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American Journal of  Environmental
Economics (AJEE) 

Comparative Study of  Phytochemical Properties of  Some Bio-Material (African Yam 
Bean, Pigeon Pea, Pawpaw Leaf  Powder, Moringa Seed and Pawpaw Seed)

Ibiam Prince Amauche1*, Amadi Chiubeze1, Ezeamama Liliam1, Ain Grace1, Ifegbo Arinze N1

Volume 1 Issue 1, Year 2022
ISSN: 2833-7905 (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajee.v1i1.347
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajee

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received:  June 24, 2022

Accepted: June 30, 2022

Published: July 02, 2022

The study was carried out to compare the phytochemical properties of  Africa yam bean, pi-
geon pea, moringa seed, pawpaw leaf  and pawpaw seed powder and the Significance of  the 
phytochemicals in respect to the treatment of  diseases were discussed. Phytochemicals were 
qualitatively analyzed from the plants ethanol extracts and the practical were done in Bro. 
Mike researchers Lab. Umuerim Extension Umudibia Nekede and the Standard phytochem-
ical analysis methods were adopted. Preliminary screening of  the Africa yam bean, pigeon 
pea, moringa seed, Pawpaw leaf  and pawpaw seed powder revealed the presence of  alka-
loids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and in all the plants ethanol extracts. Africa yam 
bean contained all the phytochemicals except tannin, while there was absence of  flavonoid, 
and Glycoside in pigeon pea. Tannins were also absent in the pawpaw seed and pawpaw 
seed extracts. There was also the absence of  steroid and ncardiac glycosides in moringa. The 
quantitative analysis of  the six selected phytochemicals revealed that there was a significant 
difference in the mean values of  alkaloids and flavonoids contents of  African yam bean 
plants. However, at Africa yam bean had the highest Alkaloids content while moringa seed 
had the highest flavonoids content. The Pawpaw leaf  contained the highest tannins and Sa-
ponins was found highest in pawpaw leaf  and pawpaw seed. Finally, the results justified the 
medicinal potentials of  these plants in the treatment of  diseases.

Keywords

Phytochemical Properties, African 
Yam Bean, Pigeon Pea, Pawpaw 
Leaf  Powder, Moringa Seed and 
Pawpaw Seed

1 College of  Engineering, Gregory University of  Uturu, Achara Uture, Abia State, Nigeria.
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: ibiamprince72@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION
The comparative method is often used in the early 
stages of  the development of  a branch of  a science. 
It can help their search to ascend from the initial level 
of  exploratory case studies to a more advance level of  
general theoretical mode invariances, such as causality or 
evolution. In comparative study you are examining two or 
more cases specimens, biomaterials event. On the basis 
of  the target of  your study you have to decide which are 
the interesting aspects, properties or attributes that you 
will have to note and record for each of  the cases.[1] The 
final goal of  research is usually to removal the systematic 
structure that is true not only for were studies but for the 
entire group where the cases came from. In other words, 
the goal is to generalize the finding.[2]
Phytochemicals (phyto means plant) are chemical 
compounds that occur naturally in the plants. These 
compounds are responsible for colour and other 
organoleptic properties. They have antioxidants, anti-
cancer, anti-Inflammatory and pain-relieving properties. 
SalicinTexol, etc. Antioxidants are chemical compounds 
are substance that inhibit oxidation or that retards 
deterioration by oxidation, especially of  fat, oils, and foods. 
Some examples of  antioxidants are vitamins A, C and E, 
β-carotene, enzymes catalase, superoxide, dismutase and 
various peroxidases. Antimicrobials are agents that kill 
microorganism or suppress their multiplication or growth, 
e.g. penicillin (Natural), Sulphonamides, nitroglerine, etc. 
Antimicrobi alagents are used to treat infectious disease. 
[3,4,5]
This work is therefore focused on the evaluation and 
comparative of  phytochemical contents of  underutilized 

edible and non-edible. The emergence and re-emergence 
of  diseases has left researchers with no Option than to 
focus spot-light on the discovery of  bioactive metabolites 
from medicinal plants to compliment synthetic orthodox 
drugs in the fight against diseases caused by infectious 
agents. The use of  medicinal plants in the treatment 
of  diseases has been in practice since ancient times in 
different parts of  the world. Plants have the major 
advantage of  still being the most effective and cheaper 
alternative sources of  drugs [6,7]
A biomaterial is essentially a material that is used and 
adapted for a medical application. Biomaterials can have 
a benign function, such as being used for a heart valve, 
or may be bioactive; used for a more interactive purpose 
such as hydroxy‐apatite coated hip implants (the Furlong 
Hip, by Joint Replacement instrument at Ltd, Sheffield 
is one such example – such implants are lasting upwards 
of  twenty years). Biomaterials are also used every day 
in dental applications, surgery, and drug delivery. While 
a definition for the term ‘biomaterial’ has been difficult 
to formulate, more widely accepted working definitions 
include: “A biomaterial is any material, natural or man‐
made, that comprises whole or part of  a living structure or 
biomedical device which performs, augments, or replaces 
a natural function. African yam bean (Sphenostylis 
stenocarpa) is an edible, underutilized Grain legumes 
widely cultivated in Africa that is used for man and animal 
nutrition. Like most grain legumes cultivated in Africa, 
African yam bean is rich in prate in, carbohydrates, fat, 
vitamins and minerals [8,9]. The protein is made up of  
over essential amino acids, with lysine and Lucien being 
predominant. It is also rich in antioxidant sand free-

