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American Journal of  Environmental
Economics (AJEE) 

An Overview of  Tree Species Used for Agroforestry Practices in Nepal
Sher Bahadur Budha1*

Volume 1 Issue 1, Year 2022
ISSN: 2833-7905 (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajee.v1i1.461
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajee

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received:  August 4, 2022

Accepted: August 25, 2022

Published: August 29, 2022

Tree species are the main component of  the agro-forestry system because they provide 
farmers with direct benefits and play a vital role in mitigating climate change, stabilizing 
slopes, and ecological balance. The list of  tree species used in different agro-forestry prac-
tices shows 110 tree species belonging to 42 families. Tree species belonging to the family 
Moraceae are widely used in agro-forestry practices, followed by Liguminosae, Rosaceae, 
Rubiaceae, and so on. There are approximately 44 species of  trees suitable for single use, 
such as forage, fruit, fuelwood, and timber production. Similarly, tree species with two func-
tions are better than tree species with only one function. Approximately 40 trees have two 
functions: food and fuelwood, fruit and fuelwood, and wood and fuelwood. Among the 110 
species used in agro-forestry practices in Nepal, 21 species have more than two functions 
and are the most suitable species for agro-forestry practices. The use of  tree species in dif-
ferent agro-forestry practices shows that the number of  trees used in Silvo-pastoral systems 
is the highest (30%), followed by Horto-agri-silviculture (23%). Approximately 21% of  tree 
species are used in more than two agro-forestry systems. The minimum number of  tree spe-
cies used for Agri-silvi-pastoral and home gardens is 3% and 4% respectively.

Keywords

Agro-forestry, Systems, Tree 
Species, Use

1 Institute of  Forestry, Hetauda Campus, Tribhuvan University, Hetauda, Nepal.
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: sherbdr025@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION
Agro-forestry is a type of  land use in which trees supply 
both products and services to the environment (Forestry 
et al., 2013). When trees grown on different farmlands in 
the same area are aggregated in agro-forestry systems, it 
might result in a better-wooded situation, hence improving 
environmental protection (Otegbeye, 2002). According 
to Kang (1993), trees have social and economic values 
in addition to direct agricultural benefits. From a social, 
economic, and ecological standpoint, the value of  tree 
components derived by farmers from agro-forestry was 
assessed (Anderson and Sinclair, 1993). Agro-forestry’s 
social and economic benefits can be measured in terms 
of  production, stability, and long-term viability.
Rural Nepali farmers’ livelihoods, and thus food 
security, are largely dependent on their ability to access 
tree resources, whether from their own land or from 
community forests. (Cedamon et al., 2018). Nepali 
farmers have a long history of  planting trees on their 
land (Nuepane et al. 2002) and these traditional agro-
forestry systems have been well described by Amatya 
and Newman (1993) among others. Typical Nepali agro-
forestry relies largely on fodder trees for livestock and 
the manure and forest litter produced, which are used as 
bedding materials to maintain soil fertility (Garforth et al. 
1999; Palikhe and Fujimoto 2010). Agro-forestry trees are 
the primary source of  fodder (Amatya 1990; Pandey et 
al. 2009), accounting for up to 70% of  dry matter intake 
for much of  the year (Degen et al. 2010). Farmers grow 
maize, wheat, millet, and vegetable crops on their terraced, 
tree-bounded farms. These agro-forestry systems supply 
subsistence products as well as environmental services 
like soil stabilization and improvement (Pandit and 
Thapa 2004; Pandit et al. 2014; Nuepane and Thapa 

