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American Journal of  
Environment and Climate (AJEC)

SPT Based Liquefaction Potentiality Index, Susceptibility & Risk Assessment in the 
Rohingya Refugee Camp Hills of  Ukhiya, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

Hossain ATMS1*, Dutta T1, Mahbub M.S2, Jafrin S.J2, Khan P. A2, Haque M.E2, Sayem M.H2, Imam H2, Khatun M2, Bakali R2  

Volume 1 Issue 3, Year 2022
ISSN: 2832-403X (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajec.v1i3.843
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajec

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: October 28, 2022
Accepted: November 29, 2022
Published: December 13, 2022

More than one million Rohingya refugees who fled from Myanmar, had constructed 
temporary shelters on the loose unconsolidated sandy hills (SC-SM, SP & ML) of  Ukhiya-
Teknaf  region, Cox’s Bazar area, Bangladesh. After entering Bangladesh, the green eco forests 
of  Ukhiya Hills had to be destroyed by cutting trees and hill slopes as they built their shelters 
which eventually had destructive effects on the ecosystem of  Ukhiya Teknaf  region. Sands 
(SP-SM) are mainly uniformly graded and composed of  more than 72%  to 98 % sand. This 
research has been carried out to assess the liquefaction potentiality index vales, susceptibility 
using SPT and risks associated with the Ukhiya hills at different earthquake magnitudes. 
During earthquake at Magnitudes 5 or greater, Ukhiya hill soils are susceptible to liquefy 
up to a depth of  12 m.. From the Liquefaction Potentiality Index (LPI) values, risk and 
sensitivity analysis, it is established that the Ukhiya hills are medium to highly susceptible to 
liquefy at higher magnitudes (M= 5 or greater). It is also established that north western part 
of  the camp hills are high to very high risk prone areas. Based on Liquefaction Potentiality 
Index (LPI) values, four seismic risk zones are identified in and around the Rohingya camp 
area. Some geo-engineering recommendations are also made to reduce this seismic hazard 
for sustainable community living in the camp area.

Keywords
Liquefaction, Risk, Sensitivity, 
Susceptible & Earthquake

1 Engineering Geology, Geotechnics & Geohazards Research Group, Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh
2 Department of  Geological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: shakhawathos2004@yahoo.com

INTRODUCTION
Liquefaction can occur in moderate to major earthquakes 
resulting in severe damage to engineering structures. 
Structural damage due to liquefaction can be reduced 
by taking proper geo-engineering measures during any 
construction including shelters. Rohingyas constructed 
temporary shelters in the loose unconsolidated granular 
sandy soils of  Ukhiya hills. This research has been 
carried out to see the risk associated with the Rohingya 
shelters at Ukhiya hills based on LPI values. Hazard 
zones in the camp area have also been identified based on 
liquefaction potentiality index & susceptibility analyses. 
Some structural damage mainly building collapse (Figure 
1). Due to differential settlement near to Rohingya camp 
area clearly justify the importance of  carrying out this 
research. 
Variours researchers including Seed and Idriss,1971: Seed, 
1979; Ishihara ,1985; Seed and Idriss, 1967, 1982;Seed 
et al.; 1985;  Youd and Idriss, 1997; Youd et al., 2001; 

Youd; 2003; Cetin et al., 2000 and Idriss and Boulanger, 
2006; Iwashaki, 1986, Ishihara, 1985 & Mahabub, et al.; 
2020  have been carried out research on the liquefaction 
potentiality assessment of  soils based on empirical 
methods in different parts of  the world.

Figure 1: Building damage near to Himchari              

Figure 2: Location Map of  the investigated area.
Bangladesh is a south Asian country. The investigated 
Ukhiya Rohingya camp area (Figure 2) is located in the 
south eastern folded part of  Bangladesh. Bangladesh 
is seismically active and has experienced number of  
great earthquake events of  magnitude exceeding 8 
(eight) during 1897, 1905, 1934, 1950 and another 10 
earthquakes exceeding magnitude 7.5 have occurred in the 
Himalayan belt during the last 100 years. The earthquake 
history of  Bangladesh and surrounding region including 
Rohingya camp area of  Ukhiya indicates that the country 
is seismically active. Based on more than one hundred 
years earthquake data of  USGS (from 1900 to 2015), a 
seismic activity map of  Bangladesh (Banglapedia, 2021) 
and surrounding area is shown in Figure 3. 

