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 American Journal of  
Food Science and Technology (AJFST)

Green Growth and Renewable Energy Adoption in Bangladesh: Economic and Policy 
Perspectives

Chaiti Paul1*, Shuvo Kumar Mallik2, G. M. M. Didar Diyan Muyed3

Volume 4 Issue 2, Year 2025
ISSN: 2834-0086 (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajfst.v4i2.5778
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajfst

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: July 20, 2025

Accepted: August 24, 2025

Published: September 19, 2025

The purpose of  this paper is to highlight the potential implications and nexus of  green 
growth with renewable energy uptake in Bangladesh, providing a policy context that sets 
examples crucial for ensuring an appropriate understanding of  sustainable development on a 
longer-term horizon. Based on a detailed bibliometric analysis of  6,794 research papers from 
the Web of  Science database related to renewable energy ownership by inducible, published 
between 1990 and June 2023, this paper provides an updated understanding of  the evolution 
of  renewable energy in response to Bangladesh’s economic growth. Detailing significant 
findings, academic luminaries, and thematic trends on the subject, this study provides a critical 
analysis of  renewable energy in supporting Bangladesh’s green economic transition. One 
understated point made by the study is that to curb environmental degradation, renewable 
energy use is more than necessary; it is also beneficial for a growing economy. Renewable 
energy holds the key to a green economy in Bangladesh, which will generate employment, 
improve local community welfare, and support energy security. The study further reveals 
an extensive positive relationship between the deployment of  Renewable Energy and key 
economic parameters, such as GDP growth, industrial output & innovation in technology. 
The correlation is robust in resource-rich locations of  Bangladesh, demonstrating the 
significant economy-wide implications of  renewable energy, including its ability to draw in 
appropriate investment needed for higher economic growth and inclusive development. The 
study underscores the importance of  proper policy frameworks and strategies to mainstream 
renewable energy in the Bangladesh economy model. Bangladesh must align its economic 
policies with the practice of  sustainable energy if  it wants to light up and flourish a resilient 
tomorrow for itself. The study provides important insights for policymakers, academics, and 
other stakeholders to further green growth of  Bangladesh through renewable energy and 
achieve sustainable development in the long run.

Keywords

Bangladesh, Economic Growth, 
Energy Transition, Green 
Economy, Policy Development, 
Renewable Energy, Sustainability

1 Department of  Fisheries, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Science University, Bangladesh
2 Department of  Economics, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
3 International Relations, Bangladesh University of  Professionals, Dhaka, Bangladesh
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: nextgenresearch.info@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION
One of  the most critical elements of  national agendas 
throughout the world has been the pursuit of  economic 
growth, which spurred improvements in technology, 
infrastructure, and industrialization in various industries 
and sectors. However, the relentless pursuit of  economic 
growth, primarily driven by fossil energy sources, has 
had severe repercussions for the environment (Wang & 
Zhang, 2023). The situation was further exacerbated by 
global development, prompting climate studies to warn 
international organizations, such as the Intergovernmental 
Panel on Climate Change and the United Nations 
Environment Programmed, to call for a rapid transition 
to sustainable energy. As a means of  promoting green 
growth that fosters growth-oriented policies without the 
harmful side effects of  traditional energy sources, the 
implementation of  renewables such as solar, wind, hydro, 
and geothermal has been crucial (Khalid et al., 2024). In 
Bangladesh, the transition towards green energy is one 
of  the primary factors that ensures both economic and 
environmental sustainability (Kilinc-Ata et al., 2025). 
Further, the use of  renewable energy holds the potential 

to reduce the contamination of  the environment 
resulting from the burning of  fossil fuels. Green energy 
and the renewables industry also promise to disrupt the 
establishment through job creation, revenue generation, 
and infrastructure. Nonetheless, renewables have been 
challenged by issues such as high costs, technological 
hitches, and policy (Issa et al., 2023). It is resourceful 
to examine the relationship between renewable energy 
and the economy in Bangladesh and what policymakers 
could do to encourage the use of  these forms of  energy 
(Akash et al., 2024). The literature on the use of  energy 
and economy has been explored by other researchers, 
showing that reduced emissions through more cycle-
efficient energy use are life-enhancing. Policymakers can 
examine energy efficiency and innovative economies 
to develop strategies that encourage investors and 
consumers to favor renewable resources over existing 
ones (Mushafiq et al., 2023). Bangladesh offers a unique 
opportunity to explore these issues since it is endowed 
with massive potential for the development of  renewable 
energy resources.



