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American Journal of   Environmental
Economics (AJEE)

 Low-Cost Biochar: A Sustainable Approach to Improve Soil Fertility and Crop Yield 
for Small-Scale Farmers

Md. Nahid Mahmud1*, Nuzhat Tabassum Muniza2, Asif  Ahmed1

Volume 4 Issue 1, Year 2025
ISSN: 2833-7905 (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajee.v4i1.4613
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajee

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: February 20, 2025

Accepted: March 28, 2025

Published: April 22, 2025

Soil degradation and declining fertility are critical challenges for small-scale farmers, leading 
to reduced agricultural productivity. Biochar, a carbon-rich material produced from biomass 
pyrolysis, has shown potential as a sustainable soil amendment to enhance soil properties 
and crop yield. This study investigates the impact of  low-cost rice husk biochar on soil 
fertility and crop performance in smallholder farming systems of  Salna village, Gazipur, 
Bangladesh. Experimental results indicate that biochar application significantly improved 
soil characteristics. Soil pH increased from 5.2 (control) to 6.5 (biochar-treated), reducing 
soil acidity and improving nutrient availability. Organic matter content doubled, rising from 
1.2% (control) to 2.4% (biochar-treated), enhancing microbial activity and soil fertility. 
Moisture retention improved by 37.6%, reducing water stress in crops. Crop performance 
also showed substantial improvement. Biochar-treated plots exhibited a 33% increase in 
grain yield compared to control fields. Plant height increased by 14.7%, and the number of  
tillers per plant rose by 33.3%, indicating better overall plant growth. Additionally, farmers 
observed improved soil texture and reduced dependency on synthetic fertilizers, highlighting 
biochar’s long-term benefits. The findings suggest that low-cost biochar is an effective 
and sustainable solution for enhancing soil health and boosting agricultural productivity 
in resource-limited farming systems. Future studies should explore its long-term impact, 
economic feasibility, and scalability. Promoting biochar through policy support and farmer 
training programs could facilitate widespread adoption, ensuring sustainable and climate-
resilient agriculture.

Keywords

Low Cost Biochar, Small Scall 
Farmer, Soil Fertility Enhancement, 
Sustainable Agriculture

1 College of  Agricultural Sciences, IUBAT-International University of  Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka-1230, Bangladesh
2 Faculty of  Agriculture, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali-8602, Bangladesh
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: 22309124@iubat.edu

INTRODUCTION
Agricultural sustainability has emerged as one of  the 
most critical concerns for small-scale farmers, particularly 
in developing countries where challenges such as soil 
degradation, nutrient depletion, and declining fertility 
directly impact food security and livelihoods. Over the 
last few decades, excessive dependence on chemical 
fertilizers, monocropping, and unsustainable farming 
practices have contributed to the gradual deterioration 
of  soil health. The consequences of  these practices are 
evident in reduced crop yields, lower organic matter 
content, and diminished long-term productivity of  
agricultural lands. As populations continue to grow 
and arable land becomes scarce, finding effective and 
sustainable soil management strategies has become 
imperative. In this context, biochar has emerged as a 
promising solution with immense potential for improving 
soil fertility, enhancing nutrient retention, and promoting 
sustainable agriculture (Mashamaite et al., 2024). Biochar 
is a carbon-rich material derived from the thermal 
decomposition of  organic biomass under limited oxygen 
conditions, a process known as pyrolysis. Common 
feedstocks for biochar production include agricultural 
residues, wood chips, and animal manure. The material 
is distinguished by its porous structure, which enhances 
several soil properties, including aeration, water retention, 
and microbial habitat. Furthermore, biochar has been 
shown to improve soil pH, making it particularly useful 

