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American Journal of   
Environment and Climate (AJEC)

A Climate Action Roadmap for GHG Reduction in the Textile Industry: Pathway to 
Sustainability

Kazi Farhed Iqubal1, Tauhidul Hasan1, Md. Zahidul Islam1, SK. Salahuddin Ahammad2, Nasim Khan3, Ahmed Jubaer4*,
Sk Abid Md Saad1, Digonta Chanda5

Volume 4 Issue 3, Year 2025
ISSN: 2832-403X (Online) 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajec.v4i3.6009
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajec

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: September 02, 2025

Accepted: October 06, 2025

Published: October 21, 2025

The textile industry is one of  the major contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 
and countries like Bangladesh are among the key hubs of  this industry in the developing 
world. Therefore, adopting sustainable strategies in these countries is essential for 
environmental protection and long-term economic resilience. In our study, a comprehensive 
Climate Action Roadmap (CAR) has been developed with the baseline year of  2018, aiming 
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50% by 2030. This roadmap is designed to identify 
and quantify both direct and indirect GHG emissions, while evaluating energy consumption, 
production processes and waste management practices, thereby clearly highlighting areas for 
improvement. Innovative technologies and process enhancements, including the adoption 
of  renewable energy (solar and wind) alternative heating methods and efficiency-driven 
production strategies-have been integrated into this roadmap strategy to support significant 
emission reductions. This roadmap has incorporated Collaboration and Best Practices 
Sharing into its framework in order to ensure stakeholder engagement, accountability and 
progress monitoring for effective implementation in the operations of  any textile industry 
around the world, including Bangladesh. The CAR framework will undoubtedly make 
an important contribution to GHG reduction by providing practical strategies to reduce 
environmental impacts while promoting social responsibility and sustainable economic 
growth. This framework provides to the textile industry a methodical and efficient route 
to sustainability by methodically tackling energy efficiency, clean energy integration and 
performance optimization. Through a thorough evaluation of  textile GHG profiles and 
emission calculation techniques, EQMS Consulting Limited was able to create and validate 
this framework. The firm has also applied the CAR framework in five textile facilities with 
encouraging results.

Keywords
GHG Emissions Reduction, 
Renewable Energy, Sustainability 
Framework, Textile Industry, 
Pathway

1 Environmental Safeguard Department, EQMS Consulting Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh
2 SMART Project, Palli Karma-Sahayak Foundation, Bangladesh
3 Environmental Modeling & Risk Assessment Department, EQMS Consulting Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh
4 Department of  Environmental and Social Monitoring, EQMS Consulting Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh
5 Sustainable Engineering Department, EQMS Consulting Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: farhed.iqubal@eqms.com.bd

INTRODUCTION
The textile and apparel sector is responsible for 8–10% 
of  total global GHG emissions, mainly due to fossil 
fuel use, energy-intensive production processes, and 
long, complex supply chains. In Bangladesh, where the 
textile and ready-made garment (RMG) industry drives 
the national economy, it is natural that the environmental 
impact of  this sector would also be comparatively higher. 
Recent studies have shown that most emissions arise from 
on-site fuel consumption and electricity use, underscoring 
the need for sector-specific mitigation strategies (Alam et 
al., 2022; Hasan et al., 2023; Haque et al., 2024).
Despite the importance of  the industry, factory-
level greenhouse gas emission data in Bangladesh is 
limited due to inadequate practices, lack of  document 
control, and insufficient records. Evidence from earlier 
assessments indicates that spinning, dyeing, and finishing 
are particularly emission-intensive stages. However, 
comprehensive facility-based analyses remain scarce, 
which restricts the development of  targeted interventions. 
Meanwhile, national climate strategies identify the textile 
sector as a high-priority area for achieving emissions 
reductions, especially through energy efficiency and 

wastewater treatment initiatives (United Nations 
Conference on Trade and Development [UNCTAD], 
2025).
To address this gap, the present study evaluates GHG 
emissions in five textile facilities in Bangladesh affiliated 
with LINDEX: Divine Textile Ltd., IRIS Fabrics Limited, 
Maxcom International (BD) Ltd., Northern Corporation 
Limited, and Multifabs Limited. Four facilities were 
adopted in 2017 as their baseline year, while Multifabs 
Limited used 2018 due to unavailability of  prior records. 
Emission data was obtained from factory monitoring 
reports, energy logs, and on-site surveys conducted by 
EQMS Consulting Limited. Both direct (Scope 1) and 
indirect (Scope 2) emissions were estimated following 
internationally recognized emission factor guidelines.
The results establish factory-level emission baselines, 
reveal trends, and identify mitigation opportunities. The 
research provides evidence-based insights for lowering 
the carbon footprint of  the sector and supports larger 
initiatives for sustainable manufacturing in Bangladesh by 
coordinating these findings with the suggested Climate 
Action Roadmap.