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Research Questions
1. To what extent does the utilization of  renewable 

energy sources correlate with key economic indicators 
such as GDP growth, industrial productivity, and 
technological innovation in Bangladesh?

2. How does renewable energy integration contribute 
to job creation, local development, and enhanced energy 
security in Bangladesh, particularly in regions rich in 
renewable resources?

3. What are the emerging research themes, significant 
works, and influential authors in the field of  economic 
growth and renewable energy, as revealed by a bibliometric 
analysis of  studies from 1990 to June 2023? How can 
these insights inform strategies for promoting sustainable 
economic growth in Bangladesh through renewable 
energy adoption?
This study aims to bridge existing research gaps, 
providing a comprehensive understanding of  the complex 
relationship between renewable energy, economic growth, 
and policy development in Bangladesh. The findings 
will offer valuable guidance to policymakers, industry 
leaders, and researchers in shaping effective strategies for 
achieving green growth and sustainable development.
 
LITERATURE REVIEW
Economic growth came to be closely associated with 
the burning of  fossil fuels, a major cause for many of  
the ecological challenges that we now face, including 
climate change and environmental degradation (Li et al., 
2023). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
(IPCC) advises that the world needs to take a new and 
better path towards all things economic, and relying on 
renewables is just one of  these steps (Fressoz, 2025). In 
this literature review, the proposed study will search for 
relevant studies that scrutinize the relationship between 
economic growth and renewable energy adoption from 
many different perspectives. Thereas is doing a fantastic 
job linking to some of  the most important findings along 
with where more research is needed, as well as emerging 
trends that should be considered in future investigations 
(Marvi et al., 2025). A large body of  empirical research 
finds a positive association between the deployment of  
renewable energy (RE) and a wide array of  economic 
indicators, most notably growth in Gross Domestic 
Product (GDP). All these studies highlight the double 
nature of  renewable energy solutions: environmentally 
friendly and economically profitable (Hayat et al., 2023). 
Switching to renewable energy sources can contribute 
to significant economic growth and serve as a boost 
for those heavily dependent on non-renewable sources. 
This enables renewable energy infrastructure that lessens 
traditional energy source impacts on the environment 
and can also be an economic development tool for 
nations (Gayen et al., 2024). The findings of  this body 
of  research underscore the broad value and beneficial 
aspects of  renewable energy as a policy and investment 
driver to deliver sustainable economic growth. Regional 
and country contexts influence the relationship between 

