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American Journal of  Environmental
Economics (AJEE) 

Entrepreneurs’ Perception on the Benefits of  Organic Vegetable Farming in Bangladesh
Md Akter Faruk Fuad1*, Kenichi Matsui1

Volume 4 Issue 1, Year 2025
ISSN: 2833-7905 (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajee.v4i1.3867
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajee

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: October 10, 2024

Accepted: November 07, 2024

Published: April 23, 2025

Bangladesh’s farmers use unnecessary chemical inputs, including fertilizers, with the aim 
of  producing more. Over-reliance on chemicals poses challenges to maintaining socially, 
economically, and environmentally sustaina-ble agriculture. Farm entrepreneurs are more 
interested in environmentally friendly agriculture than farmers in general. In addition, a 
growing number of  consumers are interested in purchasing safe and reliable crops. Or-ganic 
farming is one of  the promising options because certification allows consumers to choose 
environmentally friendly products. In promoting organic farming, government policies focus 
on vegetables. With this back-ground, this study aims to better understand the entrepreneurs’ 
perception on organic vegetable farming benefits in Bangladesh. Also, this study attempted to 
investigate the challenges and suggestions in the organic vegetable marketing. Next, a face-to-
face interview survey through prescribed questionnaires was conducted among 129 organic 
farm entrepreneurs in Muradnagar. We examined the results of  the questionnaire survey and 
found that the respondents’ organic farming experience is positively and significantly correlated 
with the benefits of  organic farming. They (more than 90%) found that organic vegetable 
farming is an eco-friendly farming method, where-as the demand for organic vegetables is 
increasing, and customers pay more for organic products. Easy docu-mentation and supervised 
policy enforcement can guide organic product certification in Bangladesh.

Keywords

Bangladesh, Entrepreneur, Organic 
Agriculture 

1  Faculty of  Life and Environmental Sciences, University of  Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: fuad.ag2306@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION
Since the 1980s, eco-friendly farming practices have 
gained attention as an effective method to curb rural 
poverty and pollution (Patil, et al., 2010). As early as 
1981, for example, the FAO began promoting integrated 
pest man-agement practices for rice production among 
developing countries like Bangladesh through its Inter-
Country Program (FAO, 2011). It introduced a similar 
integrated pest management program for vegetables in 
1995 (Ah-med, et al., 2009). 
The Bangladesh government began implementing the 
National Integrated Pest Management Policy in 2002 to 
promote eco-friendly agriculture. By the end of  2006, 
nearly 117,000 rice and 78,000 vegetable farmers had 
re-ceived training (FAO, 2011). Several studies afterward 
showed an increase in organic crop production and con-
sumer demand for organic produce partly because of  
growing concerns over health and environmental damage 
caused by agriculture (Rakib, et al., 2020; Mukul, et al., 
2013; Kumar, 2019; Karim, 2018; Parvez, et al., 2018). 
Iqbal (2015) found that Dhaka consumers were willing to 
buy organic products, mostly fruits and vegetables, with 
up to 20% of  higher premiums.
Despite this positive picture, Dasgupta et al. (2005) found 
that more than 47% of  Bangladeshi farmers overused 
pesticides. The misconception that organic farming 
is ineffective in terms of  pest and disease control still 
influ-ences farmers in Bangladesh (Hossain, 2011; Musa 
et al., 2015). Other critics pointed out about a shortage 
of  organic inputs, little promotional coverage, and 
consumers’ limited awareness (Hossain, 2011; Islam, 
et al., 2019; Sarker & Itohara, 2008). Musa, et al. (2015) 

found prevalent misconceptions among farmers, who 
mixed up conventional and organic practices as a notable 
constraint. 
Despite an increasing number of  studies on organic 
farming in Bangladesh, we still do not know how organic 
vegetable production is perceived by farm entrepreneurs. 
What could be the actual impeding factors for farmers 
to expand organic crop production in Bangladesh? 
Therefore, this paper seeks to better understand farm 
entre-preneurs’ perceptions about the benefits of  organic 
vegetable farming and its challenges. In the following 
discus-sion, we first ex-plain the methodology we used 
in this study, followed by our investigation results and 
discussion, and conclusion

