisms 
i.e, plants and animals etc.). Directly or indirectly we rely 
on nature to fulfil our basic (food, shelter, clothes and 
medicines) and aesthetic needs (Seymour, 2016). Hence, 
extraction of  the natural resources from nature must 
be judicious for the sustainability of  nature (Campbell 
& Sayer, 2003). Every so often people just extract and 
exploit in a way which reduces the number of  natural 
resources and destroys the quality of  the natural habitat 
which results in the extinction of  the species (Cardinale 
et al., 2012; Gamfeldt et al., 2013; Hector & Bagchi, 2007; 
Naeem et al., 2009). Besides, this unwise use of  natural 
resources has actuated the greenhouse gas emission 
and turned into global warming (Farmer & Cook, 2013; 
IPCC, 2014). As a consequence, the ecological balance is 
interrupted and food chain of  an ecosystem is disturbed, 
and natural harmony is getting hindered. 
The world population is increasing and the demand as 
well. A huge amount of  resources is being used and 
cautiously or incautiously being exploited daily due to 
poverty, greediness, ignorance, lack of  environmental 
education and so on. This is creating a threat to human 

health in the global arena. For instance, people living in 
the rural area as well as near the natural environment, 
forests etc. economically poor people enter into unknown 
territories of  wildlife to search for food (hunting), to rear 
livestock. With ill motives, they used to clear forests and 
extract resources for business interests, so people are 
getting closer to wild animals, which results in exposure 
to the pathogens that usually people are not adjusted to. 
Additionally, people intake bushmeat - bats, monkeys, 
forest antelopes and wild animal species. By troubling 
ecosystems, such situations have been raised letting 
the viruses catch up with the new host – “man” with 
nightmare effects. Some said nature takes revenge itself, 
probably this comes out true. 
As a consequence of  AIDS, SARS, EBOLA now covid 
19 has an outburst and become pandemic within a short 
time. The origin of  covid 19 is supposed to be a wildlife 
animal (i.e Bat). So far (from December 2019 to date), 
before the vaccine was invented a lot of  people died all 
around the world. 
At the end of  2019 in Wuhan, China people associated 
with viral pneumonia caused by an unknown microbial 
agent were reported (Huang et al., 2020). The number 
of  diseased people increased rapidly and, this outburst 
became a nationwide crisis about a month later in China 
(CDC, 2020; Chan et al., 2020; World Health Organization, 

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2020a; 2020b). Later on, this disease spread fast around 
the world and almost all the countries are affected and 
becomes a pandemic disease during this era. This disease 
is because by the novel Coronavirus which is named 2019 
novel coronavirus (COVID-19). COVID-19 is a new 
strain belonging to the large family of  Coronaviruses 
(CoV), that was not recognized before in humans. This 
virus may cause sickness like fever, cough, respiratory 
symptoms (shortness of  breath and breathing difficulties) 
and in more serious cases it may cause pneumonia, 
respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and ultimately death.
As shortly as the Coronavirus (COVID-19) issues are 
confirmed and become pandemic in the whole world, 
millions of  people were put into quarantine. Starting with 
China, authorities of  the affected countries locked down 
temporally transportation, educational organizations, 
tourism, industries, organizations, etc. This lockdown 
limits the entrance and departure within and in between 
the cities except for some important vehicles. Inhabitants 
were allowed to go outside only for medicinal and grocery 
purposes. The principal causes of  pollution include 
human movement, traffic, industry, power generation and 
inhabited energy use etc. have been left limited to a full 
standstill in most countries. Due to COVID-19 lockdown 
anthropogenic activities were less, and usage of  vehicles 
in conveyance was limited which may provide a positive 
effect on the natural restoration by mitigating GHGs 
and other anthropogenic gases i.e, CO2, CO, NO2 etc., 
refining air quality, altering human attitudes which lastly 
can reduce global warming.
According to Rahim et al., (2020) during the lockdown in 
China, around 200 million tons of  CO2 emissions were 
reduced along with NO2 reported and a reduction in 
fossil fuel burning was also reported. Due to lockdown 
actions, air pollution has declined by approximately 20% 
across 27 countries (Venter et al., 2020). China, Germany, 
UK, Italy and some other countries have experienced 
falling in carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide by around 
40% during lockdown Jonathan Watts. Which may lower 
the risks of  lung disease, asthma and heart attacks by 
refining air quality. 
However, COVID 19 lockdown is supposed to provide 
a scope for the natural ecosystem to re-establish. Air and 
water quality are improving, environmental pollution is 
declining, grasslands and plants are growing healthy, and 
animals are moving freely. So, we can hypothesize that 
Covid 19 is a blessing for the environment to restore. At 
the same time due to Covid 19 lockdown, some beneficial 
physical events (i.e workshops, Seminars, conferences, and 
public awareness regarding the conservation of  nature 
of  researchers) were also stopped. Visually, degradation 
and restoration are going on simultaneously. So, it is an 
obvious responsibility of  human beings to do something 
in favor of  conserving nature. 
So far, to the best of  our knowledge, there are very few 
studies regarding the impacts of  COVID-19 lockdown 
on the quality of  the environment and human attitudes. 
In this article, we reviewed some studies regarding Covid 