renewable energy penetration and regional heterogeneity 
in economic growth (Yu et al., 2021). They are considered 
STS as they differ greatly in terms of  local energy mix, 
regulatory environments, and socio-economic conditions 
that influence the success in implementing VREs. Solar 
and wind power could be significant sources of  renewable 
energy in Bangladesh, provided national energy policies are 
crafted to complement them effectively. A policy cannot 
be developed without understanding the regional and 
national contexts (Wyborn & Evans, 2021). Policymakers 
can develop pathways to optimally capitalize on the 
economic prospects of  renewables by adapting strategies 
according to national resources, technical capabilities, and 
institutional conditions. For instance, the local potential 
of  renewable resources, combined with socio-economic 
conditions, will determine how to leverage renewable 
energy technologies best to create sustainable economic 
growth (Abdalla et al., 2023). There are, however, several 
obstacles to using renewable energy sources, despite 
their long list of  benefits. These include constraints from 
technology, expensive upfront investments, insufficient 
infrastructure, and regulatory challenges. Conducted 
a thorough review of  renewable energy deployment in 
the country and found that policy norms are one of  the 
most formidable challenges faced by Chinese renewable 
energies, like other renewables, all over the world (Lo, 
2014). Given the technological challenges, such as 
integrating renewable sources and maintaining grid 
stability, which is complicated by the unpredictability and 
variability of  renewables, these require modern energy 
storage solutions and smarter grids to store excess power 
during sunny/windy days. Furthermore, for countries like 
Bangladesh, the lack of  financing for large investments 
to initiate renewable projects has been identified as a key 
hurdle (Aziz et al., 2025). To mitigate these hurdles, financial 
tools such as subsidies and incentives are required to 
encourage investment in renewable energy infrastructure 
(Onabowale, 2025). An even greater obstacle is the lack 
of  proper infrastructure, especially in terms of  energy 
transmission and distribution, not to mention the obvious 
financial and technological constraints. To unlock the 
potential for renewable energy, both to feed into existing 
grids and simultaneously help rejuvenate them with 
modernized powerlines. Although non-renewable energy 
has seen us through growth in the past, renewable power 
stands out as a more environmentally friendly option that 
could carry our economy through and long into the future. 
The combination of  solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal 
power is replacing fossil fuel sources of  energy because 
they offer clean alternatives that guarantee a much 
more reliable supply to help remove the need for finite 
resources and increase energy security (Mallik, 2024). 
In addition, investing in R&D and infrastructure for 
renewable energy would have the co-benefit of  creating 
jobs, fostering innovation, and driving economic growth. 
Green growth in Bangladesh will not be possible unless 
renewable energy adoption takes precedence (Mallik, 
2024). Renewable energy can play an important role in 



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this process, helping to mitigate negative environmental 
impacts, increase energy security, and support sustainable 
economic growth in the country (Mallik & Rahman, 
2024). But they will need to solve for the technological, 
financial, and infrastructural challenges if  we are to reach 
this potential. Successful policies, strategic investments, 
and regional adaptation will be crucial in reaching the full 
potential for renewable energy as a piece of  Bangladesh’s 
economic development and environmental sustainability.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Data Collection
The study used the Web of  Science database, a prestigious 
resource for scholarly literature from numerous fields. 
The comprehensive database hosts countless peer-
reviewed journals, conference proceedings, and scientific 
publications that could greatly aid in obtaining prior 
knowledge on the relationship between renewable energy 
adoption and economic growth within the span of  
Bangladesh. So, to collect an accurate and contextualized 
dataset, an exact but systematic method was implemented 
for the collection process. We inserted keywords such as 
renewable energy and economic growth, along with some 
nouns, into these two points. The systematic review was 
concisely performed after searching the literature from 
1990 to June 2023, including only relevant and up-to-date 
studies. The articles were selected to be consistent with 
the study objectives, emphasizing research that sought 
to determine how economic growth and green growth 
have been influenced by renewable energy adoption. 
The review focused on the global and regional literature 
regarding the opportunities and constraints associated 
with integrating renewable energy, including existing case 
studies addressing how renewable energy can support 
green economic growth. Following an initial search of  the 
Web of  Science database, strict screening processes were 
applied. Titles, abstracts, and keywords were scanned to 
assess the relevance of  these articles related to research 
questions. This brought the number of  articles to be 
included in the dataset down to 6,794 scholarly articles 
(those with a PubMed ID) that met our selection criteria. 
At least, this holistic data collection strategy substantially 
improved the validity of  the study, and enabled a thorough 
examination of  the research landscape on another aspect 
in economic terms for the adoption of  renewable energy.

Bibliometric Analysis
This study utilized bibliometrics, a powerful research tool, 
to investigate the intricate relationship between renewable 
energy adoption and economic growth. A bibliometric 
analysis is a quantitative analysis of  written publications 
or a corpus. It reports the frequencies of  publication, 
citation, authorship, and co-authorship, and keywords 
in academic papers, which are part of  a systematic 
examination of  written publications. In this study, the 
tools above are used to unravel the key publications, 
prolific authors, and propose research that focuses on the 
green economy, with a particular emphasis on renewable 