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
Bangladesh’s economy is predominantly dependent on 
agriculture. Agriculture contributes to about 14% of  the 
GDP. It hires 40.6% of  the total workforce (BBS, 2021). 
Bangladesh has nearly 8.7 million hectares of  cropped area 
with 197% cropping intensity. The cropping intensity has 
increased in the last two decades as the policy emphasized 
more on producing high value horticultural crops, mostly 
vegetables and fruits. About 90 types of  vegetables are 
grown. About 30.33 million metric tons of  vegetables 
were produced in the 2020-2021 fiscal year (MOA, 2021). 
Vegetable exports increased from 23,198 metric tons in 
2008-2009 to 93,353 metric tons in 2017-2018 (HF, 2019). 
For the study area, we selected Muradnagar town in 
Cumilla district, one of  Bangladesh’s largest sub-districts. 
The town is located 84 kilometers from Dhaka (the 



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capital city) (Figure 1). Its land area of  340.73 km2 with 
101,809 households, including 79,357 farm households 
(BBS, 2019a). In total 42 cropping patterns were ob-
served here with 217% cropping intensity. Out of  total 
cultivable lands (24,293 ha), vegetables were grown in 
about 1,177 ha of  land in 2021. The total volume of  
vegetable farmers in this town produced in 2020-2021 
was 33,575 metric tons. Nearly 9,859 metric tons of  
chemical fertilizers were used for agricultural production 
in 2010-2011 (UAO, 2022).
The Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), 
a prominent research institution, launched a campaign 

in 2006 to promote organic farming in several districts, 
including Cumilla. That effort sought to enhance 
soil health, agricultural yield, and minimize local 
farmers’ reliance on chemical pesticides and fertilizers. 
Government organ-izations (GOs) and non-governmental 
organizations (NGOs) conducted workshops, seminars, 
and field demon-strations to disseminate information 
about the benefits and procedures of  organic farming 
and integrated pest management. Over time, participating 
farmers experienced positive outcomes, inspiring others 
to adopt sustain-able agriculture practices (UAO, 2021).

Figure 1: Location map of  the study area. Encircled area indicates Muradnagar Sub-District

Data Collection and Analysis
In collecting data for this paper, we conducted a 
structured questionnaire survey from March to April 
2022 among 129 organic farm entrepreneurs. There are 
three crop seasons in Bangladesh and the Department of  
Ag-ricultural Extension (DAE) provides seasonal training 
for farmers. Generally, one farmer can participate in one 
training session per season. A total of  195 farmers were 
trained on organic farming in 2020-2021 fiscal year by 
the Muradnagar Agriculture Office. Out of  these trained 
entrepreneurs, I received feedback from 129 organic 
farmers. 
Before the questionnaire survey, we conducted a literature 
review to help design the questionnaire. Our literature 

review included peer-review journals, research reports, 
and published government documents. In selecting 
peer-review journal papers, we used database searches, 
including JSTOR, Google Scholar, and the Tulips search 
engine of  the University of  Tsukuba Library system. 
In extracting information from published government 
documents, we first examined relevant legal/policy 
frameworks, such as the National Agriculture Extension 
Pol-icy, 2020 and National Organic Agricultural Policy, 
2016. These documents instructed how local agriculture 
offi-cials dealt with organic farming extension. In 
addition, the first author worked as an agriculture cadre 
officer under the Bangladesh Civil Service for seven years 
and conducted field surveys in service areas. 