19 lockdown in the global arena. The work focuses on the 
changes due to the lockdown and quarantine measures 
enforced worldwide and summarizes the literature 
results of  the observed effects on the environment. This 
study provides an overview of  the effects of  lockdown 
on the different elements of  the environment, i.e., air, 
water resources, soil, wildlife etc. and human attitudes. 
By considering the abovementioned words, this piece 
of  research is expected to evaluate the impacts of  the 
COVID-19 lockdown on the quality of  nature and 
human behavior. In addition, it will help to highlight 
ample options for policymakers and the scientific 
research community in formulating a plan for a better 
environment in future. 

METHODS
The methods of  this work are to summarize 
constructively, discuss, and relate the several observations 
published on the effects of  the COVID-19 lockdown 
on environmental quality and reduction or changes of  
anthropogenic activities towards nature. The collected and 
brief  observations have been selected to represent several 
countries of  the world and to evaluate the global influence 
of  the COVID-19 lockdown on the environment. Some 
works have been available reporting impacts of  the 
COVID-19 on the environment. In this paper, we reviewed 
the positive impacts of  the COVID-19 lockdown on 
different elements of  the environment such as air, water, 
soil, sound and wildlife habitat etc. This review article is 
based on different observations published in research 
articles and available in online and offline journals. We 
searched through PubMed and Google Scholar using the 
terms ‘lockdown’ ‘Covid 19’, ‘Environments’, ‘Impacts’, 
‘Human’, ‘behavior’, as a basis for reviewing. Research 
information from national and international journals, 
magazines, books and documentaries etc. has been 
used for the article. Booklets, brochures, project results, 
programs, videos etc. have been used as the secondary 
source of  information. Browsing, collecting, observing, 
scanning and sorting out of  data were done to make the 
article complete and comprehensive.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Effects of  Covid 19 lockdown on environment
As soon as the COVID-19 outburst the World Health 
Organization (WHO) declared it a pandemic situation on 
11th March 2020 (Mitra et al., 2020). To mitigate the man-
to-man transmission isolation, quarantine and lockdown 
were executed all over the world. This strict lockdown 
forbids inter and intracity communication (train, bus, 
flight), travel, picnic and educational institutions, trading 
and industry shutdowns etc. Due to less anthropogenic 
activities, numerous environmental benefits from the 
COVID-19 lockdown on planetary health have been 
noticed. 
This research work reveals the effects of  the Covid-19 
lockdown on the changes of  several attributes of  the 
environment and explores the optimistic attitudes 

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and commitment of  humans to save nature during 
the covid-19 lockdown. Limited human interaction 
with nature during the critical period has appeared as a 
blessing for nature and the environment. Information 
from all over the world are representing that during the 
lockdown, environmental conditions (air, water and soil 
quality) are improving and wildlife is flourishing (Bhat et 
al., 2021; Elsaid et al., 2021; Loh et al., 2021; Lokhandwala 
& Gautam, 2020; Wang & Su, 2020).  Improvement of  
environmental quality such as purified air, cleaner rivers, 
less noise, and uninterrupted and peaceful wildlife during 
lockdown is noted by Arora et al., 2020.
The consciousness of  people comes up after observing 
the natural degradation and devastating effect of  
covid-19 on the human being. With the need of  the 
growing population pressure habitat loss, pollution, and 
exploitation of  wildlife happens, which brutally degrades 
the natural ecosystem before the covid-19 lockdown. 
Most of  the literature considered that natural wildlife 
is the origin of  Covid 19, people entering an unknown 
area, consuming wild animals i.e, bushmeats, exposing 
to unknown pathogens could be the reason for the 
outbreaking of  pandemic disease covid-19 . 