energy & economic growth. The review was supported 
by citation analysis, which revealed the most important 
contributions to the literature on economic growth and 
renewable energy. This method exposed foundational 
publications informing the field and recognized leading 
scholars contributing to advancing the conversation. 
The study also employed a co-citation analysis to 
identify thematic clusters in the literature, providing 
insights into how various research ideas are related and 
where urgent attention is required. The co-authorship 
analysis was also performed to explore the collaboration 
network and the most productive authors. In particular, 
the method used in this study provided insights into the 
interdisciplinary nature of  research on renewable energy 
and economic growth and identified key research groups 
with considerable contributions to the field. Other results 
from this analysis revealed meaningful peer-reviewed 
partnerships that have impacted the knowledge on 
how renewable energy adoption can trigger economic 
development. To gain further insight from this search and 
discovery process, co-occurrence analysis was conducted 
on the model to examine keyword/term frequency and 
patterns in the literature. This analysis provided an in-
depth examination of  the central themes and emerging 
trends in this area, focusing on those aspects of  renewable 
energy-economic growth that have been a primary focus 
of  academic investigation. It also suggested some new 
fields of  research that could use additional development. 
This scient metric method, rather than an academic 
research tool, also benefits policymakers and industry 
executives. This approach also identifies areas requiring 
further study and offers insight into future research 
trends. It plays a role in influencing the formulation of  
policies and programs to support renewable energy usage 
and promotes sustainable economic innovation. The 
implications derived from this bibliometric study provide 
a valuable eye-opener for researchers and policymakers 
to promote green growth/economic development by 
successfully integrating renewables in Bangladesh.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Analysis of  publication trends indicates that research 
on the interaction of  renewable energy with economic 
growth has shown an increasing trend. Numbers were 
small in the first decade between 1996 and 2006, with 
the publication tally in any given year never exceeding a 
handful of  papers. Yet there was a significant rise in the 
number of  academic papers published around the mid-
2000s. After 2010, this increase was greater and led to 
significantly more papers concerning these proposed 
objects of  study. With more than 50 published papers, 
the number of  reprints per year has consistently exceeded 
this count since 2010. Between 2017 and 2023, we 
observed a significant surge in publications, indicating 
a growing academic interest in the connection between 
renewable energy and economic growth. It is notable 
that 2021 and 2022 have been the most popular years by 
the number of  published papers, with 1,308 and 1,731 



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papers, respectively. This surge serves to illustrate the 
growing relevance that renewable energy has as a catalyst 
for economic growth. While the data collection ends 
in June, which justifies a slight dip in 2023, these new 
publications suggest that researchers and policymakers 
are becoming more interested as well.
The study domains were distributed to reflect the 
interdisciplinary nature of  the research. The most 
common subject of  publication is Environmental Sciences 
and Ecology at 47.5% (focused on the environmental 
properties of  renewable energy). This was in second 
place overall and came from a different perspective – the 
exploration of  energy technologies within the context 
of  a revolutionary shift to renewable energy, except 
Energy Fuels accounted for 31.4% of  the entire articles 
shared. Notably, Science, Technology and Other Topics 
(26.3%), Business Economics (17.2%), and Engineering 
(10.6%) are the other top three areas emphasizing the 
larger scope of  research across various fields involved in 
this study. The present fields: Thermodynamics, Public 
Administration, and Development Studies represent 
a multifaceted investigation on the socio-economic-
technical basis of  renewable energy. The interdisciplinary 
research underscores the need for collaboration across 
disciplines to adequately probe the multidimensional 
phenomena of  renewable energy adoption as well as its 
place in sustainable economic development supporters. 
This holistic perspective is vital in creating successful 
frameworks for mainstreaming renewable energy into 
national economies (Mallik et al., 2025).
The map of  scientific papers showed the participation of  
different countries in scientific research, emphasizing that 
renewable energy has an economic growth effect on a 
global scale. China accounts for 37.3% of  the publications, 
with authors affiliated to Chinese institutions highlighting 
its critical role in advancing renewable energy issues and 
utilizing renewable resources for sustainable development 

