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American Journal of  Environmental
Economics (AJEE) 

Environmental Awareness and Youth Engagement in Achieving the Sustainable 
Development Goals

G. M. M. Didar Diyan Muyed1,  Shuvo Kumar Mallik2*, Debuttam Datta3

Volume 4 Issue 1, Year 2025
ISSN: 2833-7905 (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajee.v4i1.5780
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajee

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: July 19, 2025

Accepted: August 25, 2025

Published: September 18, 2025

As global programming on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) grows, there has been 
little comprehensive consideration of  how environmental education and youth activism affect 
their attainment. This study attempts to address this gap through a bibliometric analysis of  
studies focusing on youth participation, ecological knowledge and sustainable development. 
With a sample of  5713 publications, the study traces trends and developments in a two-
phased time frame: early years in the current decade of  SDG take-up (2015–2019) and the 
present period witnessing a surge in youth activism and environmental engagements (2019–
2023). The Results Owing to the limitations of  Chinese vocabulary, the results point out 
that some key words are frequently mentioned, such as the Sustainable Development Goals, 
environmental awareness, youth participation, climate change, and community. Results also 
identify key areas of  interest, such as the involvement of  young people in fostering sustainable 
energy transitions, enhancing the resilience of  communities, and connecting environmental 
stewardship to community health. The paper highlights the power of  environmentally-literate 
youth in progressing the SDGs and in creating pathways to sustainability in the first place.

INTRODUCTION
The methodology used in this study, consisting of a 
temporal analysis combined with science mapping and 
an extensive bibliometric review, fills such an essential 
gap about the role of environmental consciousness and 
youth involvement in attaining the SDGs (Yamaguchi 
et al., 2023). Among these, ecological consciousness 
and the interest of youth are critical ingredients of 
the global development agenda, both of which act 
to promote sustainable lifestyles and stewardship of 
natural ecosystems. Together, these components should 
facilitate the exchange of environmental information, 
attitudes, and behaviors, on the one hand, and the energy, 
innovation, and leadership required for transformative 
change (Alqatan et al., 2025). This study attempts to fill 
the gap through an exhaustive review of the literature 
on how youth-led behavior and campaigns promote the 
overall goals of sustainable development. Nevertheless, 
experience from different contexts shows that a universal 
approach to development is not productive because of 
the diversity in culture, society, and economy that should 
be respected (Melé & Sánchez-Runde, 2013). To this end, 
environmental education and youth mobilization should 
be tailored to the specific challenges of our communities, 
while remaining consistent with the global aspirations of 
sustainable development. Another would be to encourage 
using other emerging concepts, such as social innovation, 
capacity building, and participatory governance, as 
practical tools to empower young people and increase their 
engagement in informed environmental decision-making 
over time. These narratives underscore the potential for 
the younger generations to affect local actions, whether 
related to climate change effects, inequities, or resource 

Keywords

Environmental Engagements, 
Sustainable Development Goals, 
Sustainable Energy

1 Department of International Relation, Bangladesh University of Professionals, Dhaka, Bangladesh
2 Department of Economics, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
3  Department of Industrial & Production Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Bangladesh
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: nextgenresearch.info@gmail.com

management, which ultimately connect bottom-up actions 
with global sustainability goals (Udo et al., 2025). In this 
sense, youth engagement is not confined to activism and 
includes joint participation in the planning, innovation 
and governance stages that determine the future of 
sustainable societies (Narksompong & Limjirakan, 
2015). Two primary paradigms surface in this setting: 
need-based strategies that draw primarily on closing 
youth knowledge and resource gaps, and asset-based 
strategies that rely mainly on youth agency, creativity and 
social capital for enacting sustainability (Mallik, 2024). 
Both approaches emphasize the importance of youth in 
actively encouraging environmentally friendly behaviors 
and speeding up advancement toward the SDGs. In 
narratives of sustainable development, nature-relatedness 
and youth engagement increasingly represent mutually 
reinforcing factors of community resilience, innovation, 
and long-term sustainability (Kurniawan & Do, 2025). 
This research underscores that informed young people 
and given opportunities are key in creating inclusive 
channels to reaching the SDGs. By prioritizing youth 
and environmental stewardship in development, societies 
can create more robust pathways to a sustainable and just 
future.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Environmental consciousness is commonly used in 
the interpretation, referring to the understanding and 
awareness of ecological problems and the willingness 
to perform individual actions that protect the natural 
systems. Coupled with youth participation, it is a 
powerful catalyst to achieve the Sustainable Development 
Goals (SDGs). The increasing awareness of being eco-