for addressing the challenges of  acidic soils that are 
common in many agricultural regions across the world 
(Das & Ghosh, 2020). Beyond its direct effects on soil 
health, biochar also has the potential to sequester carbon, 
contributing to climate change mitigation by locking 
atmospheric carbon dioxide in a stable form for extended 
periods. However, despite its numerous benefits, the large-
scale adoption of  biochar in agricultural systems remains 
limited. High production costs, lack of  awareness among 
farmers, and inadequate access to appropriate production 
technologies are some of  the primary barriers. For small-
scale farmers in resource-constrained settings, the cost 
and complexity of  biochar production are significant 
obstacles (Zubairu et al., 2023). Therefore, developing low-
cost biochar alternatives and promoting their application 
through education and policy support are critical steps 
toward integrating biochar into mainstream agricultural 
practices. In the context of  Bangladesh, a country heavily 
dependent on agriculture, the need for sustainable soil 
management practices is particularly urgent. With over 
60% of  the population engaged in farming, declining 
soil fertility poses a direct threat to food security and 
rural livelihoods (Anika et al., 2020). Intensive cropping, 
coupled with the overuse of  synthetic fertilizers, has led 
to soil degradation in many regions, including Gazipur 
district. Farmers in these areas face the dual challenge 
of  increasing input costs and diminishing returns, which 
further exacerbates their economic vulnerabilities. Given 



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this scenario, introducing low-cost biochar produced 
from locally available agricultural waste, such as rice husks, 
presents a viable and sustainable solution for improving 
soil health and crop productivity. Research studies from 
various parts of  the world have demonstrated the positive 
impacts of  biochar on agriculture. For instance, in India, 
biochar application was found to improve water retention 
by 30%, leading to significant increases in rice and wheat 
yields. Similarly, trials conducted in sub-Saharan Africa 
reported that biochar-enriched soils resulted in maize 
yield improvements ranging from 15% to 25%. These 
findings underscore the potential of  biochar as a soil 
amendment that can address both environmental and 
agricultural challenges. However, the effectiveness of  
biochar is influenced by multiple factors, including the 
type of  soil, the properties of  the biochar used, and the 
application method (Karim, 2020). This necessitates 
region-specific studies to optimize its use under local 
conditions. The present study investigates the potential 
of  low-cost biochar as a sustainable soil amendment for 
small-scale farmers in Bangladesh. The research focuses 

on Salna village in Gazipur district, where rice husk 
biochar, produced using locally available biomass, was 
applied to farmlands (Pandit et al., 2018). The objectives 
of  this study are threefold: to evaluate the changes in soil 
properties resulting from biochar application, to assess its 
impact on crop yield, and to analyze its feasibility as a cost-
effective and sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers. 
The findings aim to provide actionable insights for 
policymakers, agricultural scientists, and farmers looking 
to address soil fertility challenges through sustainable 
practices (Mekuria & Noble, 2013). This research also 
seeks to contribute to the growing body of  knowledge 
on biochar, offering practical recommendations for its 
implementation in resource-constrained agricultural 
systems. By exploring the transformative potential of  
biochar, this study underscores its role in fostering 
agricultural sustainability and improving rural livelihoods. 
It advocates for the integration of  biochar into small-
scale farming systems as a strategic measure to ensure 
long-term food security and environmental health in 
Bangladesh and beyond (Hansson et al., 2021).

Figure 1: Biochar effect on soil fertility

MATERIALS AND METHODS 
Study Area and Experimental Design
The study was conducted in Salna village, located in the 
Gazipur district of  Bangladesh, which is a region known 
for its agricultural activities. The climate in this area is 
characterized by a subtropical monsoon climate, with 
an average annual temperature ranging from 20°C to 
35°C and receiving an annual rainfall of  approximately 
2000 mm. This research was carried out during the 
2024 Boro rice season, where the selected farmlands 
exhibited similar soil properties to ensure consistency 
across treatments. The experiment was designed using a 
randomized complete block design (RCBD) to minimize 
variability between treatments. The entire experimental 
field was divided into six plots, each with an area of  10m 

× 10m. These plots were subjected to two treatments, 
The first treatment was the control, where no biochar was 
applied, and traditional farming practices with chemical 
fertilizers were followed. The second treatment was the 
biochar applied group, where 5 tons per hectare of  low-
cost rice husk biochar was mixed into the soil one week 
before transplanting. Each treatment was repeated in 
three replications to account for variability.

Biochar Production and Application
The biochar used in this experiment was produced from 
locally sourced rice husks, a common agricultural waste 
product in Bangladesh. The rice husks were subjected to a 
pyrolysis process in a modified drum kiln at temperatures 
ranging from 400°C to 500°C. This process ensured 



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partial combustion and retention of  a high carbon 
content in the biochar. Once produced, the biochar was 
allowed to cool and was ground to small particles with a 
diameter of  less than 5 mm. This fine biochar was then 
evenly incorporated into the soil using a rotavator. The 
soil was left undisturbed for a period of  one week before 
rice transplantation, allowing the biochar to stabilize 
within the soil (Wang et al., 2020).