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LITERATURE REVIEW
The operational method of  the textile industries like 
energy-intensive production processes, extensive water 
usage and reliance on fossil fuels throughout the product 
lifecycle contributes approximately 10% of  global 
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by the textile industry 
(Niinimäki et al., 2020). The main causes of  climate 
change are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and 
nitrous oxide (N2O), which have a negative impact on 
weather patterns and biodiversity (Filonchyk et al., 2024) 
hence reducing greenhouse gas emissions is difficult and 
needs for a variety of  strategies, such as encouraging the 
use of  low-carbon technologies, energy efficiency and 
resource preservation (Pollak et al., 2011). The efficiency 
and costs of  possible greenhouse gas reduction measures 
may differ by industry, city, nation or state depending 
on the sorts of  natural resources, energy consumption 
trends and infrastructure that are currently in place in 
each of  these countries (Cragg, 2009; Sweeney, 2008; 
Rausch, 2010). Utilizing renewable energy sources is 
one of  the best strategies to lower pollution moreover 
combining solar and wind energy can significantly lower 
the carbon footprint of  the textile manufacturing sector 
according to studies conducted in Bangladesh (Abdel-
Dayem & Mohamad 2001). This change lowers expenses 
while addressing environmental issues and improving 
energy security. Waterless dyeing and digital printing 
are two examples of  production process innovations 
that are essential for sustainability. By reducing resource 
usage and increasing productivity, these techniques 
save costs and boost competitiveness (Rahaman et al., 
2024). Furthermore, implementing the concepts of  
the circular economy-where materials are reused and 
waste is reduced-has become a game-changing strategy 
in the sector (Geissdoerfer et al., 2017). By abandoning 
conventional linear economic models in favor of  
social, environmental and economic balance, the world 
community is advancing toward sustainable development. 
The accomplishment of  the Sustainable Development 
Goals (SDGs) set forth by the United Nations in 2015 
is what is driving this change (Marinina et al., 2022). 
The Circular Economy (CE) idea, which seeks to 
combine industrial development, environmental health, 
and economic growth, is gaining global interest among 
researchers, managers, and politicians as a departure 
from the traditional linear economic model. Researchers 
believe that in developing nations like Bangladesh, which 
rely significantly on development and industry, this 
method will be critical in tackling sustainability issues 
(Silvério et al., 2023) through this, large-scale circular 
economy projects can have a significant impact on the 
balance of  primary and secondary product supply. 
(Upadhyay et al., 2021). A study on the effects of  financial 
resources, operational alignment and absorptive capacity 
on the adoption of  the circular economy (CE) among 
small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) in Malaysia 
was carried out where the findings indicates the adequate 
financial investment, company operations that are in line 
with CE principles and the capacity to assimilate and 

apply new information are all essential for the successful 
implementation of  CE (Ahmed et al., 2025). It have een 
evaluated that seven important sectors are essential that 
lowering the global GHG emissions which are buildings 
(7%), land use change and forestry (7%), transportation 
(13%), agriculture and waste (15%), industry and fossil 
fuel production (29%), electricity generation (25%) 
and fluorinated gases (3%). Transportation, power 
generation, industry and fossil fuel production are the 
most successful mitigation sectors among them (Tang & 
Mizunoya, 2021). Stakeholder mapping is an important 
part of  these strategies, which makes the framework 
meaningful. Engaging stakeholders, including workers 
and consumers, is essential. Organizations that prioritize 
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and involve 
stakeholders in sustainable initiatives are found to achieve 
better outcomes and build a sustainable culture that 
enhances brand loyalty (Jalonen et al., 2018). In summary, 
for the textile industry, achieving significant greenhouse 
gas emission reductions requires the adoption of  a 
comprehensive strategy that incorporates the use of  
renewable energy, innovative production methods and 
stakeholder engagement-minimizing environmental 
impacts while providing a supportive pathway toward a 
fair and sustainable future.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
To reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) in textile factories 
A Climate Action Roadmap (CAR) was developed and 
implemented in five separate factories in Bangladesh. 
The framework is structured and multi-stage research 
design. This approach ensured methodological rigor, 
reproducibility and contextual relevance. The process 
integrated quantitative emission assessments with site-
specific evaluations to provide both technical accuracy 
and practical feasibility.  