Air Quality
The earth suffered a lot because of  air pollution with 
the increasing NO2, CO, CO2, SO2 and particulate 
matter etc., especially in urban areas. Before Covid-19 
according to WHO, 2016 worlds 8% of  are died because 
of  air pollution. The lockdown limits mobility and other 
anthropogenic activities, so improved air qualities have 
been found in most towns & cities. The strictness of  the 
COVID-19 lockdown allows us to observe clean air and 
clear blue sky. Improved air quality, as well as a decrease in 
sulfur, carbon, nitrogen and particulate matter emissions 
and water quality in natural resources, has been reported 
during lockdown periods (Bhat et al., 2021; Elsaid et al., 
2021; Shehzad et al., 2021). On the other hand, ozone 
layers in the air have increased, mainly in response to 
the reduced emissions of  nitrogen (Elsaid et al., 2021; 
Kumari & Toshniwal, 2020; Islam et al., 2021). There was 
an 11.4% improvement is noticed in the air quality of  
China (Bhat et al.,2021).
Kerimray et al., 2020 reported that the PM2.5, CO and 
NO2 concentration was reduced, while, O3 concentrations 
were increased by 15%. In a study by Tobías et al., (2020) 
O3 concentrations were found to be increased by around 
50% during the lockdown period. A 2% increase in O3 
concentration was reported in a finding (Shehzad et al., 
2021) and there was a 17% increase in O3  (Sharma et 
al., 2020). In western India Increasing O3 (16–58%) was 
reported mainly due to less NO emission (Selvam et al., 
2020).
The Carbon compounds (CO2, CO etc.) emission 
in environmental air are because by natural and 
anthropogenic activities. Anthropogenic Sources 
of  gaseous emissions such as transportation and 
industrial sections shut down, which in return resulted 

in a significant reduction of  emissions. According to 
Kerimray et al., 2020,  CO concentrations were reduced 
by 49% in their work. According to Shehzad et al., 2021 
CO concentrations were reduced by 37% during the 
lockdown. Bhat et al., 2021 observed concentrations of  
CO (−64.8%) declined in Brazil during the lockdown. 
NO2 emission was reduced by 20–30% in China, Italy, 
France and Spain, and 30% in the USA Compared to the 
previous year, significant reductions in NO (−77.3%), 
NO2 (−54.3%) concentrations were observed in Brazil, 
NO2 (−52.68,) concentrations were observed In India 
(Bhat et al., 2021). In another research Kumari & 
Toshniwal, (2020) Showed due to limited anthropogenic 
activities NO2 were reduced by 32–64% during the 
lockdown. A reduction of  30–84% in NO2 was also 
observed during the COVID-19 lockdown in western 
India (Selvam et al., 2020).
Particulate matter emissions are also declined along with 
other air pollutants of  carbon, NOx and SOx which are 
produced from a similar source of  fossil fuel combustion. 
The statement research has shown a decline in PM 
concentration up to 20.5% in China, up to 85.1% in 
Ghaziabad, India, 39.2% in Spain, and 31% in California, 
USA (for PM2.5)(Elsaid et al., 2021). Some research 
showed that PM2.5 concentration was reduced by 21% 
(Kerimray et al., 2020), A lower reduction was observed 
for PM10 (−28 to −31.0%) (Tobías et al., 2020). The 
concentration of  PM2.5, PM10 were observed declining 
42% and 50% respectively (Shehzad et al., 2021). Near 
about 43% and 31% decreases in PM2.5, PM10 was 
observed during the lockdown period compared to 
previous years (Sharma et al., 2020).
The major cities and urban areas are more vulnerable 
to environmental pollution. So, during lockdown urban 
areas, big cities and towns were found to be more 
influenced by improved environmental quality by the 
restricted emissions (Islam et al., 2021). The average 
SO2 concentrations were reduced by 43%, and In the 
capital city of  Bangladesh SO2 concentrations declined 
approximately by 67% (Islam et al., 2021), Compared to 
the previous year’s 41% declines in SO2 were observed 
during the lockdown period (Shehzad et al., 2021). Based 
on research in India, there was about −17.97% of  SO2 
(Bhat et al., 2021). 