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The questionnaire survey was divided into three sections: 
(1) respondents’ socio-demographic information such 
as age, gender, education, experience, participation in 
training, and business engagement, (2) respondents’ 
or-ganic farming adoption, and their economic and 
environmental benefits from it, (3) the target market of  
organic farm produce and its marketing challenges. The 
responses to our questionnaire were coded and analyzed 
by using Microsoft Excel (version 16.46), and the results 
are described in tables and figures in the following 
discussion. We categorized respondent’s age into three 
groups. Those who belonged to 18-35 age group was 
“young,” those in 36-50 age group was “middle-aged,” 
and those in 51 years and above were the “older.” To 
quantitatively ana-lyze socio-demographic variables, we 
assigned score 1 for up to two years of  respondent’s 
conventional farming experience, score 2 for six to 10 
years, score 3 for 11 to 20 years, and score 4 for more than 
20 years. For quanti-fying educational qualification, score 
1 was assigned to no formal education, 2 for primary 
education, 3 for sec-ondary education, and 4 for graduate 
degrees. Similarly, we assigned score 1 for up to two years 
of  respondent’s organic farming business experience, 
score 2 for 3 to 5 years, and score 3 for more than 5 years.
To understand perceptual variation among the respondents 
on the economic and environmental benefits of  or-ganic 
vegetable farming, we compared the average rating of  

each variable on a 5-point Likert-scale from 1 (strongly 
disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Similar formulas were 
also used for understanding the challenges and required 
suggestions in the marketing of  organic vegetables. A 
correlation analysis was then performed between socio-
demographic variables and organic vegetable farming 
benefits.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Socio-demographic Characteristics of  the 
Respondents 
The first section of  the questionnaire attempted to 
identify respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics 
(Ta-ble 1). We found that about 74% of  the respondents 
were either young or middle-aged. In comparison, the 
na-tional statistics show that those between 18 and 50 
years old comprised about 54% of  the population (BBS, 
2019b). Those who were 51 years or older consisted of  
about 26%. We also found that the male respondents 
constituted about 89%. In terms of  education, about 4% 
completed an undergraduate degree or above whereas 
about 31% had secondary education (classes 9 to 12). 
Those who completed primary education (classes 1 to 8) 
consisted of  55%. Except for about 10% without formal 
education, the overall literacy rate was about 90% that 
exceeded the national average of  72.3% (BBS, 2019b). 

Table 1: Socio-demographic information of  the respondents
Variable Category Frequency Percentage (%)
Age group (years) 18 to 35 31 24.03

36 to 50 65 50.39
51 and above 33 25.58

Gender Male 115 89.15
Female 14 10.85

Education No formal education 13 10.08
Primary (Class 1 to 8) 71 55.04
Secondary (Class 9 to 12) 40 31.01
Graduate and above 5 3.88

Conventional farming 
experience (years)

Up to 5 24 18.60
6 to 10 33 25.58
11 to 20 45 34.89
21 and above 27 20.93

Training on conventional 
farming

Once a year 102 79.07
Twice a year 27 20.93
More than twice a year 0 0

Organic farming business 
experience (years)

Up to 2 50 38.76
3 to 5 47 36.43
6 and above 32 24.81

Note: Sample size=129

Regarding conventional farming experience, we found 
that about 25% had six to ten years, about 35% had 11 to 
20 years of  experiences, and about 21% had more than 
21 years. It means that about 81% had more than six 

years of  conventional farming experience. With regards 
to DAE’s training on conventional agriculture, about 79% 
participated once a year and about 21% participated twice 
a year. Regarding organic business experience, we found 



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that about 36% had three to five years of  experiences, 
about 25% had more than six years of  experiences. It 
means about 61% had a minimum of  at least three years 
of  organic business experience. Only 39% had been 
engaged in organic farming businesses for two years.

Benefits of  Organic Vegetable Farming
In the second section of  the questionnaire survey, we 
attempted to understand how the respondents perceived 
environmental and economic benefits from adopting 
organic vegetable farming. 
Before asking about benefits, we first attempted to identify 
their regular farming practices. With multiple choice, the 

respondents were asked to choose the following options: 
(1) crop rotation, (2) reduced tillage, (3) crop resi-due 
use, (4) quality seed use, (5) organic manure use, (6) 
bio-pesticide use, (7) integrated pest management, (8) 
integrated disease management, and (9) post-harvest 
management. In response, we found that the respondents 
regularly practiced crop rotation (25%), tillage reduction 
(10%), crop residue use (12%), quality seed use (15%), 
organic manure application (6%), bio-pesticide use (9%), 
integrated pest management (8%), integrated disease 
management (9%), and post-harvest management (7%) 
(Figure 2). 