(as shown by Cheng). Turkey and Pakistan followed, 
both accounting for 13.1% of  the papers, reflecting 
the increasing research activities in these countries, too. 
The United States (6.7% of  the research output), India 
(6.5%), Malaysia, and several European nations are 
among the major contributors to this subject in terms 
of  total numbers (Fig. The latter is illustrated in the 
following map of  the distribution of  research conducted 
between these countries, thus emphasizing regional 
priorities and concerns when accepting renewable energy. 
Each nation has its own set of  resources, institutional 
structure, and needs that will determine its approach 
to renewable energy. The wide range of  engagement 
suggests that the remaining entities are potential future 
collaboration partners and valuable contributors to global 
renewable energy adoption, enabling every country to 
maximize its strengths in this transformation through 
international collaboration and knowledge exchange. 
This study suggests a growing awareness regarding 
their importance as an economic policy for fostering 
sustainable development. As the research base continues 
to grow, public decision-makers need to draw on these 
scholarly works to develop better strategies for increasing 
the adoption of  renewable energies. In addition, further 
research is necessary to address regional differences in 
renewable energy penetration and the particular hurdles 
for integrating renewable energy into developing nations 
like Bangladesh. Global cooperation for promoting inter-
disciplinary research and international collaboration 
can speed up the transition to renewable energy, 
securing economic gains across continents. The detailed 
information obtained from this study will serve as a 
guide for those interested in planning further research. 
It will help realize the policy implications of  integrating 
sustainable renewable energy into national economic 
portfolios, specifically in achieving green growth within 
Bangladesh.

Figure 1: Publication years



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The analysis of  co-authorship reveals important patterns 
of  collaboration and highlights the influential authors in the 
field of  renewable energy and economic growth. As shown 
in the table below, several authors have made significant 

contributions to the body of  research, both in terms of  the 
number of  publications and citations received.

Co-Authorship Analysis

Table 1: Citation analysis results by documents.
Article Title Citations
Powering the planet: Chemical challenges in solar energy utilization 6415
The impact of  human capital on the early success of  necessity versus opportunity-based entrepreneurs 3423
China’s 19-year city-level carbon emissions of  energy consumptions, driving forces and regionalized 
mitigation guidelines

1058

Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: evidence from a panel of  OECD countries 787
The effect of  renewable energy consumption on economic growth: Evidence from top 38 countries 740
What an economic growth, renewable electricity, and natural resources contribute to CO2 emissions 704
CO2 emissions, resource rent, renewable and nonrenewable energy in 16-EU countries 663
CO2 emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in the US 620
Renewable energy and economic regeneration in Devon, UK: The role of  stakeholders in the transition 
to a low-carbon economy

614

Table 2: Co-Authorship number of  publication
Author Number of  Publications Citations
Tomiwa Adebayo 95 3845
Festus Victor Bekun 80 4564
Ilhan Ozturk 74 7673

Table 3: Co-authorship analysis results.
Author Affiliation Country Docs Citations TLS
Adebayo, Tomiwa Sunday Cyprus International University Cyprus 95 3845 160
Bekun, Festus Victor Istanbul Gelisim University Turkey 80 4566 138
Ozturk, Ilhan University of  Sharjah UAE 74 7673 115
Murshed, Muntasir North South University Bangladesh 73 2846 117
Shahbaz, Muhammad Beijing Institute of  Technology China 70 6670 80
Kirikkaleli, Dervis European University of  Lefke Turkey 69 3206 103
Alola, Andrew Adewale CREDS Norway 51 3237 58
Lin, Boqiang Minjiang University China 47 2050 5
Fuinhas, Jose Alberto Universidade de Coimbra Portugal 44 932 46
Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel University of  Castilla-La Mancha Spain 43 2906 77

One of  the top 10 most prolific authors is Tomiwa 
Adebayo, who has written a reasonable number of  entries 
and accumulated 95 articles with over 3,845 citations. 
Similarly, Festus Victor Bekun is not far behind with 
80 publications and 4,564 citations to boot, reiterating 
his academic presence as well. Ilhan Ozturk, who has 
published 74 articles and a significant number of  citations 

with 7,673; his contribution to the renewable energy and 
economic growth literature is very remarkable in 3rd 
place. The strong research productions of  these authors 
have increased the knowledge at the aggregate level about 
how renewable energy adoption impacts sustainable 
economic growth.