Water Quality
As a result of  rapid industrialization, urbanization and 
overexploitation of  water bodies i.e, rivers, lakes, oceans, 
groundwater reservoirs are getting polluted every day. 
Throughout the lockdown period, the main causes of  
water pollution such as illegal dumping of  waste, industrial 
residues and crude oils have stopped in the water bodies. 
Thus, water pollution was reduced. During this Covid 19 
lockdown, several papers and print media reported on 
the clean and clear freshwater river and sea water which 
is a result of  less anthropogenic activities. Therefore, 
improved water quality in natural water resources has 
been noticed as well (Arora et al., 2020; Bhat et al., 

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2021; Elsaid et al., 2021; Loh et al., 2021; Lokhandwala 
& Gautam, 2020). Different literature represented the 
improved quality of  water such as clean beaches because 
of  slowdown and fewer activities of  human being in 
other places. (Ormaza-Gonzaìlez et al., 2021; Zambrano-
Monserrate et al., 2020). 
Important environmental changes were demonstrated 
during the COVID-19 lockdown. 500% reduction of  
sewage and industrial run-offs in rivers was reported and 
on the other hand Dissolved oxygen (DO), Biological 
oxygen demand (BOD), pH of  river water has been 
improved by 79%, 30% and 7.9 respectively (Arora et 
al., 2020). The average Suspended Particulate Matter 
(SPM) has significantly decreased by about 36.48% when 
compared with the pre-lockdown period (Aman et al., 
2020), where the (SPM) concentrations are evaluated to 
underline the turbidity levels. Additionally, the beaches 
have less plastic and garbage, more fish, and large marine 
organisms, including humpback whales, dolphins and 
manta rays were noticed close to the sea shore (Ormaza-
Gonzaìlez et al., 2021). 

Noise
Noise is an unwanted sound beyond human tolerance 
which is mostly created by anthropogenic activities i.e, 
industrial or profitable economic activities, transport of  
vehicles, high-volume tunes etc. Sound pollution is one of  
the chief  reasons for the health deterioration of  humans. 
Imposing strict lockdown during covid-19 outbreaks 
associated with less transport, and reduced economic and 
commercial activities. There were no public and private 
gatherings, no gaming, closed shopping malls, businesses 
and restaurants,  educational institutions, industries 
and factories shut down etc. These circumstances have 
brought a significant reduction in sound level.(Bhat et 
al., 2021; Loh et al., 2021; Zambrano-Monserrate et al., 
2020).The noise level was reduced up to 35% to 68% all 
over the world (Arora et al., 2020). In Madrid, there was 
a reduction of  4 to 6 dBA during the lockdown which 
is captured by the monitoring network (Asensio et al., 
2020). Research work also documented that the pandemic 
lockdown led to a 5–10 dB decrease in the anthropogenic 
sound level in Shillong, India (Somala, 2020).

Soil
The soil is an integral element of  the ecosystem that 
controls not only the adjacent environment but also 
affects water, climate, and food production. Soil is being 
contaminated due to anthropogenic activities, to be more 
specific urbanization and industrialization led to reducing 
its quality eventually declining crop yield. Soil pollution 
reduces soil organic matter and deteriorates the quality of  
its biodiversity as well as the quality of  groundwater (Singh 
& Singh, 2020). Wastewater and sewage sludge contribute 
to soil pollution as well. Therefore, a significant decline 
in solid and water waste led to less soil pollution (Loh 
et al., 2021). During the epidemic situation, there was a 
significant reduction in solid waste and sewage disposal. 