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Earthquake induced soil liquefaction is a serious geo-
technical problem and seismic hazard for sustainable 
infrastructure & community development in any area. 
Liquefaction mainly occurs in saturated granular soils with 
shallow ground water table condition and in recent years, 
liquefaction is considered as an important parameter for 
sustainable urban land use planning & development. 
Liquefaction of  loose, saturated, cohesion less soils 
can produce several different types of  ground failure 
depending on site conditions. These failure mechanisms 
include lateral spreading, loss of  bearing capacity and 

settlement, ground oscillations, and flow failure (Youd, 
2003). Any of  these mechanisms can potentially cause 
damage to engineering structures due to the ground and 
foundation movements that occur.
The Bangladesh National Building Code 2015 (BNBC) 
identifies 4 zones having different intensities of  
earthquakes (Figure 4). The investigated area belong 
completely to zone 3.  According to BNBC (2015), the 
map shows the horizontal ground surface acceleration 
amax. = 0.28g. The seismic zoning map of  Bangladesh 
(BNBC, 2015) is shown in Figure 4.

 Figure 3: Seismic activity in Bangladesh                                                                                                   
Source: BNBC (2015)                                                                         

Figure 4: Seismic Zoning Map of  Bangladesh
Source: Banglapedia (2021)

Geology & Seismo-Tectonics 
Hossain et al. 2023 discussed the geology of  the investigated 
area. The Rohingya refugee camps are located in the 
south eastern folded part of  Bangladesh. These hills are 
mainly composed of  loose to very loose yellowish brown 
sand, medium to coarse grained soils. Some subordinate 
clay soils are also associated with sands (SP, SM, SC & 
ML). Some parts of  the camp hills are composed of  loose 
ferruginous sands, greenish and brownish grey in color. 

Some pebbles, cobbles, conglomeratic and shale parting 
are also present with sandy soils. Sandstone & siltstone 
with alteration of  sands, silts and shales are also present. 
They are of  Mio-Pliocene age. Twelve (12) boreholes 
(Figure 1) were drilled in the investigated area to evaluate 
the liquefaction potentiality and risk assessment. A 
generalized stratigraphic succession of  the hills of  
Chittagong & Chittagong Hill Tracts is shown in Table 1.   

Table 1: Geology of  the investigated area

Concerning tectonics and seismicity, Bangladesh is 
located in one of  the most active tectonic region of  the 
world where three plates - The Indian plate, the Tibet and 
the Burmese Sub plates are colliding and thrusting against 
each other. Consequently, tremendous seismic activities 
have been resulted in the north and east of  Bangladesh 

and caused some major earthquakes within and outside 
the country (Hossain et al., 2022). The investigated area 
has already experienced many severe earthquakes.  The 
epicentres of  the most severe earthquakes are situated 
in the area of  the Himalayan Mountains & Arkan Yoma 
folded hilly regions (near to the investigated area). 

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Am. J. Environ. Clim. 1(3) 17-23, 2022

Earthquakes with epicentres within Bangladesh may also 
occur, but with lesser intensity. Hossain et al. (2022) also 
noted that earthquake epicenter in Assam in India is not 
far from Bangladesh, it is suggested to provide sufficient 
margin of  safety, in designing the infrastructure in and 
around Ukhiya Hills.
 