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radical scavengers. In spite of  its composition, it has 
a low consumption rate. This is mainly due to its long 
cooking time about 145min. [10]
Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) is a rich source of  protein 
for animal and Human consumption. It also supplies a 
significant amount of  minerals and vitamins. It is among 
the dry leguminous cultivated for food in Nigeria. It is 
also an important food legume in African and south – 
East Asia (11, 12).
Carica papaya Linnaeus (pawpaw leaf), belongs to the 
family of  caricaceae. Papaya is not a tree but herbaceous 
succulent plants that Posses self-supporting stems. [13] 
It is a large perennial Herb with a rapid growth rate. The 
plants are usually short-lived, but can produce fruit for 
more than 20 years. The papaya has a rather complicated 
Means of  reproduction. Carica papaya leaf  tea or extract 
has a reputation as a tumors-destroying agent [14]. Fresh, 
green pawpaw leaf  is an antiseptic, whilst the brown, dried 
pawpaw leaf  is the best as a Tonic and blood purifier.[15].

Pawpaw Seed
Carica papaya is known with many other common names 
such as papaya, papaw, pawpaw, chichpu, mamao and 
melon tree. It may cultivate for its young leaves, shoots 
and fruits which are cooked as a vegetable or for its 
ripe fruit which is well known as a popular beverage. 
Earlier, it was reported that papaya had positive effect 
against bacterial in factions. It was found that treatment 
of  wound with Carica papaya improved efficiency of  
phagocytic cells that destroy bacteria. In vitro studies 
conducted on extracts from skin, flesh, and seeds of  both 
ripe and unripe Carica papaya gave antibacterial activities 
against various microorganisms including Staphylococcus 
aurous, Bacillus subtilize, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia 
coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella 
pneumonia, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
and Shigella Flexner. Papa in which is the main enzyme 
found in Carica papaya is recognized as effective natural 
medicine in controlling both edema and inflammation 
associated with surgical operations. It also produced 
therapeutic effects in patients with inflammatory 
disorders of  intestine, liver and eye. An aqueous extract 
of  Carica papaya was also examined for its effect on 
growth of  various tumor Cell lines and on human 
lymphocytes and have shown positive significant results. 
The seeds and the pulp of  Carica papaya contain benzyl 
glucoseinolate which can be hydrolyzed by myrosinase to 
produce benzyl isothiocyanate. [16,17,18]

Moringa Oleifera 
Is the most widespread species of  the plant family 
Moringaceae. It is a rapidly growing tree native to 
the sub-Himalayan Regions of  north-west India and 
indigenous to many parts of  Africa, South America and 
Asia. Typically reaching a height of  3-4metres, flowering 
and Fruiting in one year from a 0.3metre seedling even in 
poor quality soil [19, 20]. It is known by different names 
around the world [21], for example in India “Drumstick” 
or “Horseradish” tree. The tree produces large seed pods 

which can either be harvested when green for food or left 
to dry. The dried seeds can be crushed to produce a high-
quality vegetable oil and the resulting press-cake mixed 
with water and strained to form a coagulant for water 
treatment [22, 23]

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Beaker, Conical flask, Fehling solution, Electric 
heater, Pipette, Round bottom flask, Volumetric flask, 
Spectrophotometer, Filter paper, Test tube, Distilled 
water, Ferric chloride (FeCl3), Tetraoxosulphate(vi) acid 
(H2S04), Sodium hydroxide, Potassium iodine, Iodine 
crystal, Methanol, Ethyl acetate, Chloroform, Petroleum 
ether weighing balance. These materials were obtained 
from Bro. Mike Researchers Lab. Umuerim Extension 
Umudibia Nekede. The fresh seeds were thoroughly clean 
and any foreign materials and broken and immature seeds 
were removed and Shade dried for three (3) consecutive 
days to constant weight at room temperature (25–30°C). 
The seeds were pulverized to fine particle using the 
laboratory mill. Processing Techniques.[25]