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friendly demonstrates the importance of involvement 
in the younger generations, not only because they are 
the future, but also because of their energy, innovation, 
and creativity in sustainability (Li, 2025). Such an 
approach focuses on cooperation, collaboration and 
shared responsibility, which is relevant in all societies 
and situations (Mallik, 2024). For several decades, global 
programs and international campaigns have emphasized 
the need for environmental stewardship and youth 
empowerment. These programs emphasize educating 
young people, raising awareness, and involving them in 
implementing sustainability to enhance resilience and 
well-being. The implementation of the SDGs allowed 
a universal framework for the systematic inclusion of 
youth participation and environmental responsibility in 
national and community-level agendas (Sever et al., 2025). 
In this context, knowledge of the environment and 
the involvement of young people have become major 
roads to reducing disparity, reinforcing the community, 
and achieving long-lasting sustainability. In regard to 
environmental sustainability, youth is beginning to be 
perceived as an alternative to conventional top-down 
approaches to development (Tse & Tung, 2025). And 
youth are often leading the way when tackling urgent 
social and environmental challenges, like climate change, 
biodiversity loss, pollution and unsustainable resource use. 
Their activities are not limited to speaking up, but also to 
grassroots activities, new ideas in green technologies and 
advocating sustainable lifestyles. This transition emphasizes 
the emerging significance of bottom-up, people-oriented 
strategies with environmental responsibility at the heart 
of development. Although environmental awareness and 
youth engagement research are expanding quickly, the 
field is inherently complex and fractured (Ignell et al., 
2025). Many previous works investigate a single domain 
(educational, activism or technology) in isolation and 
are not integrated into a unified theoretical framework. 
There is also a conceptual confusion and a lack of a clear 
definition to guide policy and practice. As the necessity 
for the transformation to achieve the SDGs increases, it 
is becoming ever more pressing to understand how youth 
environmental initiatives respond to the general one of 
global sustainability (Mallik, 2025).
Prior research has examined awareness raising, youth 
leadership, and community-driven sustainability. But 
those efforts are typically piecemeal, concentrated in 
a particular area or among a certain age group or on a 
specific problem (Phillips & Ranganathan, 2025). What is 
lacking, however, is an inclusive overview that tracks this 
field’s development, sheds light on emerging issues, and 
reveals the complex array of forces that influence youth 
engagement on sustainability. Such knowledge gaps can 
be filled through systematic and bibliometric inquiry 
that provides an overview of the structure, dynamics, 
and future trends in research on youth engagement 
and environmental consciousness in the context of the 
SDGs (Shen & Yang, 2025). By revealing the knowledge 
structure, core themes, and emergent sub-themes, this 

study expands understanding about how youth-wheel 
environmental action has changed. Still, it contributes 
to the global conversation about sustainability. It is an 
excellent reference point for those with knowledge of 
these areas and those interested in exploring this area in 
further detail. In the end, it reinforces the significance of 
the younger generation as drivers in attaining the SDGs, 
by positioning environmental awareness and youth 
engagement at the center of sustainable development.

MATERIALS AND METHODS 
Environmental awareness and youth engagement are 
emerging fields of inquiry informed by advancing 
societies, global priorities, and the growing urgency to 
address climate change and sustainable development. It 
is increasingly featured as a core theme in planning and 
academic research, which calls for various theoretical and 
methodological perspectives. Because of the eruptive 
growth of the literature in this field, a bibliometric 
approach was used to appraise accumulated knowledge, 
detect emerging trends, and consider the status quo and 
future directions of youth-driven sustainability research. 
For transparency and methodological strength, the 
authors used a structured review process which includes 
four stages: identification, screening, eligibility, and 
inclusion. This method allowed the inclusion of good-
quality studies that addressed environmental awareness 
and youth involvement in promoting the SDGs. The 
search for eligible studies was developed based on two 
primary approaches. First, based on the literature review, 
the search terms were modified to increase the relevance 
of queries. Second, we selected an extensive academic 
database as a primary source, enabling access to articles 
from various peer-reviewed publications in multiple 
disciplines. This database provided extensive bibliometric 
data of the citations, keywords, and references; thus, a 
deep integration of the field would be feasible. Software 
used for bibliometric mapping was used to visualize and 
comprehend the pattern and structure of the analysis 
over time. This approach was instrumental in discerning 
the predominant themes, emerging trends, and key 
environmental consciousness and youth involvement 
stakeholders. Bibliometric Networks enabled the 
visualization of the evolution of main clusters such 
as climate education, youth activism, environmental 
policy, sustainability, and innovation. A comprehensive 
search strategy was developed to retrieve literature of 
interest. Search terms included in combinations were 
ecological awareness, youth engagement, and sustainable 
development goals. The search terms were equally 
distributed between review topics and applied to include 
article titles, abstracts, and author keywords. The primary 
search yielded a significant number of possible records, 
which were rigorously screened based on three broad 
inclusion criteria: relevance of the work to environmental 
awareness and youth’s involvement therein, focus of the 
paper on the role of youth in local or global sustainability, 
and tackling topics from a multi-disciplinary approach 