2001; Gilmour and Nurse 1991; Malla 2000; Regmi and 
Garforth 2010; Nuepane et al. 2002; Pandit and Thapa 
2004; Nuepane and Thapa 2001) and conservation of  
biological diversity (Acharya 2006). 
Modern agro-forestry integrates technological knowledge 
along with multipurpose tree species to provide maximum 
benefits to farmers. However, in Nepal, traditional agro-
forestry practices are the most common. Rather than 
planting seedlings of  multipurpose tree species, farmers 
protect seedlings and saplings of  naturally regenerated 
species. Tree species are primarily employed for the 
production of  fodder, fuelwood, fruit, and timber. 
Farmers are still unaware of  the multiple roles that tree 
species perform in the agro-forestry system. The main 
aim of  this study is to compile a list of  tree species, 
their applicability, and their use in various agro-forestry 
systems, as well as to offer policymakers with pertinent 
advice for encouraging the planting of  these species. On 
the other hand, it directly assists framers in the adoption 
of  agro-forestry practices along with multipurpose tree 
species, as well as reaping the benefits of  maximizing the 
value of  a limited piece of  land.
The objective of  this report is to provide an overview 
of  the tree species employed in Nepal’s agro-forestry 
systems.

METHODOLOGY
Secondary sources are employed to acquire information 
on tree species used in Nepalese agro-forestry practices. 
Published articles, relevant books, and online databases 
are all included in this source. About 15 agro-forestry 
related articles from 1984 to 2021AD retrieved from 
Research Gate, and the tree species referenced by various 
authors were compiled in an excel spreadsheet. The tree 

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Am. J. Environ Econ. 1(1) 40-43, 2022

species are then classified according to their family, uses, 
and classification system. Excel was used to display the 
results in charts, tables, and a pie chart.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Tree species and their family
In Nepal, around 110 tree species from 42 different 
families are used in agro-forestry practices. The Moraceae 
family has the most tree species (16), followed by the 
Liguminosae family (8), Rosaceae and Rutaceae (6), and 
Anacardiaceae and Malvaceae (5) tree species in each 

family, respectively. Each of  the three tree families, 
Lauraceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Fagaceae, has four 
tree species. Similarly, the Sapindaceae, Verbenaceae, 
Meliaceae, Myrtaceae, and Combretaceae families 
each include three tree species, whereas the Rubiacace, 
Caesalpinaceae, Sapotaceae, Annonaceae, Lythraceae, 
Theaceae, Arecaceae, Apocynaceae, and Lamiaceae 
families each contain two tree species. 
There are 19 different families within family others in the 
following chart, each with one tree species utilized for 
agro-forestry.

 
Tree species having single use
Out of  the 110 tree species cultivated in agro-forestry 
in Nepal, 44 species are particularly good for single 

Figure 1: Family wise number of  agro-forestry tree species
function. These 44 tree species are further divided into 
groups based on their intended usage. Only 22 species 
are used for fodder, 12 species for fruit, 6 species for fuel 
wood, and 4 species are used for timber.

Figure 2: Agro-forestry tree species having single use

Status of  species having multiple (2) functions
18 species of  trees are used for fodder and fuelwood, 13 
species are used for fruit and fuelwood, and 9 species are 

used for timber and fuelwood products, out of  the total 
species used for agro-forestry practices in Nepal.

Multipurpose agro-forestry tree species 

Figure 3: Agro-forestry tree species having two uses

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Trees species having multiple applications are best for 
agro-forestry practices as they provide maximum benefits 
within same piece of  land comparing the species having 

single application. 21 tree species which are best for agro-
forestry practices in Nepal are listed in following table1. 

Table 1: Agro-forestry tree species having multiple uses 
S.N Local Name Scientific Name Family Use 
1 Badahar Artocaarpus lakoocha Moraceae Fodder, timber, Fruit, firewood
2 Dabdabe Garuga pinnata Bursearaceae Fodder, fuel (timber)
3 Bakaino Melia azedarach Meliaceae Fodder, Timber, fruit 
4 Sal Shorea robusta Dipterocarpaceae Fodder, Timber, Firewood
5 Sisoo Dalbergia sisoo Liguminosae Fodder, Timber, firewood
6 Aanp Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Fruit, Fuel, Timber
7 kadam Anthocephalus chinsis Rubiacace Timber, fuel, fodder
8 Gamari Gmelina arborea Verbenaceae Timber, fuel, fodder
9 Seto siris Albizia procera Liguminosae Timber, fuel, fodder
10 Karma Adina cordifolia Rubiacace Fodder, fuel, timber
11 Amala Phyllanthus emblica Euphorbiaceae Fuel, fruit, Medicine
12 Harro Terminalia chebula Combretaceae Fuel, fruit, Medicine
13 Baroo Terminalia bellerica Combretaceae Fuel, fruit, Medicine
14 Uttis Alnus nepalensis Betulaceae Timber, Fuelwood, Fodder
15 Musure Katus castanopsis tribuloides Fagaceae Fuelwood, Fodder, Fruit
16 Chilaune Schima wallichii Theaceae Timber, Fuelwood, Fodder
17 Paiyu prunus cerasoides Rosaceae Timber, Fuelwood, Fodder
18 Mel Pyrus pashia Rosaceae Fuel, timber, live fence
19 Vakkimilo Rhus javanica Anacardiaceae Fodder, fuel, Medicine, Fruit
20 Khari Celtis australis Cannabaceae Fodder, fuel, timber
21 Chiuri Bassia butyracea Sapotaceae Fodder, fruit, fuel