Boiling
A set of  AYB seeds (100g) was boiled in distilled water 
(100°C) in bean: water ratio of  1: 10 (w/v) for 3h and 
48 min, which is the established time frame known for it 
to be ready as practiced by the locals. After boiling, the 
Water was drained off  and the boiled sample was mashed 
into paste using a ceramic mortar and then stored in an 
airtight container at 4–6°C until it was used. [26]

Africa Yam Bean
The plant material was collected from the field. The seeds 
were dried under Shade and made into powder using 
pestle and mortar. The seeds were moisture for 3hours 
and then dried in oven at 600C overnight for circulation 
seed coat. The seeds coat was removed mechanically by 
using hand grinder. The seeds coat was made into fine 
powder using material. [27,28]

Seeds of  Cajanus Cajan (Pigeon Pea)
The seeds of  Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea) was collected 
from the field. The seeds were dried under shade and 
made into fine powder using pestle and mortar. The seeds 
were moistened for 1h and then dried in oven at 550C 
overnight for separation of  seed coat and cotyledon. The 
hull or seed coat is removed mechanically by using hand 
grinder. The two fractions like seed coat and cotyledon 
are made into fine powder using grinder. [29]

Pawpaw seeds
The plant material was collected from the field. The seeds 
were dried under shade and made into powder using 
grinder.

Pawpaw Leaves
The plant material which is fresh green pawpaw leaves, 
fresh yellow pawpaw leaf  dry brown pawpaw leafs were 
collected. The leaves were washed, cut into small pieces 
and sun dried for five days. The samples were ground 

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into powder.

Moringa seeds
The plant material was collected from the field. The seeds 
were dried under shade and made into powder using 
pestle and mortar. The seeds were moistures for 2 hours 
and then dried in oven at 600C overnight for circulation 
seed coat. The seeds coat was removed mechanically by 
using hand grinder. The seeds coat was made into fine 
powder using material.[30]

Phytochemical Analysis
Test for alkaloid
Preparation of  Wagner’s reagent 1.3g of  iodine crystal and 
2g of  potassium iodine was dissolved and makeup100ml 
with water.
Procedure: 1ml of  each sample (extract) will be added to 
1ml of  Wagner’s reagent. A brick red shows the presence 
alkaloid.

Test for tannin
5% of  ferric chloride (FeCL3) was dissolved and makeup 
to100ml with distilled water. 20% of  potassium hydroxide 
was dissolved and makeup to 100ml with water then 5ml 
was added to1ml of  each of  the extract in different test 

tube. Pipette 3ml of  each sample and 3 drop of  Fecl 3 and 
boil for 2 minutes. A blue black indicated the presence of  
tannin.

Test for flavonoid
Add 3ml of  each extract to1ml of  10%sodium hydroxide. 
Yellowish colour indicates the presence of  flavonoid.

Test for saponin
Add 3ml of  each extract to 2ml of  2ml of  distilled water 
with vigorous shaking and boil for two (2) minutes. Stable 
foaming indicates the presence of  saponin.

Test for steroid
Add 5 drops of  conc tetraoxosulphate (vi) (H2S04) 
into1ml of  each of  the extract red colour medicates the 
presence of  steroid.

Test of  glycoside
Add 5ml of  each extract to 5ml of  50% H2S04 with head 
in water bater for 15minutes, cool for 7minutes, and then 
add 5ml of  Fehling solution and heat for 3minutes red 
colour indicate the presence of  glycoside.

RESULT ANALYSIS

Table 1: Extraction
Solvent Wt of  filtrate(g) Wt of  residue(g)
Methanol 15 21.5
Ethyl acetate 14 22.5
Petroleum ether 12 24.5
Chloroform 13 23.5

Sample Parameter Solvent
Yam Beans Alkaloid Water N-Hexan Chloroform Ethanol

+ +++ ++ +++
Glycoside + _ _ _
Flavonoid _ +++ + +
Steroid _ + _ _
Tannin _ _ _ _
Saponin + ++ + +

Sample Parameter Solvent
PigeonPea Alkaloid Water N-Hexan Chloroform Ethanol

_ ++ _ +
Glycoside _ _ _ _
Flavonoid _ _ _ _
Steroid _ ++ + _
Tannin + _ _ ++
Saponin +++ _ + +

Sample Parameter Solvent
Moringa seed Alkaloid Water N-Hexan Chloroform Ethanol

_ ++ _ +

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Sample Parameter Solvent
Pawpaw leaf Alkaloid Water N-Hexan Chloroform Ethanol

+ +++ + ++
Glycoside _ + + _
Flavonoid _ _ _ _
Steroid _ ++ + _
Tannin _ _ _ _
Saponin ++ _ + +

Sample Parameter Solvent
Pawpaw seed Alkaloid Water N-Hexan Chloroform Ethanol

++ +++ ++ ++
Glycoside _ + + _
Flavonoid _ + + _
Steroid _ ++ + _
Tannin _ _ _ _
Saponin +++ _ + +