Figure 2: Adoption of  organic practices by the respondents

Figure 3: Opinions on the environmental benefits of  organic vegetable farming
Note: OVF=Organic Vegetable Farming

In the next question, the respondents were asked about 
environmental concerns in connection to practicing or-
ganic vegetable farming. We offered a set of  statements 
on a five-point Likert scale to the respondents in order 
for them to understand the level of  environmental 
consciousness among organic vegetable entrepreneurs 
and to gain insights into their motivations and activities 
aimed at promoting sustainable agriculture methods. In 
re-sponse, nearly 67% of  the respondents strongly agreed 

that organic vegetable farming is an eco-friendly farming 
method, and about 55% strongly agreed that OVF is one 
of  the best ways of  getting safe foods. The respondents 
agreed that OVF uses appropriate levels of  tillage, OVF 
increases soil fertility and water holding capacity, OVF 
conserves biodiversity, and OVF minimizes chemical 
runoff  into water bodies in about 51, 50, 64, and 63% 
re-spectively (Figure 3).



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We asked the respondents with another set of  Likert-scale 
statements to understand their opinion about eco-nomic 
benefits that may be expected to obtain from practicing 
organic farming. Farmers usually work hard in the fields 
to produce, and effective marketing aids them be able to 
support themselves financially. Therefore, one of  the key 
considerations for selecting profitable crops for oneself  
is the economic advantage. We found that about 54% of  
the respondents strongly agreed that demand for organic 

vegetables is increasing. In addition, about 60% agreed 
that organic vegetable farming can minimize disease and 
pest attacks, and about 57% agreed that intercropping 
and mixed cropping can minimize space and time. About 
55% of  the respondents agreed that OVF increases better 
quality products with good size and shape of  produce, 
and more than 49% agreed that OVF could create 
employment opportunities (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Opinions on the economic benefits of  organic vegetable farming
Note: OVF=Organic Vegetable Farming

According the respondents’ opinions. the correlation 
analyses intended to understand the relationship between 
the benefits of  organic vegetable farming and respondents’ 
socio-demographic characteristics such as age, gen-der, 
education, conventional farming experience, participation 
in conventional farming training, and experience in the 
farming business. We found that respondents’ longer 
experience in the organic farming business was strongly 

correlated with their positive response to the benefits of  
organic vegetable farming. Therefore, it can be said that the 
respondents benefited more from organic farming through 
longer organic farm business experience. However, age, 
gender, education, conventional farming experience, and 
participation in conventional farming training were not 
significant to understand respondents’ perceptions of  
organic vegetable farming benefits (Table 2).

Table 2: Factors affecting the respondents’ perception on organic vegetable farming benefits
Socio-demographic variables The respondents’ perception on organic vegetable farming 

benefits
Pearson Coefficient of  
correlation

Significant (2-tailed)

Age .085 .336
Gender -.023 .796
Education -.119 .179
Conventional farming experience .023 .792
Participation in conventional farming training -.022 .800
The organic business experience .250* .004

Total number of  respondents=129
* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (1-tailed)

Challenges and Suggestions in Organic Vegetables 
Marketing
To pinpoint the areas where they want assistance or 
resources to enhance their marketing strategy, it is 

crucial to comprehend the difficulties that organic 
vegetable farmers encounter in promoting their produce.  
Additionally, it can inform policymakers about the issues 
that organic farmers encounter in the marketplace, which 