Tree species for agro-forestry practices 

There are about 110 tree species of  42 families are used for agro-forestry practices in Nepal.
Table 2: Tree species used for agro-forestry practices, their family, uses, appropriate agro-forestry system and 
altitudinal range
SN Local 

Name
Scientific 
Name

Family Uses Systems Altitude(m)

1 Badahar Artocaarpus 
lakoocha

Moraceae Fodder, timber, 
Fruit, firewood

Horti-agri-silviculturl, 
Agri-silviculture, Silvo-
pastoral, Home garden

1300

Tree species and appropriate agro forestry system
Different tree species are the component of  different 
agro-forestry systems. The choice of  tree species depends 
upon objectives of  farmers but in conventional agro-
forestry practices, most of  the farmers having lack of  
knowledge about species 

identification to suit specific practices. In this review, 
maximum numbers of  tree species (30%) are used 
for silvo-pastoral system followed by the horto-agri-
siliculture system i.e. 23% and Agri-silviculture i.e.19%. 
Similarly, 4% and 3% tree species are used for Home 
garden and Agri-silvi-pastoral system. 

Figure 4: Agro-forestry tree species having two uses

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2 Dabdabe Garuga pinnata Bursearaceae Fodder, fuel 
(timber)

Silvo-pastoral 1300

3 Ipil-Ipil Leucaena 
leucocephala

Leguminosae Fodder, Fuel, Agri-silvi-pastoral, 
Silvo-pastoral

1500

4 Kabro Ficus lacor Moraceae Fodder Home garden 500
5 Khnyau Ficus 

semicordata
Moraceae Fodder, Fuel, Agri-silviculture, 

Home garden, Silvo-
pastoral

200-1700

6 Kimbu Morus alba Moraceae Fodder, Fruit, Horti-agri-silvicultural 2400
7 Koiralo Bauhinia 

variegate
Caesalpinaceae Fodder, Fuel, Home garden 1900

8 Kutmero Litsea 
monopetala

Lauraceae Fodder, Fuel, Agri-silviculture, Agri-
silvi pastoral

1500

9 Tanki Bauhinea 
purpurea

Caesalpinaceae Fodder, Fuel, Home garden 1600

10 Bakaino Melia azedarach Meliaceae Fodder, 
Timber, fruit 

Home garden, Agri-
silvculture, Silvo-
pastoral

700-1300

11 Sal Shorea
robusta

Dipterocar-
paceae

Fodder, 
Timber, 
Firewood

Agri-silvi-pastoral 1000

12 Sisoo Dalbergia sisoo Liguminosae Fodder, 
Timber, 
firewood

Horti-agri-silvicultural, 
Agri-silviculture

1500

13 Amba Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Fruit Horti-agri-silvicultural 500
14 Aanp Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Fruit, Fuel, 