In Tunisia 85% of  respondents showed positive attitudes 
toward food waste prevention through a policy of  
saving, storing, and eating leftovers (Jribi et al., 2020) in a 
survey. A survey In two cities of  Morocco, Khenifra and 
Tighassaline, showed a decrease in municipal solid waste 
(2572 tons versus 2456 tons; 136 tons versus 126 tons, 
respectively) compared to the previous year (Ouhsine et 
al., 2020). In Shanghai, China, there was a decrease of  
around 23% in household waste (Fan et al., 2020) was 
reported. 

Wildlife
During the lockdown, humans kept themselves within 
four walls of  home and lessened outside activities, which 
provides an opportunity for free space for animals and 
birds to move on. There was also a flow in wildlife sightings 
during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, especially in 
urban environments (Loh et al., 2021; Lokhandwala & 
Gautam, 2020). It was observed that many animals come 
outside of  their territory and birds move freely without 
hesitation during the lockdown period, for instance, 
peacocks, monkeys, elephants, dolphins and migratory 
birds etc. More migratory birds are found in several lakes 
and water bodies (Arora et al., 2020). Because of  less 
traffic noise, frequencies of  sweet singing of  birds and 
more chirping sound were heard clearly (Derryberry et al. 
2020). Humpback whales, Dolphins and manta rays were 
noticed swimming near the sea shore because of  fewer 
fishing activities of  the fish farmer (Ormaza-Gonzaìlez 
et al., 2021).  

Human Behavior 
During the lockdown period, the beauty of  the 
uninterrupted natural environment creates an optimistic 
sense among the people. So, they are more concerned with 
nature and natural ecosystems and gaining knowledge 
and interest in training on their conservation. After 
observing the devastating effects of  Covid 19 on human 
health and the positive impacts of  lockdown on natural 
ecosystems, most people have amended their minds set 
up for the well-being of  nature, now they are thinking 
positively, and their behavioural attitudes have changed 
positively towards nature, self-realization has arisen 
regarding future planning on nature. Some activities 
such as tree plantation, taking care, feeding and building 
relationships with the street animals i.e, dogs, cats, birds 
etc. are noticed during the lockdown. The effect of  the 
lockdown was strong on people’s relationships with their 
pets, farm animals, home plants and birds (Vimal, 2022). 
As the restaurant activity was stopped so these animals 
were starving from the left-over food of  the restaurant 
on which they were mostly dependent (Vimal, 2022). 

CONCLUTION
The COVID-19 pandemic with a high fatality rate is a 
danger worldwide to human beings. Due to this epidemic 
condition, a lockdown with limited human activities was 
enforced around the whole world. Such limitations are a 

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blessing for nature as nature restored itself, and provide us 
with a chance to explore the effect of  Covid 19 lockdown 
on the environment. 
Though there are some negative effects of  the pandemic 
situation, this work revealed that the environmental quality 
has improved to a large extent. The positive effects of  
lockdown on different environmental elements are better 
air quality, water bodies being cleaner and higher animal 
movements and bird frequency. In different literature, 
lower temperature, less noise, and less municipal waste 
are also noticed during the lockdown period. The 
changes that occurred during lockdown were significantly 
compared with the pre-lockdown situation to understand 
the temporary effects and to predict the consequence in 
the future. 
The relaxed, quiet and pollution-free nature during the 
lockdown and the devastating effects of  Covid 19 on 
the human being encouraged people and make them 
more concerned about nature and their uses of  natural 
resources. Creating public awareness, and amending 
of  lifestyle and behavioral attitudes of  the public may 
lead to less anthropogenic activities to build a positive 
environment. People are now more motivated to support 
decent initiatives by the government for the conservation 
of  nature. 
In addition, Afforestation, using renewable energy, 
reducing emissions, and intermittent lockdown can be 
recommended to restore the natural environment.
However, this is a momentary effect, environmental 
pollution is going to start over as soon as the lockdown 
ends. Thus, more careful planning and supervision will be 
needed in the long run. Firstly, it can be recommended 
that strict legislation should be enforced to reduce the 
overexploitation of  natural resources. Secondly, the 
global scientific community should take initiatives for 
reducing pollution to improve environmental quality in 
the long term.  

Conflict of  Interest
No conflict of  interest is associated with this research. 

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