METHODOLOGY
Both the field and laboratory geotechnical investigations 
were carried out to evaluate the liquefaction potentiality 
index, susceptibility and risk assessment in the Rohingya 
refugee camp area. At first a detailed site investigation 
was carried out in accordance with B .S.5930 (19990).
and drilled twelve (12) boreholes in the camp area. 
During drilling each borehole, lithology was recorded 
with increasing depth up to a depth of  30 m. The SPT 
(Standard Penetration Test ) tests with split spoon 
sampler were carried out in each borehole with a depth 
interval of  1.5 m. and the “N” value for each soil layer 
was recorded. The corrected SPT values were then used 
to calculate the Liquefaction Potentiality Index & factor 
of  safety values. Based on Seed & Idriss (1971) , MIL-
HDBK-1007/3, (1997), NCEER (1997) & Seed and Idriss 
(1982),  liquefaction  potentiality of  soils were evaluated 
using Liquify Pro, version 5  (2011) software. The CSR 
(Cyclic Resistance Ratio), CRR (Cyclic Resistance Ratio) 
& Factor of  safety values of  each lithological unit  at 
different  depths and at different earthquake magnitudes 
(M = 4,5 , 6, & 7) were analyzed. The Rohingya refugee 
camps and the surrounding area of  the project belong 
completely to zone 3..  According to BNBC (2015), the 
investigated area shows the horizontal ground surface 
acceleration amax. = 0.28g. This peak acceleration  at 
ground surface (amax) .) value 0.28 at different earthquake 
magnitudes of  the investigated area was considered 

during liquefaction potentiality analysis. Finally, based on 
obtained results, Liquefaction Potentiality Index (LPI) 
values at different locations and depths were calculated 
(Table 3) in accordance with Iwasaki et al. (1982). The 
results were then compared and analyzed to identify risks.

RESULTS
Basic Geotechnical Properties
Hossain et al. (2022) discussed the grain size results as 
shown in Figure 5. From the grain size analysis results 
it is established that these soils are sand dominated soils 
(more than 82% to 98% sand), uniformly graded and fall 
within range of  0.01 to 1 mm.  The cohesion of  these 
soils is almost zero with an angle of  internal friction (φ°) 
value range from 23 to 27 degrees.SPT versus Depth 
curves Based on SPT values three (3) zones are identified 
viz.  Very low, Medium and High as shown in Figures 6.  
Low SPT zones might be more susceptible to liquefaction 
in comparison to high SPT zones. That’s why an attempt 
has been taken to evaluate the risk zones using Liquefy 
Pro software (2011) to see the impacts of  liquefaction 
potentiality at different earthquake magnitudes.
All the boreholes data were used to investigate the 
liquefaction potentiality at different earthquake 
magnitudes (M = 4, 5, 6, & 7). Highest amount of  
ground response due to liquefaction was observed at M 
=7. Liquefaction potentiality analyses results of  some 
boreholes at magnitude (M = 7) with the calculated shear 
stress ratio curves, settlement amount and corresponding 
factor of  safety (Fs) values at different depths are shown 
in Figures 7.A maximum settlement amount of  11.89 cm, 
was observed for Borehole 7 at earthquake magnitude 
(M) 7 during analysis. At lower magnitudes, settlement 
amounts were low for all-other boreholes. It is established 
that settlement amount for other boreholes are lower in 

Figure 5: Grain size  results                                                     Figure 6: SPT versus depth curves

comparison with borehole 7 for the same magnitude (M = 
7).The obtained liquefaction potentiality analyses results 
for borehole 7 at earthquake magnitude (M) 7 are listed in 
Table 2. The obtained CSR values for Borehole 7 range 
from 0.18 to 0,28, CRR values range from 0.17 to 2.00. 
Lower CSR values for all other boreholes at shallow depths 
(up to 4 m.) also indicate that these soils are susceptible 

to liquefy. A significant drop of  factor of  safety value 
less than one (Fs < 1) was observed up to a depth of  4.5 
m. for Borehole 7 (North west of  Balukhali camp)  at 
magnitude (M) 7 and at greater depths higher factor of  
safety values were observed. .It is also established that 
liquefaction occurred with lower CSR values at shallow 
depths. The variation of  factor of  safety (Fs) with depths 

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Figure 7: Liquefaction analyses results at magnitude (M) 7 for boreholes 9,10,11 & 12

Table 2: Summary of  the liquefaction parameters for Borehole 7 at earthquake magnitude (M) 7 
Depthb(m.) CSR CRR Fs Settlement (cm.)
0.5 0.18 0.06 0.33 11.896
1.5 0.28 0.08 0..28 7.692
3.0 0.34 0.17 0.50 3.991
4..5 0.35 0.14 0.41 0.843
6.0 0.35 1,75 5.00 0.000
7.5 0.33 2.00 6.00 0.000
10 0.31 2.00 6.00 0.000
15 0.27 2.00 7.00 0.000
20 0.28 2.00 7.00 0.000