Timber
Horti-agri-silvicultural 1200

15 Anar Punica 
granatum

Punicaceae Fruit, Fuel Horti-agri-silvicultural 700-2300

16 Aaru Prunus persica Rosaceae Fruit, Fuel Horti-agri-silvicultural 1500-2680
17 Kagati Citrus 

aurantifolia
Rutaceae Fruit, Fuel Horti-agri-silvicultural 800-1400

18 Litchi Litchi chinensis Sapindaceae Fruit, Fuel Horti-agri-silvicultural 800
19 Mewa Carica papaya Caricaceae Fruit, Fuel Horti-agri-silvicultural 1000
20 Naspati Pyrus serotina Rosaceae Fruit, Fuel Horti-agri-silvicultural 1800-2800
21 Nibuwa Citrus limon Rutaceae Fruit, Fuel Horti-agri-silvicultural 800-1400
22 Rukh 

katahar
Atrocarpus 
heterophyllus

Moraceae Fruit, Fuel Horti-agri-silvicultural 160-1528

23 Sapeta Eucalyptus 
camaludensis

Myrtaceae Timber Horti-agri-silvicultural, 
Agri-silvculture

1500

24 Teak Tectona grandis Verbenaceae Timber Agri-silvculture, Silvo-
pastoral

700

25 kadam Anthocephalus 
chinsis

Rubiacace Timber, fuel, 
fodder

Silvo-pastoral 1000

26 Gamari Gmelina arborea Verbenaceae Timber, fuel, 
fodder

Silvo-pastoral 1200

27 Kapok Ceiba pentandra Malvaceae Timber, fuel, Silvo-pastoral 1000
28 Seto siris Albizia procera Liguminosae Timber, fuel, 

fodder
Silvo-pastoral,  Agri-
silvculture

1500

29 Neem Azadirachta 
indica

Meliaceae Timber, fuel Silvo-pastoral 900

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30 Ginderi Premna 
integrifolia

Verbenaceae Fodder, fuel Silvo-pastoral 600-3500

31 Khaksi Streblus asper Moraceae Fodder Silvo-pastoral 500
32 Karma Adina cordifolia Rubiacace Fodder, fuel, 

timber
Silvo-pastoral 800

33 Jamun Syzygium 
cumini

Myrtaceae Timber , fuel Silvo-pastoral 1600

34 Mahuwa Madhuca indica Sapotaceae Timber , fuel Silvo-pastoral 1200
35 Khyar Acacia catechu Liguminosae Timber, fodder, 

fuel
Silvo-pastoral 1400

36 Gazuma Guazuma 
ulmifolia

Malvaceae Fodder, 
fuelwood

Silvo-pastoral 400-1200

37 Simal Bombax ceiba Malvaceae Timber ,fodder Agri-silviculture 1500
38 Amala Phyllanthus 

emblica
Euphorbiaceae Fuel, fruit, 

Medicine
Agri-silvi-pastoral 150-1400

39 Harro Terminalia 
chebula

Combretaceae Fuel, fruit, 
Medicine

Agri-silvi-pastoral 1100

40 Baroo Terminalia 
bellerica

Combretaceae Fuel,fruit, 
Medicine

Agri-silvi-pastoral 1100

41 Bhogate Citrus grandis Rutaceae Fruit, fuel Horti-agri-silvicultural 1340
42 Sitafal Annona 

reticulata
Annonaceae Fruit, fuel Horti-agri-silvicultural 1500

43 Sarifa Annona 
squamosa

Annonaceae Fruit, fuel Horti-agri-silvicultural 1500

44 Sajana Moringa oleifera Moringaceae Fruit Horti-agri-silvicultural 600
45 Bel Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Fruit Horti-agri-silvicultural 150-1400
46 Suntola Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Fruit Home garden 900-1200
47 Mausami Citrus sinensis Rutaceae Fruit Horti-agri-silvicultural 900
48 Aanar Punica 