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could lead to policy changes that could be advantageous 
for organic agriculture. It also helps consumers about 
the ad-vantages and significance of  organic agriculture, 
which can lead to increased demand for organic produce. 
Therefore, finding areas for development and growth in 
the organic agriculture sector requires asking questions 
about the difficulties that organic vegetable farmers 
experience in marketing their produce.
We presented the respondents with a series of  Likert-scale 
statements to better grasp their perspectives on these 
difficulties. In response, about 68% of  the respondents 
thought that the local certification of  organic products 

is time-consuming. According to their strong agreement 
and agreement, about 65% respondents felt that organic 
products are not sufficiently known among customers. 
Approximately 79% agreed with the statement that 
the poor transport facilities to reach large markets. A 
syndicate system of  middlemen can mislead the market 
by giv-ing wrong price in-formation, as supported by 85% 
of  respondents as strong agreement and agreement. Fur-
thermore, about 90% of  the respondents strongly agreed 
and agreed that post-harvest management facilities are 
limited in rural areas (Figure 5).

Figure 5: Opinions on the challenges in organic vegetable marketing

Figure 5: Opinions on the suggestions to meet the challenges in organic vegetable marketing

The respondents were asked with a series of  Likert-
scale statements to give suggestions for overcoming 
the above opined challenges. In response, about 83% 
of  the respondents thought that digitalization of  the 
certification process may minimize the hassles. About 
85% respondents felt that building an effective link 
between farmers and private food processing companies 
may minimize post-harvest losses. Approximately 90% 
agreed with the statement that supermarkets need to 
know more about organic products at my farm and others 

nearby. They are willing to increase production with 
easier and quicker access to city markets, as supported by 
86% of  respondents as strong agreement and agreement. 
As their strong agreement and agreement, over 84% of  
the respondents indicated that product pricing should be 
designed to meet the needs of  the target groups as their 
strong agree-ment and agreement. Furthermore, about 
92% of  the respondents strongly agreed and agreed that 
mass media coverage of  organic products may attract 
more consumers (Figure 6).



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CONCLUSIONS
This paper has discussed the perception on benefits of  
organic vegetable farming and summarizes the findings 
and provides recommendations for promoting organic 
vegetable farming in Bangladesh. Examining the socio-
demographic data from the respondents, we found 
majority of  the respondents were young or middle-aged 
man who had primary education. On the conventional 
farming experience, most of  the respondents had at least 
an absolute experience of  six years, and were trained by 
DAE annually in conventional agriculture practicing. Re-
garding the organic business experience, majority of  the 
respondents had a minimum of  three years of  experi-
ence.
We observed that the most of  the farm entrepreneurs 
prefer organic vegetable production since these do not 
have a negative effect on the surrounding environment. 
Additionally, there was a specialized market for the qual-
ity organic produces, and consumers were always ready 
to spend on it. The organic vegetable producers found 
insufficient market information as a major difficulty, 
when the information transfer could expand market.
The results of  this study also established that a positive 
correlation between respondents’ responses to the ad-
vantages of  organic vegetable farming and their longer 
experience in the organic agriculture. This finding might 
prompt the relevant authorities to provide an appropriate 
capacity building program to enhance the commer-
cialization of  organic product marketing. Increased 
coordination between farmers and extension workers is 
re-quired for the rapid dissemination of  organic vegetable 
farming skills. For the new entrepreneurs, agricultural 
training is one of  the important contributors to this effort. 
The Department of  Agricultural Extension, Bangla-desh 
can facilities here through provides better training for 
newer with logistic supports. 
This study was carried out in one sub-district only with 
selected 129 respondents. A large-scale study area and a 
greater sample size would help to reveal more persuasive 
results. Therefore, further investigation might be pur-
sued in other districts to assure farmer-friendly organic 
agricultural promotion.

Funding
This study was supported by a fellowship from the Project 
for Human Resource Development Schol-arship (JDS) 
by Japanese Grant Aid, Japan International Cooperation 
Center (JICE), Nishi-Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.

Acknowledgments
We acknowledge the support from the local subdistrict 
agriculture officer, sub assistant of-ficers of  the study 
area during survey. We also acknowledge the Department 
of  agricultural extension officials for their cooperation 
with necessary documents and information.

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