Preliminary Assessment and Data Acquisition
As an initial part of  this strategy, a baseline review was 
conducted in five textile factories in Bangladesh, namely- 
Divine Textile Ltd., IRIS Fabrics Limited, Maxcom 
International (BD) Ltd., Northern Corporation Limited, 
and Multifabs Limited. Operational data-including fuel 
consumption, electricity use, production throughput and 
waste management practices- were collected from factory 
observation reports, energy logs and throughout on-site 
surveys. These datasets were verified for completeness, 
consistency and subsequently served as the basis for 
greenhouse gas assessments.

Emission Source Classification and Quantification
Emissions were classified in accordance with the GHG 
Protocol (WRI/WBCSD) into two categories:
Scope 1: Direct emissions from stationary combustion 

(boilers, furnaces), mobile combustion (vehicles), and 
process-related activities.
Scope 2: Indirect emissions from purchased electricity, 

heat, and steam.
Emission quantification was carried out using IPCC 



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(2006) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas 
Inventories and internationally recognized emission 
factors. All emissions were estimated according to the 
following standard equation:
GHG Emission (tCO2-e)  = ∑(Activity Data × Emission 
Factor) ----1 
where Activity Data referred to fuel or electricity 
consumption and Emission Factor represented 
standardized CO2-equivalent conversion factors.

Review of  Existing Mitigation Measures
Mitigation measures that had been implemented 
since 2017—including high-efficiency boilers, process 
optimizations, and partial renewable energy adoption—
were systematically reviewed. Their effectiveness was 
evaluated through comparative analysis of  pre- and 
post-intervention emission data, allowing differentiation 
between historical improvements and further reduction 
potential.

Identification of  Additional Reduction Opportunities
New mitigation opportunities were identified through 
detailed site visits and technical assessments. Options 
considered included:
1. Retrofitting with energy-efficient equipment (e.g., 

high-efficiency motors, LED lighting),
2. Installation of  waste heat recovery systems,
3. Deployment of  on-site renewable energy systems 

(solar PV, wind turbines), and
4. Process optimization measures for thermal energy 

demand reduction.
Opportunities were screened using a best-available-
technology (BAT) approach, ensuring sector-specific 
applicability.

Technical and Economic Feasibility Assessment
At this stage, the technical and financial feasibility of  each 
identified measure was evaluated. Technical feasibility was 
assessed based on expected emission savings, integration 
potential, and operational compatibility. At the same 
time, cost-benefit indicators such as simple payback 
period, energy savings, operating expenditure (OPEX) 
and capital expenditure (CAPEX) were used to examine 
economic feasibility.

Prioritization of  Interventions
To prioritize the interventions, potential measures were 
ranked based on their contribution to the 50% reduction 
target compared to the 2017 baseline, their economic 
feasibility and their relative impact on greenhouse gas 
reduction. An incremental abatement curve was also 
developed to illustrate the remaining gaps and to assess 
progress toward the 2030 target.

Development of  the Climate Action Roadmap
A structured and actionable framework named climate 

action road map was developed for each factory which 
included-
1. Clearly defined interventions (energy efficiency, 

renewable energy adoption, waste heat utilization),
2. A phased implementation schedule (2023–2030),
3. Defined roles and responsibilities for implementation 

teams, and
4. Estimated costs, including CAPEX, operational 

expenses, and projected savings.

Stakeholder Engagement, Monitoring, and 
Verification
As the final stage of  this framework, mechanisms were 
established for stakeholder engagement and continuous 
monitoring to ensure accountability and adaptive 
management. A Monitoring, Reporting and Verification 
(MRV) framework was developed and implemented to 
track progress, generate transparent reports and facilitate 
stakeholder participation, thereby supporting the long-
term implementation of  the roadmap in textile factories.