granatum
Lythraceae Fruit Horti-agri-silvicultural 700-2300

49 Aaruba-
khada

Prunus 
domestica

 Rosaceae Fruit Horti-agri-silvicultural 1000-2000

50 Syau Malus pumila  Rosaceae Fruit Horti-agri-silvicultural 1500-2700
51 Imili Tamarindus 

indica
Liguminosae Fruit Horti-agri-silvicultural 1500

52 Bayer Ziziphus 
mauritiana

Rhemnaceae Fruit Horti-agri-silvicultural 1200

53 Uttis Alnus nepalensis Betulaceae Timber, 
Fuelwood, 
Fodder

Agri-silviculture 500-2700

54 Musure 
Katus

Castanopsis 
tribuloides

Fagaceae Fuelwood, 
Fodder, Fruit

Home garden, Agri-
silvculture, Silvo-
pastoral

450-2300

55 Bar Ficus 
bengalensis

Moraceae Fodder Home garden, Agri-
silviculture

600

56 Pakhuri Ficus glaberrima Moraceae Fodder Home garden, Agri-
silviculture

750-1134

57 Dudhilo Ficus nimoralis Moraceae Fodder Home garden, Agri-
silviculture

900-2200

58 Pipal Ficus religiosa Moraceae Fodder Home garden, Agri-
silviculture

1520

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59 Kapas  Gossypium 
herbaceum

Malvaceae Fodder Home garden, Agri-
silviculture

1500

60 Botdhyaro lagerstroemia 
parviflora

Lythraceae Fodder Silvo-pastoral 1200

61 Kaulo Machilus 
odoratissima

Lauraceae Fodder Agri-silviculture, Silvo-
pastoral

1000-2000

62 Salla Pinus roxburghii Pinaceae Timber, 
Fuelwood

Silvo-pastoral 400-2000

63 Kharsu Quercus 
semicarpifolia

Fagaceae Fodder Silvo-pastoral 1700-3800

64 Rittha Sapindus 
mukorossi

Sapindaceae Fodder Silvo-pastoral 1000

65 Chilaune Schima wallichii Theaceae Timber, 
Fuelwood, 
Fodder

Home garden, Silvo-
pastoral

900-2000

66 Bedula Ficus subincisa Moraceae Fodder Agri-silviculture 300-1800
67 Paiyu Prunus 

cerasoides
Rosaceae Timber, 

Fuelwood, 
Fodder, 

Agri-silviculture 1200-2400

68 Lapsi Choerospondias 
axillaris

Anacar-
diaceae

Fruit Horti-agri-silvicultural 850-1900

69 Vimsenpati Buddleia asiatica Scrophul-
ariaceae

Fuelwood, 
Fodder

Agri-silviculture 350-2000

70 Timilo Ficus auriculata Moraceae Fuelwood, 
Fodder

Agri-silviculture 250-1700

71 Thotne\
Khasreto

Ficus hispida Moraceae Fuelwood, 
Fodder

Agri-silviculture 450-1100

72 Asna Terminalia 
tomentosa

Combretaceae Fuelwood, 
Timber

Agri-silviculture 1400

73 Sindur Bixa orellana Bixaceae Fodder, 
Fuelwood

Agri-silviculture 2000

74 Rato Tanki Bauhinia 
longifolia

Fagaceae Fodder, 
firewood

Horti-agri-silvicultural 1000

75 supari Areca catechu Arecaceae Fruit Horti-agri-silvicultural 1000
76 Chuletro Brassiopsis 

hainla
Arecaceae Fodder Agri-silviculture 800-1800

77 Chhatiwan Alstonia 
scholaris

Apocynaceae Timber Silvo-pastoral 1000

78 Bhalayo Semicarpus 
anacardium

Anacardiaceae Fuel Silvo-pastoral 1000

79 Sindure Mallotus 
philippinesis

Euphorbiaceae Fodder Silvo-pastoral 1500

80 Gedilo Ficus clavata Moraceae Fodder Agri-silviculture 750-1134
81 Vimal Grewia optiva Malvaceae Fodder, fuel Agri-silviculture 1800-2000
82 Bilauni Maesa chisia Primulaceae Fodder, fuel Silvo-pastoral 2130
83 Mel Pyrus pashia Rosaceae Fuel, timber, 