+++ = Highly present
++ = Moderately present
+ = slightly present
- = Absent

DISCUSSION
The leaves and seeds were thoroughly washed, made 
into fine powder and weighed with a weighing machine; 
thus, the initial weight of  the fine powder is 146g. The 
powered material (146g) was weighed into four different 
conical flasks macerated with four different solvents 
via methanol, Ethylacetate, chloroform, and petroleum 
ether. This was left to stand for 24 hours. Then after the 
filtration and concentration process, methanol extract 
gives the highest filtrate (15g) and leaTabsidue (21.5g), 
followed by the ethylacetate extract which gives filtrate 
(14g) and residue (22.5g). The chloroform ether extract 
give filtrate (13g) and residue (23.5g) and petroleum ether 
gives the least filtrate (12g) and highest residue (24.5g). 
The phytochemical analysis was carried out based on 
laboratory procedure Bro. Mike Researchers Lab. The 
preliminary photochemical screening of  different solvent 
revealed the presence of  alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, 
tannins, steroids and glycosides in methanol extract, the 
screening further revealed the presence of  glycoside 
in ethylacetate extract, then in petroleum etherextract, 
the presence of  alkaloids, saponins and steroids were 
revealed and finally the presence of  alkaloids, saponins 
and steroids were revealed in chloroform extract. It is 
automatically revealed that methanol is the best solvent 
for the extraction of  phytochemical since it does not 

affect the presence of  any phytochemical meanwhile, 
alkaloids, Saponins and steroids are not selectivity based 
on the solvent used for the extraction. The medical and 
physiological activities of  the Yam Beans, pigeon pea, 
moringa seed, pawpaw seed and pawpaw leaves can be 
attributed to the presence of  the secondary metabolites. 
It has been known that alkaloids are used for treatment 
of  maleria, diabetes, and hypertension and also used as a 
tranquilizer. Saponins are also used as tranquilizer, ant-
carcimogenic and anti-lipidemic agent. Hence have the 
ability to stimulate the heart muscle. Flavonoids have 
been known to be synthesized by plant in response to 
microbial attack hence; they are effective antimicrobial 
substance against a wide array of  microorganism. 
Psychotherapeutically, tannin containing plants are used 
to treat nonspecific diarrhea, inflamemation of  mouth, 
throat and slightly injured skin. The medicinal values of  
plant depend on the phytochemicals such as flavonoids, 
alkaloids, saponins, tannin. Phytochemical analysis of  the 
pawpaw leaves showed that the leaves contained saponins, 
cardiac glycosides, and alkaloids. Tannin was absent in the 
leaves. The presence of  saponins supports the fact that 
pawpaw leaf  has cytotoxic effects such as permealization 
of  the intestine as saponins are cytotoxic. It also gives 
the leaves the bitter taste. Saponin has relationship with 
sex hormones like oxytocin. Oxytocin is a sex hormone 
involved in controlling the onset of  labour in women 
and the subsequent release of  milk. Another important 
action of  saponins is their expectorant actions through 
the stimulation of  are flex of  the upper digestive tract 
[31, 32]. Alkaloids are the most efficient therapeutically 

Glycoside _ _ _ _
Flavonoid ++ +++ + +
Steroid _ _ _ _
Tannin + _ + _
Saponin +++ _ + +

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significant plant substance. Pure isolated alkaloids and the 
synthetic derivatives are used as basic medicinal agents 
because of  their analgesic, antispasmodic and bacterial 
properties. [33]. They show marked physiological effects 
when administered to animals. The presence of  alkaloids 
in the leaves shows that these plants can be effective anti-
malaria, since alkaloids consist of  quinine, which is an 
anti-malari.

CONCLUSION
The flavonoid and alkaloid maybe the potential chemo 
preventive and anticancer substances. Furthermore, 
Pigeon pea, yam bean, moringa seed Pawpaw seed and 
pawpaw leave have been found to contain most of  the 
bioactive constituent spresent in plant via alkaloid, 
saponin, tannins, flovonbid, steroid and glycoside. Pigeon 
pea, moringa seed, yam bean, pawpaw seed and pawpaw 
leave are very good medicinal plant used in the treatment 
of  maleria, cancer, cough hypertension etc they also aid 
digestion and enable the nourishment of  skin. From 
the analysis of  the phytochemical it can be concluded 
that methanol is the best solvent for the extraction of  
the phytochemical followed by the ethylacetate. It is also 
considered carry dry under room temperature in order 
not to temper the presence of  the constituent.
The result of  this study showed that the Yam bean seeds 
had better nutritional profile with high level of  protein, 
carbohydrate lipid, minerals and other nutrients as 
compared with the other nutrients in the legume grains. 
The processing of  the yam bean seeds reduced its level 
of  ant nutrients with little effect on the nutritional quality. 

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