Figure 8: Variation of  factor of  safety with depths for all 
boreholes at M=7

for all other boreholes at magnitude (M) 7 is shown in 
Figure 8. It is clearly established that factor of  safety (Fs) 
at earthquake magnitude (M) 7, most of  the soils of  the 

camp area  are liquefiable (Fs < 1)   from near surface to 
up to a greater depths. Therefore, at higher earthquake 
magnitudes (>5) prominent potential zones can be 
identified up to 12 m. depth.  A smaller number of  soil 
samples at all depths even at lower magnitudes showed 
factor of  safety value (Fs) > 1. These are non-liquefiable 
soils. On the other hand, no potential liquefiable zones 
are identified at lower earthquake magnitudes (M) up to 4.

Liquefaction Potentiality Index (LPI)
In this research an attempt has also been taken to 
calculate the liquefy potentiality index (LPI) values at 
different earthquake magnitudes (M) 5 to 8, during wet 
season to identify degree of  risk in the investigated area 
in accordance with Iwasaki (1982).The obtained LPI 
values of   all borehole samples are listed in Table 3.

Table 3: Summary of  determined LPI vales to identify risk
Boreholes Information
Boreholes 
No

Coordinates Ground 
Elevation 
(m)

Total Drilling
 Depth (m)

Wet Season 
G.W.L.(m.)

Earthquake 
Magnitudes 
(M) at 
amax=0.28

Liquefaction 
Potential 
Index (LPI)

Sevierity 
and 
Potential 
Risk

Easting Northing

BH-01

40
16

93
.0

3

23
55

58
3.

88

14.02 10.67 1.00

5.00 0.00 Very Low 
or None

6.00 0.00 Very Low 
or None

7.00 5.75 Medium
8.00 11.02 Medium

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BH-02

41
27

69
.3

3

23
46

09
3.

54

14.93 10.67 0.80

5.00 0.00 Very Low 
or None

6.00 0.00 Very Low 
or None

7.00 0.00 Very Low 
or None

8.00 4.55 Low

BH-03

41
19

30
.2

1

23
46

33
2.

35
22.55 15.24 1.21

5.00 0.00 Very Low 
or None

6.00 0.00 Very Low 
or None

7.00 15.26 Very High
8.00 30.15 Very High

BH-04

41
28

24
.5

0

23
43

61
8.

95

16.76 10.67 1.00

5.00 0.00 Very Low 
or None

6.00 0.00 Very Low 
or None

7.00 5.85 Medium
8.00 15.59 Very High

BH-05

41
22

47
.4

2

23
41

97
9.

42

14.63 15.24 1.00

5.00 0.00 Very Low 
or None

6.00 0.11 Low
7.00 12.27 Medium
8.00 25.45 Very High

BH-06

41
21

10
.9

4

23
42

39
5.

77

15.54 15.24 1.10

5.00 0.00 Very Low 
or None

6.00 0.00 Very Low 
or None

7.00 9.62 Medium
8.00 21.87 Very High

BH-07

40
98

81
.8

2

23
41

78
5.

87

24.38 14.02 1.00

5.00 1.01 Low
6.00 18.16 Very High
7.00 27.91 Very High
8.00 33.81 Very High

BH-09

40
41

98
.2

6

23
45

11
3.

30

47.54 15.00 0.40

5.00 16.04 Very High
6.00 28.10 Very High
7.00 35.53 Very High
8.00 40.16 Very High

BH-10

40
29

68
.1

0

23
48

02
5.

48

30.78 18.59 0.70

5.00 2.14 Low
6.00 16.21 Very High
7.00 29.56 Very High
8.00 40.16 Very High

BH-11

40
42

65
.8

8

23
50

60
3.

47

24.68 17.06 0.30

5.00 29.12 Very High
6.00 43.30 Very High
7.00 51.06 Very High
8.00 55.76 Very High

BH-12

40
29

62
.4

8

23
53

09
0.