GHG Reduction Strategy
In the greenhouse gas reduction strategy in the textile 
sector is designed to significantly reduce emissions 
while simultaneously improving energy efficiency and 
sustainability. To minimize energy consumption and 
the carbon footprint, key components include replacing 
mechanical uses with energy-efficient equipment such as 
motors, LED lights and exhaust gas boilers. The CAR 
strategy has been developed to encourage the adoption 
of  renewable energy sources in textile industries, where 
factories explore on-site systems such as solar panels and 
wind turbines (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine, Vertical 
Axis Wind Turbine, Domestic (small-scale), Domestic 
(Savonius type), Domestic (small-scale) (Darrieus type) 
etc. and purchase off-site renewable energy to reduce 
emissions. Additionally, the strategy emphasizes heat 
recovery systems, focusing on capturing and reusing 
waste heat from processes-for example, recovering heat 
from gas engine jacket water for hot water applications. 
This strategy specifically emphasizes that monitoring and 
measurement are essential, as they track energy and water 
usage, enabling improved resource management and 
continuous improvement. Based on the 2017 baseline, 
each factory aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 
50%, with most of  the strategies set for implementation 
within 1–3 years. This strategy encourages greenhouse 
gas reduction efforts by fostering collaboration among 
factories and sharing best practices through the adoption 
of  the Eco-Industrial Parks concept. Overall, the 
strategy integrates energy efficiency improvements, 
renewable energy adoption, waste heat recovery and 
continuous monitoring, positioning factories as leaders 
in environmental sustainability within the textile industry 
while demonstrating the coexistence of  economic growth 
and environmental stewardship.



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Table 1: Hierarchy of  Strategies for GHG Emission Reduction and Sustainability in Factories
Level Strategy Details
Main Goal GHG Emissions Reduction 50% reduction target based on 2017 baseline; 

timeline: 1–3 years.
Primary Strategy 1 Energy Efficiency Improvement Upgraded equipment: energy-efficient motors, LED 

lighting, exhaust gas boilers.
Primary Strategy 2 Renewable Energy Adoption On-site solar panels and wind turbines; off-site 

renewable energy purchases.
Primary Strategy 3 Waste Heat Recovery Capture and reuse waste heat (e.g., jacket water of  

gas engines for hot water applications).
Primary Strategy 4 Monitoring and Measurement Invest in advanced metering systems for energy and 

water usage tracking.
Primary Strategy 5 Collaboration and Best Practices 

Sharing
Factories collaborate to share strategies, innovations, 
and continuous improvements.

Supporting Action Continuous Improvement 
Programs

Ongoing optimization and resource management 
based on data collected from metering systems.

Overarching Outcome Environmental Sustainability 
Leadership

Demonstrate economic growth and environmental 
stewardship within the textile industry.

Climate Action Roadmap
This study presents the Climate Action Roadmap (CAR) 
for five factories, detailing feasible GHG reduction 
options and a timeline for implementation starting in 
2023. The factories’ emissions were as follows: Divine 
Textile Ltd. (14,175 tons), IRIS Fabrics Limited (21,719 
tons), Maxcom International (BD) Ltd. (6,809 tons), 

Northern Corporation Limited (8,795 tons) in 2017, and 
Multifabs Limited (16,975 tons) in 2018. The reduction 
plan aims to cut emissions by 50% of  the baseline by 
2030. A tentative roadmap has been developed based on 
the analysis in the previous greenhouse gas reduction 
strategies.
Here, illustrates the GHG Reduction Roadmap for five 

Figure 1: Climate Action Roadmap of  Divine Textile Ltd. to achieve 50% GHG emission reduction

factories, outlining the strategic actions and timelines 
necessary to achieve a 50% reduction in greenhouse gas 
emissions by 2030 Figure 1 to Figure 5. The horizontal 
axis represents the timeline, spanning from 2023 to 
2030, indicating when each action will be implemented. 
The vertical axis categorizes various initiatives, including 
energy efficiency improvements, renewable energy 
integration, waste management, and process optimization. 
A line graph may show how these actions are executed 

over time to project the cumulative decrease in emissions.
The roadmap provides a structured approach to GHG 
reduction, ensuring accountability, effective stakeholder 
communication, and adaptability to new opportunities or 
challenges. For textile factories like those where CAR has 
been implemented, CAR will be considered an important 
framework to support sustainability and the commitment 
to reducing environmental impacts, exploring off-site 
solar or on-site heat system alternatives in the context 