Soil Sampling and Analysis
Soil samples were collected before biochar application and 
after the rice harvest to evaluate the effects of  biochar on 
soil fertility. Soil sampling was carried out at a depth of  
0-15 cm using a soil auger. Samples were taken from three 
different locations within each plot to create a composite 
sample for analysis. Once collected, the samples were air-
dried and passed through a 2 mm mesh sieve to remove 
larger particles.

The Following Soil Parameters Were Analyzed in 
The Laboratory
Soil pH was measured using a digital pH meter with a 
1:2.5 soil-water suspension method. Organic matter 
content was determined using the Walkley-Black 
method, which involves wet oxidation with potassium 
dichromate. Moisture retention capacity was measured 
gravimetrically by drying soil samples at 105°C for 24 
hours to determine the weight loss, representing water 
content. Nutrient availability was assessed using standard 
methods. Nitrogen (N) was determined using the Kjeldahl 
method, phosphorus (P) through the Olsen method, and 
potassium (K) was analyzed using Flame photometry.

Crop Growth and Yield Measurement 
The crop used in this study was Boro rice (Oryza sativa, 
BRRI dhan28), a variety widely cultivated in Bangladesh. 
The rice was transplanted at a spacing of  20 cm × 20 
cm, ensuring uniform growth. Growth parameters such 

as plant height, number of  tillers per plant, and leaf  
chlorophyll content were recorded at 30, 60, and 90 days 
after transplantation. At the time of  harvest, a sample of  
rice grains was collected from each plot. The yield from 
a 1m² area within each plot was measured, and the total 
yield was expressed in kg per hectare (kg/ha).

Statistical Analysis
The data collected from the soil and crop yield 
measurements were subjected to statistical analysis using 
SPSS (Version 25.0). To determine whether there were 
significant differences between the control and biochar-
treated plots, a paired t-test was applied. The level of  
significance was set at p < 0.05, meaning any difference 
with a p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically 
significant. The mean values ± standard deviation (SD) 
were calculated for soil properties and crop yield to 
evaluate the consistency and variability of  the results. 
Data visualization, such as bar charts and tables, were 
used to present the findings in a clear and interpretable 
manner. 

RESULT AND DISCUSSION 
Effect of  Biochar on Soil Properties 
The application of  low-cost rice husk biochar significantly 
improved soil properties compared to the control plot. 
The soil pH increased from 5.2 ± 0.1 in the control 
to 6.5 ± 0.1 in the biochar-treated plot, with a p-value 
<0.05, indicating a statistically significant difference. This 
increase suggests that biochar helps reduce soil acidity, 
which is beneficial for crop growth in acidic soils common 
in Bangladesh. Soil organic matter content also improved 
notably. In the control plot, it was 1.2 ± 0.08%, whereas 
in the biochar-treated plot, it increased to 2.4 ± 0.12% (p 
< 0.05). This enhancement can be attributed to the high 
carbon content in biochar, which provides a stable form 
of  organic matter, improving soil fertility and microbial 
activity (Jien & Wang, 2013). Another key factor was soil 

Table 1: Effect of  Biochar on Soil Fertility and Crop Growth (See Table 1 below for detailed comparisons)
Soil & Crop Parameters Control (No Biochar) (Mean ± SD) Biochar Applied (Mean ± SD) p-value
Soil pH 5.2 ± 0.1 6.5 ± 0.1 <0.05
Organic Matter (%) 1.2 ± 0.08 2.4 ± 0.12 <0.05
Moisture Retention (%) 22.3 ± 1.5 30.7 ± 1.8 <0.05
Nitrogen (%) 0.08 ± 0.005 0.14 ± 0.006 <0.05
Phosphorus (mg/kg) 8.5 ± 0.7 12.6 ± 0.9 <0.05
Potassium (mg/kg) 68.3 ± 2.4 92.7 ± 3.1 <0.05
Plant Height (cm) 85.6 ± 3.2 98.2 ± 3.6 <0.05
Tillers per Plant 8.4 ± 0.5 11.2 ± 0.6 <0.05
Grain Yield (tons/ha) 3.6 ± 0.2 4.8 ± 0.3 <0.05

moisture retention capacity, which improved significantly. 
In the control plot, the moisture retention was 22.3 ± 
1.5%, whereas in the biochar-treated soil, it increased to 
30.7 ± 1.8% (p < 0.05). The porous nature of  biochar 
helps retain soil moisture, reducing the frequency of  

irrigation required, which is especially useful for small-
scale farmers with limited water resources. These 
findings are summarized in Table 1, which presents the 
comparative effect of  biochar application on soil fertility 
and crop performance. 