Various scholars have made a meaningful contribution to 
the development of  research in this field. Most notably, 
Murshed, Muntasir, Shahbaz, Muhammad, and Kirikkaleli, 
Dervis, have published 73, 70, and 69 documents, 2,846, 
6,670, and 3,206 citations. These authors have addressed 
a wide range of  issues related to economic development 

and the use of  renewable energy sources, which indicates 
their authority in this matter. Other authors also made a 
significant contribution to science. For example, Andrew 
Alola Adewale, whose publications were cited 3,237 
times from 51 articles, Lin Boqiang, cited 2,050 times 
from 47 articles, Jose Alberto Fuinhas, 932 times from 



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44 published works, Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente, whose 
articles were cited 2,906 times from 43 citations. These 
authors, due to the wide range of  work published, have 
shown a high activity and contribution to science. The 
reliability of  these authors and the reliability of  their 
work can be judged by the total link strength. Total 
Link Strength is an indicator that shows the scientific 
links between authors based on the number of  joint 
articles published by these authors. In other words, the 
metric calculated shows the reference resources from 
the author’s collaboration. Therefore, a more detailed 

study of  the co-authorship network, which contains 
information about the number of  related documents, 
disciplines, and interdisciplinary relationships, will 
allow one to track how the knowledge is generated and 
disseminated within the subject field. The knowledge and 
cooperation of  these scientists are useful in developing 
the best policies and interventions to successfully 
integrate renewable energy into Bangladesh’s economic 
growth. The interdisciplinary nature of  the field and the 
importance of  cooperation in achieving the SDGs are 
once again emphasized by these authors.

Table 4: Co-citation analysis results by Source.
Source Docs TLS
Energy Policy 29,344 1,494,010
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 24,588 1,276,801
Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22,915 1,297,011
Energy Economics 19,087 1,061,435
Journal of  Cleaner Production 16,071 900,721
Energy 12,528 718,279
RENEW Energy 10,737 615,019
Science of  The Total Environment 7,751 470,287
Applied Energy 6,988 387,000
Ecological Economics 5,910 345,509

Transitioning to sustainable economic development and 
mitigating environmental damage is impossible without 
being realized. Solar and wind power, renewable energies, 
help increase energy security and have a significant 
impact on energy efficiency while also mitigating 
the greenhouse effect of  production. These are the 
technologies that lay the foundation for a stronger and 
greener energy system. The production of  alternative 
energy can lead to an economic boom, creating jobs 
and at the same time providing a way to use natural 
resources responsibly with sustainability. Understanding 
the integration of  technology and policy replacements 
can lead to the decoupling of  energy consumption from 
economic growth, thereby reducing resource waste 
and environmental pollution. Adoption of  renewable 
energy can result in the creation of  new employment 
opportunities, which serve as an accelerator for local and 
regional economic development. This is a taste of  what a 
green economy, where economic growth and sustainability 
are intertwined, could offer. The relationships among 
economic development, environmental sustainability, 
and renewable energy adoption are intricate. Thus, the 
emphasis on carbon emissions, the environment, and 
pollution all demonstrate we need to act today to solve the 
environmental problems arising after years of  economic 
growth. A key part of  this is an increasingly greater role 
for renewable energy sources, which have the potential 
to lessen the environmental burden substantially. The 
findings also raise important policy questions regarding 
the need for ecological considerations in foreign direct 
investment (FDI), financial development, trade, and pro-

growth policies. In addition to that, the technological 
progress in clean energy & renewable energy systems is 
a notable tool for environmental sustainability. There is 
a clear requirement for international trade policies that 
support sustainable practices and, at the same time, 
reduce ecological externalities to achieve a balance of  
economic growth with the conservation of  our planet. 
Decades of  research have shown that while energy use 
and economic development are related on a fundamental 
level, the precise nature of  this relationship is subject to 
considerable variability. Researchers have examined how 
changes in energy consumption can influence essential 
measures of  economic performance, for instance, 
GDP. Communication about long-term equilibrium 
in economic growth and energy consumption often 
involves the concept of  cointegration. This approach has 
provided insight into the long-term relationship between 
these entities. In addition, the use of  non-renewable 
energy is interconnected with oil prices and economic 
growth (Mallik, 2025).
In this framework, the research studying the effects of  
changes in oil prices on both economic performance 
and energy consumption remains a fascinating field to 
investigate, especially when considering the impact of  
renewable energy on sustainable development. This core 
research cluster probes modeling techniques employed 
in an examination of  the linkage between economic 
expansion, environmental deterioration, and sustainability. 
Central models, such as the Autoregressive Distributed 
Lag (ARDL) model, focus on the causation visibility 
between financial performance and environmental 