live fence
Silvo-pastoral 1158-2000

84 Vakkimilo Rhus javanica Anacardiaceae Fodder, fuel, 
Medicine, Fruit

Silvo-pastoral 500

85 Kathe 
kaulo

Machilus 
gamblei

Lauraceae Fodder, fuel Silvo-pastoral,  Agri-
silvculture

700-2400

86 Guren Callicarpa arborea Lamiaceae Fodder, fuel Silvo-pastoral 1300-1700

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87 Tejpat Cinnamon 
tamala

Lauraceae Spice, fuel Silvo-pastoral 450-2200

88 Gayo Bridelia retusa Euphorbiaceae Fuel, fodder Silvo-pastoral 1000-1400
89 Lakuri Fraxinus 

floribunda
Oleaceae Fuel, timber Silvo-pastoral 1500-2700

90 Kabirei Nerium odorum Apocynaceae Fuel, sacrificial 
value

Silvo-pastoral 1900

91 Khari Celtis australis Cannabaceae Fodder, fuel, 
timber

Agri-silviculture 500-2500

92 Mandar Erythrina 
variegata

Fagaceae Fodder, fuel Agri-silviculture 1500

93 Chiuri Bassia butyracea Sapotaceae Fodder, fruit, 
fuel

Agri-silviculture, 
Horto-agri-silviculture

1000-2500

94 Kafal Myrica esculenta Myricaceae Fruit, fuel Silvo-pastoral 900-1500
95 Maleto Macaranga 

pustulata
Euphorbiaceae Fuel Agri-silviculture 900-1800

96  Anyaar Lyonia ovalifolia Ericaceae Fodder Silvo-pastoral 1500-2200
97 Githhi Boehmeria 

rugulosa
Urticaceae Fodder Agri-silviculture 1000-2000

98 Jhingaane Eurya acuminata Theaceae Fuel Silvo-pastoral 1500-2400
99 Bhusure Leucosceptrum 

canum
Lamiaceae Fuel, Fruit Agri-silviculture, 

Horti-agri-silviculture
1000-2800

100 Cassod Cassia siamea Leguminosae Fuel Silvo-pastoral 1400
101 Champ Michelia 

champaca
Magnoliaceae Timber Agri-silviculture 600-1500

102 Gogan Saurauia 
napaulensis

Actinidiaceae Fodder Agri-silviculture 750-2100

103 Ban timila Ficus 
sarmentosa

Moraceae Fodder Agri-silviculture 1400-2500

104 Sandan Desmodium 
oojenense

Liguminosae Fodder Agri-silviculture 600-1220

105 Dumri Ficus racemosa Moraceae Fodder Agri-silviculture 300
106 Piyari Bachanania 

latifolia
Anacardiaceae Timber, 

Firewood
Silvo-pastoral 150-2000

107 Kusum Schleichera 
oleosa

Sapindaceae Timber, 
Firewood

Silvo-pastoral 900

108 Rato siris Albizia 
julibrissin

Liguminosae Fodder Agri-silvculture, Silvo-
pastoral

1500

109 Akhataruwa Trichilia 
connaroides

Meliaceae Fuel Agri-silvculture, Silvo-
pastoral

1000

110 Asare Viburnum 
cordifolium

Adoxaceae Fuel Agri-silvculture, Silvo-
pastoral

2700-3000

Sources: [(Kerkhoff, 2003), (Dhakal et al., 2012), (Magar et al., 2020), (Tamang et al., 2020), (Pandit et al., 2014), (Fonzen 
& Oberholzer, 1984), (Paudel et al., 2019), (Luang, 2006)(R. Sharma et al., 2007), (Cedamon et al., 2018), (Khadka et al., 
2021), (S. Sharma, 2021), (Brook et al., 2012), (Chander 2015.Pdf, n.d.)]

CONCLUSION
Agro-forestry relies heavily on trees since they bring 
various benefits to farmers. The tree species chosen in 
an agro-forestry system significantly impact the ultimate 
product. Farmers gain many benefits from planting 
multipurpose trees with agricultural crops, such as 
fuelwood, lumber, fruit, fodder, and so on. In addition 

to direct benefits, these trees provide various indirect 
benefits. Agro-forestry practices use 110 tree species 
from 42 distinct families, however only 21 species provide 
more than two benefits and are the best for agro-forestry 
operations. 
Trees have their own altitude ranges in which to grow. 
Farmers can use any of  these species for various goods 
depending on the altitudinal content of  the site.

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