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intertwining environmental science, economics and social 
sciences, technology, and education. After screening, 
a clean database was readied to generate a bibliometric 
analysis. The study period was further separated into 
two sub-phases (2015–2019 and 2019–2023). The first 
phase covers the genesis of the SDGs and the initial 
years when youth and environmental awareness were 
included in global sustainability action plans. Number 
two is that there seems to be this explosion of youth-
led climate movements, innovations around green tech, 
and an increasing recognition of young people’s role 
in policy and governance. The post-2020 period was 
necessary, as it coincided with global challenges such 
as the COVID-19 pandemic, which further emphasized 
the need for youth participation, societal resilience, and 
environmental stewardship (Mallik & Rahman, 2024). 
By treating each sub-period individually, this paper 
demonstrates the progression of themes in the field and 
changes in academic attention over time. It also points 
out that youth engagement and environmental awareness 
are core to realizing the SDGs.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Selection Process and Inclusion Criteria
The initial search in the chosen academic database was 
the first search stage, and 7,237 records were found. This 
wide search strategy guaranteed that as many studies 
related to environmental concern, youth participation, 
and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as 

possible were included in the review. The records were in-
depth screened in the second phase, and 1,312 documents 
were rejected. There were document and language-related 
causes for the majority of exclusions. Only peer-reviewed 
papers in English were kept to maintain accessibility, 
consistency, and comparability of the dataset. In the 
third phase, 5,925 were included for full-text assessment. 
During this process, 212 articles were excluded for 
their irrelevance to the purposes of this research. More 
accurately, articles were excluded if they did not intensely 
focus on youth engagement, environmental education, 
or the link between these and the SDGs. This procedure 
ensured that only relevant studies for the scope of 
research were included. This systematic procedure chose 
a final count of 5713 documents for the study. Those are 
the core documents, the most significant and relevant 
papers in this area. The strict eligibility criteria ensured 
the trustworthiness of the review, though this restricted 
the review to high-quality, context-specific research only. 
The selection also underlines the burgeoning global focus 
on youth-led environmental movements and the task of 
promoting such activities to achieve the SDGs (Esguerra 
et al., 2025). The bibliometric dataset was categorized 
across several dimensions, including publication type, 
subject areas, source titles, country contributions, 
funding agencies, publishers, and most-cited authors. 
The findings highlight the multidisciplinary and global 
nature of research on environmental awareness and youth 
engagement (Faganel & Kovač, 2025).

Table 1: Overview of  publications on Environmental Awareness and Youth Engagement in SDGs
Categories N (2015–2019) % N (2019–2023) % Total %
Publications 1,289 23 4,424 77 5,713 100
Document Types
Articles 936 73 3,618 82 4,554 79.7
Conference Papers 257 20 285 6 542 9.4
Reviews 71 5 431 10 502 8.7
Book Chapters 25 2 90 2 115 2.0
Subject Areas
Environmental Sciences 373 29 1,768 40 2,141 37.4
Science & Technology 236 18 1,205 27 1,441 25.2
Engineering 124 10 407 9 531 9.2
Business & Economics 119 9 361 8 480 8.4
Public Policy & Environment 119 9 371 8 490 8.5
Other Areas — — — — — —
Source Titles
Sustainability 318 25 312 7 630 11.0
Journal of  Cleaner Production 22 2 74 2 96 1.9
Advances in Social Science Education & 
Humanities Research

16 1 38 1 54 1.0

PLOS ONE 16 1 44 1 60 1.0
Other Journals — — — — — —
Country Contributions
USA 1,180 26 3,728 84 4,908 85.9