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Effect of  Biochar on Soil Nutrient Availability
Biochar application significantly influenced the availability 
of  essential nutrients such as Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus 
(P), and Potassium (K). The nitrogen content increased 
from 0.08 ± 0.005% in the control to 0.14 ± 0.006% 
(p < 0.05). This could be due to biochar’s ability to 
reduce nitrogen leaching and improve microbial nitrogen 
fixation. Similarly, available phosphorus improved from 
8.5 ± 0.7 mg/kg in the control to 12.6 ± 0.9 mg/kg (p 

< 0.05). The increase in phosphorus availability is likely 
due to the liming effect of  biochar, which helps release 
phosphorus from bound forms. Potassium content also 
increased significantly from 68.3 ± 2.4 mg/kg in the 
control to 92.7 ± 3.1 mg/kg (p < 0.05), improving overall 
soil fertility. These improvements in soil properties 
are visually represented in Figure 2, which shows the 
comparative effects of  biochar application on various soil 
fertility parameters.

Figure 2: Effect of  biochar on soil pH, organic matter and nutrient availability compared to control.

Figure 3: Comparison of  Control and Biochar-Treated Soil & Crop Parameters
The graphical representation (Figure 1) clearly illustrates the positive impact of  biochar on key soil and crop parameters. Significant 
improvements in soil pH, organic matter, and nutrient content were observed, ultimately leading to enhanced plant growth and yield.

Effect of  Biochar on Crop Growth and Yield
The impact of  biochar on Boro rice (Oryza sativa, BRRI 
dhan28) growth parameters was evident. The plant height 
at harvest was 85.6 ± 3.2 cm in the control, whereas in the 
biochar-treated plot, it reached 98.2 ± 3.6 cm (p < 0.05), 
indicating a significant improvement in plant growth. 
Similarly, the number of  tillers per plant increased from 
8.4 ± 0.5 in the control to 11.2 ± 0.6 (p < 0.05). This 
improvement is likely due to enhanced soil fertility and 
moisture retention in biochar-treated soil (Hamzah & 
Shuhaimi, 2018). The grain yield was significantly higher 

in the biochar-treated plot, with an average yield of  4.8 
± 0.3 tons/ha, compared to 3.6 ± 0.2 tons/ha in the 
control (p < 0.05). This increase of  approximately33% 
demonstrates biochar’s potential in enhancing rice 
productivity for small-scale farmers. 

Interpretation and Practical Implications
The findings of  this study align with previous research 
indicating that biochar improves soil fertility and crop 
productivity. The increase in soil pH and organic matter 
content suggests that biochar is particularly useful in 



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acidic soils, where nutrient availability is often limited. 
Additionally, the higher moisture retention can help 
small-scale farmers in drought-prone regions by reducing 
irrigation needs. Moreover, the improved nutrient 
availability (N, P, K) confirms that biochar can serve as 
a soil amendment, reducing dependency on chemical 
fertilizers. The increase in crop yield further supports 
its potential as a cost-effective and sustainable solution 
for improving food security in Bangladesh. However, 
long-term field studies are required to assess the residual 
effects of  biochar and its interaction with different soil 
types and climatic conditions. Future research should also 
explore the economic feasibility of  large-scale biochar 
production using local agricultural waste.
 