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outcomes, in this case, measuring CO2 emissions. The 
Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis is most 
pertinent in this respect as it posits an inverted U-shaped 
nexus between income and environmental pollution. 
Using these models, researchers can better understand 
the trade-off  between trade, development, and ecological 
sustainability. These models have the potential to clarify 
how economic growth can be compatible with sustainable 
development goals, emphasizing striking a tenuous 
balance between economic activity and environmental 
conservation. The interconnections between human 
activities, population growth, and energy consumption 
provide a context for analyzing carbon emissions, thereby 
aiding our quest for ecological sustainability (Raihan & 
Tuspekova, 2022). The results of  the carbon emissions, 
energy consumption, and population dynamics analysis 
demonstrate how consumptive forms of  urbanization 
and further population increase result in higher energy 
demand and consequently larger volumes of  carbon 
trapped in our atmosphere. The aim is to scan energy 
usage patterns, industrial processes, and transportation 
networks in search of  insights into the components 
that trigger greenhouse gases. Actions to reduce carbon 
footprints and mitigate emissions include increasing 
energy use efficiency, introducing renewables, and 
leveraging technology. At the same time, urbanization 
and a growing population are two significant challenges 
for efficient energy systems and for reducing carbon. It 
is imperative to understand these dynamics to ensure 
balanced urban planning and sustainability in the face 
of  rising population and energy consumption, while also 
protecting our environment.

CONCLUSIONS 
This paper presents an up-to-date bibliometric review of  
6794 scientific articles from 1996 to June 2023, utilizing 
the Web of  Science (WoS) database. The review focuses on 
energy development and economic growth, with a specific 
scope on renewable generation and its contribution to 
sustainable development. The results will support our 
readers in understanding the study context, key areas, 
significant papers, contributions, leading scholars, and 
emerging concepts. The findings underscore renewables 
as an essential pathway to sustainable economic growth 
over the long term. Renewable energy adoption represents 
a move towards an environmentally sustainable economy, 
thereby mitigating the negative environmental externality 
that comes with traditional energy sources. In addition 
to the ecological advantages offered with renewable 
energy, it also represents considerable commercial 
opportunities for advancing clean energy that enhances 
energy security, promotes regional economic growth, and 
creates employment opportunities. Analysis of  scholarly 
literature citations shows a significant contribution of  key 
publications and authors. A primary reference publication 
has now taken hold in the academic community, illustrating 
its impact with scholars and practitioners. Related works 
have also played a crucial role in framing the nexus of  

renewable energy as well as economic advancements. 
The sources with the highest frequency of  co-citation for 
renewable energy and economic growth are the journals 
that contributed the most to shape scholarly discussions 
and direct future research in this domain; The average 
number of  citations those sources receive per year; The 
size and composition of  five thematic clusters based on 
the results from co-occurrence analysis. The first cluster 
relevant to energy efficiency and environmental damage 
in this area highlights that renewable energies are a crucial 
factor. The second cluster focuses on the environmental 
problems caused by economic growth, including the 
role of  renewable energy in addressing these issues. The 
results underscore the need for stakeholders to foster 
an economy that balances economic development with 
environmental concerns, including carbon emissions 
and inadequate wastewater treatment. However, the 
study has limitations, notably its reliance on more 
granular, sector-specific data for a tighter coupling of  
local environmental challenges. Additionally, the use of  
cross-sectional analysis in this study implies that future 
research should consider using longitudinal techniques 
to examine the sustainability initiatives over time. Future 
work should investigate whether technological progress 
or environmental regulation can break the link between 
economic growth and the environment. In addition, 
a focus on the social dimensions of  sustainability can 
inform policy development related to behavioral and 
societal factors that implicitly drive sustainable practices.

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