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England 160 12 601 14 761 13.3
Australia 143 11 386 9 529 9.2
Canada 104 8 333 7 437 7.6
Germany 85 7 262 6 347 6.0
Other Countries — — — — — —
Funding Agencies
UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) 459 36 1,960 44 2,419 42.3
National Science Foundation (NSF) 31 2 64 1 95 1.6
CGIAR 28 2 69 2 97 1.6
European Union (EU) — — — — — —
Publishers
Elsevier 227 18 828 19 1,055 18.4
Springer Nature 178 14 541 12 719 12.5
Taylor & Francis 119 9 334 8 453 7.9
MDPI 82 6 897 20 979 17.1
Other Publishers — — — — — —
Most Published Authors
Bartram J. 683 53 1,824 41 2,507 43.8
Kumar A. — — — — 12 —
Kumar P. — — — — 11 —
Rahman A. — — — — 11 —

Emerging Research Trends
Figure 1 is the Pareto chart showing the trends 
in publications on environmental awareness and 
youth involvement toward achieving the Sustainable 
Development Goals (SDGs) from 2015 to 2023. Based 
on newly born publications in 2015, the number of  total 
publications has increased to 5713, where a continuous 
and accelerating rise in published works and citations can 
be observed. The cumulative percentage curve shows 
that over three-quarters (4424 papers) of  the output 
originated in the second phase, the Contemporary era. 
For graphic clarity of  this development, the study period 
(2015–2023) has been divided into two sub-eras.
The first sub-period (2015–2019) was the formative 
research phase on environmental awareness and youth 
participation. This time around, the SDGs have become 
globally recognized, bringing into critical focus the 
need for youth-led activities towards addressing the 
environmental problems. In recent years, researchers 
have mainly focused on investigating the early reactions 
of  young people and educational institutions to improve 
their awareness of  issues like climate change, resource 
conservation, and sustainable lifestyles (Mahim et al., 
2025). Youth involvement in this phase was primarily 
driven by fledgling pedagogical frameworks, advocacy 
initiatives, and community-level interventions responding 
to the newly arrived SDG agenda. Altogether, 23% of  the 

papers (1289) were published in this time frame.
The second sub-period (2019–2023) is the development 
and expansion period of  research in the field. Publications 
during this time frame illustrate a shift toward more 
practical implementation and incorporating youth-
led initiatives into policy, education, and community. 
Environmental threats like climate change, biodiversity 
loss, and waste were also high on the agenda, with young 
people acclaimed as the primary drivers of  sustainable 
practices and innovative solutions (Seftiani et al., 2025). 
Worldwide events, including attention to climate 
action and the disruption of  COVID-19, additionally 
expedited the research interest, revealing the resilience 
and new normal for youth movements as stewards of  
environmental consciousness. As a result, this period 
represented the lion’s share of  the publications with 4424 
papers (77% of  the sample) commenting on the debate.
Notwithstanding the findings, dividing the analysis 
into these two sub-periods reveals that the research on 
environmental awareness and youth engagement has 
moved from early experiments on what is possible to 
research that is more mature and integrated, where youth 
become not only the beneficiaries, but active leading agents 
of  achieving the SDGs. This development highlights 
the importance of  young people in mainstreaming 
environmental awareness in community development and 
safeguarding sustainable avenues for the next generation.



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Figure 1: Year pareto chart for community development and sustainable development goals (SDGs) papers for 
2015–2023.

Table 2: Sub-periods of  Research on Environmental Awareness and Youth Engagement in SDGs (2015–2023)
Sub-Period Key Focus Number of  

Papers
% of  Total 
Publications

2015–2019 
(Foundational 
Stage)

Initial youth awareness campaigns, early integration 
of  environmental education with SDGs, policy-driven 
discussions on youth roles in sustainability.

1289 23%

2019–2023 
(Contemporary 
Stage)

Youth-led climate actions, community-based environmental 
initiatives, adaptation to global crises (e.g., COVID-19) and 
stronger youth participation in SDG implementation.

4424 77%

Total (2015–2023) Progressive rise in youth engagement and environmental 
awareness aligned with SDG frameworks.

5713 100%

The findings of  this research indicate a hierarchical 
sequence of  research related to environmental awareness 
and youth engagement in the SDGs. The split of  the 
research time frame into two smaller periods (2015–
2019; 2019–2023) yields interesting findings regarding 
the changing function of  youth in sustainability. In the 
initial phase (2015–2019), the research focused almost 
exclusively on recognizing environmental issues among 
young people. Much of  this period’s work contributed 
to expanding the understanding of  the need to integrate 
sustainability ideas into educational structures, policy 
discourses, and community-level conversations (Mallik 
et al., 2025). Although children’s engagement was 
acknowledged, their participation was sometimes seen 
as an object of  awareness instead of  a force of  change. 
This era laid the foundation for recognizing the potential 
of  environmental education to influence the long-term 
development of  sustainability. The second phase (2019-
2023) represented a clear break from raising awareness 
to enabling the active participation of  young people. 
The rapid growth of  research outputs and topic density 
manifests the more critical position that young people 
took in the sustainability narrative. Climate movements 
led by young people, community activism and creative 
initiatives to tackle environmental issues took over as 