Future Prospects and Steategic Applications of  Biochar
Biochar has enormous potential to address global 
agricultural and environmental challenges through its 
diverse applications. In sustainable agriculture, biochar 
can significantly enhance soil fertility, increase water 
retention, and reduce the need for chemical fertilizers. 
Future studies should focus on developing region-
specific biochar formulations optimized for different 
soil types and climates, ensuring maximum efficiency 
and productivity. Innovative advancements in biochar 
production technologies, such as improved pyrolysis 
techniques, can make the process more energy-efficient 
and cost-effective. The utilization of  alternative 
feedstocks, including agricultural residues and urban 
organic waste, will ensure sustainable production while 
promoting a circular economy. Moreover, scaling up 
production facilities and ensuring accessibility for 
smallholder farmers could make biochar a mainstream 
agricultural input. Biochar also holds great promise as 
a carbon sequestration tool. It can play a pivotal role 
in mitigating climate change by capturing and storing 
carbon in soil for extended periods. Incorporating 
biochar into large-scale reforestation and soil restoration 
initiatives may significantly contribute to achieving global 
climate targets and reversing land degradation. Policy 
support and market development will be essential for 
the wider adoption of  biochar. Governments should 
introduce subsidies, incentives, and carbon credit systems 
to encourage biochar use. Awareness campaigns and 
training programs aimed at farmers can promote its 
adoption at the grassroots level. Additionally, biochar 
research should explore its application in advanced 
fields such as wastewater treatment, renewable energy, 
and industrial processes. With continuous innovation, 
biochar has the potential to revolutionize sustainable 
agriculture, environmental management, and climate 
resilience, ultimately contributing to global food security 
and ecological balance (Chen et al., 2019).
  
Feedback 1 
The study effectively demonstrates the potential of  low-
cost biochar in enhancing soil fertility and crop yield. 
However, additional focus on the economic viability 

of  biochar production would strengthen its practical 
relevance. A cost-benefit analysis detailing production 
expenses, market availability, and long-term profitability 
for small-scale farmers would provide deeper insights. 
Moreover, studying biochar’s interaction with different 
soil types and climatic conditions would ensure broader 
applicability. Future research should also explore the 
role of  biochar in improving soil microbial diversity, as 
microbial activity plays a crucial role in nutrient cycling. 
Furthermore, a comparative analysis between biochar 
and other organic soil amendments such as compost 
or vermicompost could offer a more comprehensive 
evaluation of  its effectiveness. Addressing these aspects 
would significantly enhance the study’s impact.
 
Feedback 2 
This research presents compelling evidence of  biochar’s 
effectiveness in improving soil fertility and increasing 
crop yield. However, the study would benefit from an 
exploration of  challenges faced by farmers in adopting 
biochar technology. Understanding farmers’ awareness 
levels, accessibility issues, and willingness to adopt 
biochar-based farming methods would provide critical 
insights. Moreover, discussing policy recommendations 
that could facilitate biochar adoption such as government 
subsidies, training programs, and community-based 
biochar initiatives would add valuable perspectives. 
Additionally, field trials over multiple growing seasons 
would help assess the long-term sustainability of  biochar 
application. Incorporating real-world farmer testimonials 
and case studies would make the findings more relatable. 
A more in-depth exploration of  biochar’s potential role 
in climate-resilient agriculture could further emphasize 
its environmental benefits. Expanding the discussion 
in these areas would enhance the study’s relevance and 
impact.
 
CONCLUSION
This study demonstrates that low-cost biochar can be an 
effective and sustainable soil amendment for enhancing soil 
fertility and crop productivity, particularly for small-scale 
farmers in Bangladesh. The results indicate a significant 
improvement in soil properties, including increased 
pH, organic matter content, and moisture retention, 
which collectively contribute to better plant growth. 
The application of  biochar led to a notable increase in 
crop yield, with a 33% improvement in grain production 
compared to control plots. Additionally, farmers reported 
enhanced soil texture and reduced dependency on 
chemical fertilizers, highlighting biochar’s potential to 
promote environmentally sustainable farming practices. 
The affordability and availability of  biochar derived 
from agricultural residues make it a viable alternative 
for resource-limited farmers. However, further research 
is needed to assess its long-term effects on soil health, 
economic feasibility, and large-scale implementation. 
Policy interventions and extension programs should be 
developed to raise awareness and encourage biochar 



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adoption among farmers. Beyond yield improvements, 
biochar contributes to carbon sequestration, mitigating 
greenhouse gas emissions and promoting climate-resilient 
agriculture. Scaling up biochar production through 
community-based initiatives and government incentives 
can further enhance its impact. Future studies should 
focus on optimizing biochar application rates, integrating 
it with other sustainable agricultural practices, and 
evaluating its economic benefits over multiple growing 
seasons. By integrating biochar into traditional farming 
systems, agricultural sustainability can be improved, 
ensuring food security and economic benefits for rural 
communities. 
 
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