17

26.82 15.54 0.30

5.00 8.20 Medium
6.00 13.33 Medium
7.00 18.86 Very High
8.00 23.52 Very High

Based on overall estimation of  LPI values, 5 (five) 
liquefaction potential risk zones are identified viz. Very 
low (LPI =0), Low (LPI = 0 to 5), Medium. (LPI = 5 to 
14), High (LPI = 14 to 25), & Very High (LPI = 25 to 
55). This will eventually help urban planners, engineers 
& policy makers to take geo-engineering measures 
for sustainable community living to reduce number of  

casualties & damage and to attain sustainability in the camp 
area. From the obtained LPI values at higher earthquake 
magnitudes, it is established that the north western part 
of  Balukhali & Kutubpalong Rohingya camp area is very 
highly potential to liquefy in comparison with other parts. 
On the other hand, Balukhali camp area is a medium risk 
prone area and Kutubpalong camp is a very low to low 

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risk prone area at higher earthquake magnitudes.
Based on overall estimation of  LPI values, 5 (five) 
liquefaction potential risk zones are identified viz. Very 
low (LPI =0), Low (LPI = 0 to 5), Medium. (LPI = 5 to 
14), High (LPI = 14 to 25), & Very High (LPI = 25 to 
55). This will eventually help urban planners, engineers 
& policy makers to take geo-engineering measures 
for sustainable community living to reduce number of  
casualties & damage and to attain sustainability in the camp 
area. From the obtained LPI values at higher earthquake 
magnitudes, it is established that the north western part 
of  Balukhali & Kutubpalong Rohingya camp area is very 
highly potential to liquefy in comparison with other parts. 
On the other hand, Balukhali camp area is a medium risk 
prone area and Kutubpalong camp is a very low to low 
risk prone area at higher earthquake magnitudes.

CONCLUSION
It is established from the grain size analysis results these 
soils are mainly sand dominated (SC-SM, SP & ML ( 
which contains more than 82% to 98% sand,, uniformly 
graded and fall within range of  0.01 to 1 mm., which 
clearly indicate that that these soils are highly potential to 
liquefy at higher earthquake magnitudes. The cohesion of  
these soils is almost zero with an angle of  internal friction 
(φ°) value range from 23 to 27 degrees. 
Based on SPT data, it is also established that SPT values 
are low to very low up to 4 m. at different locations and 
soils are very loose to loose in nature, The obtained SPT 
values from a depth of  4m. to 10 m. indicating medium 
dense soils and  at higher depths  SPT values are very high 
indicating dense soils. A wide variation of  SPT values with 
respect to depth at different locations were also observed.
Lower CSR values for all boreholes at shallow depths (up 
to 4 m.) indicates that these soils are susceptible to liquefy 
at higher earthquake magnitudes. At higher depths CSR 
values are high with a factor of  safety value greater than 
1. A significant drop of  factor of  safety value less than 
one (Fs < 1) was observed up to a depth of  4.5 m. for 
Borehole 7 at magnitude (M) 7 and at greater depths 
higher factor of  safety values were observed. .It is also 
established that liquefaction occurred at  magnitude (M) 7 
with lower CSR values. No potential liquefiable zones are 
identified at lower earthquake magnitudes  (M) up to 4. At 
greater earthquake magnitudes (M) 7,  soils are liquefiable 
even up to greater depths. Att higher magnitudes, a 
smaller number of  soil samples for all boreholes at all 
depths showed factor of  safety value (Fs) > 1. These 
are non-liquefiable soils. From the overall Liquefaction 
Potentiality Index (LPI) results, 5 (five) potential 
liquefaction risk zones are identified viz. Very low (LPI 
=0), Low (LPI = 0 to 5), Medium. (LPI = 5 to 15), High 
(LPI = 15 to 25), & Very High (LPI = 26 to 55). It is 
established that the north western part of  Balukhali & 
Kutubpalong Rohingya camp area is very highly potential 
to liquefy and  high risk prone area in comparison with 
other parts. On the other hand, Balukhali camp area is a 
medium risk prone area and Kutubpalong camp area is 

a very low to low risk prone area at higher earthquake 
magnitudes. This will help planners, engineers & policy 
makers to construct infrastructures safely for community 
living in the camp area, to reduce number of  casualties & 
damage and to attain sustainability in the camp area.

Acknowledgement
Financial Assistance Provided by ANSO China (Project 
No. ANSO-CR-PP-2020-08) to carry out this research 
work is gratefully acknowledged. 

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