the focus. The worldwide outbreak of  COVID-19 also 
changed how young people engaged in SDG-related 
projects, using digital tools more frequently to organize, 
transfer knowledge, and shape policy-making. It was 
also a time when the concept of  youth engagement and 
the world’s most pressing issues – from climate action, 
biodiversity loss, and renewable energy transitions- were 
discussed. Comparing the two sub-periods, three findings 
show that awareness is essential, but youth activism 
is the driver for side effects towards implementing the 
SDGs (Chowdhury et al., 2025). The results emphasize 
the need to provide supportive environments in which 
young people are educated and empowered to become 
leaders. It is the responsibility of  schools, universities, 
community groups, and the policy community to 
continue to support youth-led projects that enable their 
voices to be heard in local and international efforts 
towards sustainability (Sharmin et al., 2025). This work 
illustrates how environmental consciousness and youth 
involvement are interlocking dynamics that drive SDG 
progress. Awareness is the groundwork for informed 
action; engagement transforms awareness into impact 
(Rhaman et al., 2025). The findings indicate that future 
work may need to priorities how the lasting effects of  
youth-led work can be evaluated, as well as investigate 



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new ways to envision integrating young people into the 
governance of  sustainable development.

CONCLUSIONS
This study began with an extensive search that yielded 
7,237 records, which were systematically screened and 
refined to include 5,713 articles, ensuring high relevance 
to the theme of  environmental awareness and youth 
engagement in achieving the Sustainable Development 
Goals (SDGs). Through bibliometric analysis and 
systematic review, this research provided a comprehensive 
overview of  how environmental consciousness and the 
active participation of  young people intersect with the 
global sustainability agenda. A significant decision in this 
study was to divide the research period into two sub-eras: 
2015–2019 and 2019–2023. The first period represents 
the initial response to the global adoption of  the SDGs, 
capturing youth-centered initiatives, awareness campaigns, 
and early explorations of  education for sustainability. 
The second period reflects a more mature phase where 
environmental activism among youth gained momentum, 
especially in response to global climate movements and 
the challenges introduced by the COVID-19 pandemic. 
This evolution illustrates how young people have 
increasingly shifted from passive learners to active agents 
of  change, contributing substantially to sustainability 
discourse and practice. The dominant subject areas 
included environmental sciences, education, and social 
sciences, underscoring the pivotal role of  awareness, 
knowledge dissemination, and behavioral transformation. 
Geographically, research contributions were concentrated 
in countries with strong youth-led environmental 
movements, such as the United States, the United 
Kingdom, and Australia, with growing engagement from 
Asian and African nations. Leading journals focused 
on sustainability, education, and climate change issues, 
highlighting the importance of  youth engagement as a 
driver for achieving environmental and developmental 
goals. Thematic analysis revealed that central keywords 
such as sustainable development goals, climate change, 
youth, and environmental awareness consistently appeared 
across both sub-periods. Emerging themes in recent years 
included renewable energy, resilience, digital activism, 
and sustainable lifestyles, reflecting the growing influence 
of  youth in shaping narratives around environmental 
stewardship. These developments highlight the imperative 
of  equipping younger generations with knowledge, 
platforms, and opportunities to meaningfully participate 
in SDG implementation. The co-occurrence and thematic 
clustering of  terms revealed strong interconnections 
between environmental awareness, youth empowerment, 
and community resilience. Newly emerging discussions 
centered on the importance of  integrating sustainability 
into education systems, harnessing youth-led innovation, 
and recognizing the role of  social media in mobilizing 
environmental activism. These patterns underscore 
that youth engagement is not only complementary but 
essential to advancing global environmental goals. The 

findings of  this research carry several implications 
for policymakers, educators, and practitioners. Firstly, 
youth-centered policies and educational curricula must 
be further aligned with SDG priorities to ensure that 
young people are both informed and empowered to take 
action. Secondly, fostering youth networks and providing 
institutional support for environmental initiatives can 
amplify the effectiveness of  their engagement. Finally, 
recognizing youth as key stakeholders in decision-making 
processes can enhance the inclusivity and sustainability 
of  policy outcomes.

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