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Figure 2: Climate Action Roadmap of  IRIS Fabrics Limited to achieve 50% GHG emission reduction

Figure 3: Climate Action Roadmap of  Maxcom International (BD) Ltd. to achieve 50% GHG emission reduction

Figure 4: Climate Action Roadmap of  Northern Corporation Limited to achieve 50% GHG emission reduction



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analysis proposes adopting biomass and electric boilers 
as effective alternatives. By evaluating these options, the 
objective of  the analysis is to identify potential solutions 
that enhance energy security and make a significant 
contribution to greenhouse gas reduction efforts. This 
approach underscores the importance of  transitioning 
to sustainable energy practices to mitigate environmental 
impacts and promote long-term sustainability.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Result of  GHG Estimation
The GHG emissions for five factories were assessed for 
Scope 1 (direct emissions from fuel consumption) and 

Scope 2 (indirect emissions from electricity usage) over 
the period 2017 to 2021, shown in Figure 6. Four of  these 
factories used 2017 as their baseline year, while only one 
factory adopted 2018 as its baseline, due to unavailable 
data for 2017.
Emissions were quantified by applying standardized 
emission factors to fuel and electricity data, providing an 
accurate estimate of  each factory’s total GHG emissions. 
While some data gaps were encountered, the resulting 
trends offer a clear foundation for developing the 
roadmap to achieve a 50% reduction in GHG emissions 
by GHG emissions of  five factories between the years 
from 2017 to 2021 have been shown in Figure 1, provides 

Figure 5: Climate Action Roadmap of  Multifabs Limited factories to achieve 50% GHG emission reduction

Figure 6: GHG emissions of  five factories from 2017 to 2021

a snapshot of  the greenhouse gas emissions from five 
different factories over five years (2017 to 2021). Here’s a 

unique take on the data:



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Table 2: Annual Emissions (Metric Tons) of  Various Textile Factories (2017-2021)
Factory Name 2017 (MT) 2018 (MT) 2021 (MT)
Divine Textile Ltd. 14,175 -- 18,751
IRIS Fabrics Limited 21,719 -- 21,981
Maxcom International (BD) Ltd. 6,809 -- 10,908
Northern Corporation Limited 8,795 -- 8,809
Multifabs Limited -- 16,975 20,716

Sources: EQMS Consulting Limited, annual Monitoring Report

Discussions 
A decarbonization strategy for five textile manufacturing 
facilities is outlined in the Climate Action Roadmap 
(CAR), which aims to reduce CO2-equivalent (CO2-e) 
emissions from baseline years (2017/2018) by 50% 
by 2030. The strategy blends supply-side activities 
such as on-site renewable energy installations and grid 
decarbonization with demand-side interventions such as 
energy efficiency upgrades and process optimization. 
It recommends switching from natural gas to low-
carbon options, such as biomass and electric boilers, to 
meet thermal energy demands while lowering Scope 1 
emissions. The phased deployment strategy allows for 
incremental mitigation while maintaining operational 
continuity by utilizing monitoring, reporting and 
verification (MRV) systems to monitor performance. 
Using integrated energy transition strategies, this systems-
based approach demonstrates that considerable emission 
reductions in the textile industry are both technically and 
financially achievable.

CONCLUSION
A strong climate action plan is essential for significantly 
lowering greenhouse gas emissions for the countries like 
Bangladesh hence integrating renewable energy sources 
such as solar and wind as well as alternative heating 
solutions like biomass and electric boilers can considerably 
improve energy security and encourage towards 
sustainability. The recommended measures address the 
compelling need to mitigate climate change while also 
promoting economic and social sustainable growth. 
Continuous review, improvement and refining of  these 
techniques will be required to ensure their effectiveness 
in attaining the successive emission reduction targets. 
Finally, a strong commitment to sustainable practices will 
be critical in creating a healthier environment and a more 
resilient future.

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Greenhouse gas 
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