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American Journal of  
Geospatial Technology (AJGT)

Geospatial Distribution of  Health Centers in Dass Local Government Area of  Bauchi 
State, Using Geographic Information System (GIS) Tools

Abu-Safiyan Yau1*, Yusuf  Yakubu Yusuf1, Mohammed Yusuf2, Muhammed Ahmed Suleiman3

Volume 1 Issue 1, Year 2022
ISSN: 2833-8006 (Online) 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajgt.v1i1.272
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajgt

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: May 19, 2022

Accepted: May 23, 2022

Published: May 25, 2022

This paper examined the spatial distribution of  health care facilities in Dass local govern-
ment area of  Bauchi state using GIS tools. Data were obtained from primary and secondary 
sources: a GPS was used to collect the coordinates of  each health care facility. Data from the 
Ministry of  Health (Bauchi State) about the location, name and types of  health care facilities 
in the study area included one general hospital; one model primary health centre, fourteen 
primary health centers, one clinic, one dispensary and one health post. Population data was 
obtained from the National Population Commission (NPC, 2006). GIS analysis was used in 
analyzing the data. The analysis of  nearest neighbour was done by using the extension of  
Arc GIS 10.5 in the spatial analyst tool and average nearest neighbour. The result shows that 
there is less than 1% (0.01 level of  significance) likelihood that the spatial pattern of  the dis-
tribution of  health care facilities in Dass Local Government Area is dispersed and this could 
be as a result of  random chance. This might be as the result of  the fewer number of  health 
facilities. The research recommends that government should locate health care services close 
to the people as possible as distance was found to influence utilization.

Keywords
Health Facilities, Geogragraphic 
Information System, Spatial 
Distribution

1 B.Tech Urban and Regional Planning, MSc. Remote Sensing and GIS, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria 
2 BSc. Geograpgy, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria
3 B.Tech Urban and Regional Planning, PGD Urban and Regional Planning, Federal Polytechnic N’yak, Plateau state, Nigeria
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: abusafiyanyau@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION 
Among the commanded objectives of  creating local 
government is to bring development nearer to the 
populace. A vital aspect of  development that the creation 
of  local government was expected to offer, is the health 
care service. In Nigeria, spatial considerations have 
usually been given insufficient consideration in provision 
of  health care facilities for rural areas (Kamorudeen, 
2013).
According to Ajaero and Madu (2008) the ease and 
comfort with which public can utilize health facilities 
are among the most important variables determining the 
benefits individual can obtain from these facilities. Health 
care facilities are mostly determined by major factors 
such as distance that the patients must cover in order to 
obtain treatment. This is more pronounced in rural areas 
of  less developed countries where health facilities are 
low and majority of  patients prefer alternative sources of  
medicine because they are cheaper and also very easy to 
access.  The type of  facility, socio-demographic variables, 
type of  illness and the care or treatment services can be 
influenced by distance covered (Ajaero & Madu 2008)).
The pattern of  distribution of  heath care facilities have 
been a thing of  interest considering the effect it poses 
on the developmental level of  any region (Cheptum et.al, 
2014). In most cases, distribution of  health care facilities 
is determined by the degree of  fairness.
There are many challenges faced by rural communities 
concerning health care access which include economic 
destabilization, shortages of  medical personnel; as well as 
transportation and barriers to care (Isaac 2011). Inadequate 
infrastructures led to serious impact on the wellbeing 
of  rural inhabitants. It has led to increasing decline in 
productivity and efficiency of  production. Similarly, 

inaccessibility of  public infrastructures especially health 
care services is contributed by serious poverty in Nigeria 
more especially in rural areas (Mukhtar 2018). According 
to Igberase & Ebeigbe (2007) Location of  health care 
facility influences utilization and also efficiency more 
when compared with influence of  decision to seek and 
receive care. There are several factors that influence the 
utilization of  health facilities which include social and 
economic systems, cultural beliefs and practices, status of  
women, level of  education, gender, socio demographic 
variables and also location of  health facilities. 
Various studies such as (Atser & Akpan 2009; Ifatime et 
al., 2009) undertaken to examine the spatial distribution 
of  health care facilities in Nigeria found that the major 
challenges with health care in Nigeriais lack of  access 
to the health facilities by the people in need as well as 
lack of  fairness in their distribution not only the services 
rendered.
In Dass local government, the need for equity and 
fairness in the distribution of  health care facilities 
has not been given much concern and this may not 
be unconnected with the present emergence of  many 
settlements in the local government headquater in order 
to obtain care (Tshuma et al, 2015). In the Bauchi state, 
attempt has been made in relation to the subject matter 
such as Ismail et al, (2018), however, the scope of  the 
research was limited to only the main town of  Bauchi 
uncovering the current study area. Similarly, there is gap 
in methodological aspect of  their research as little effort 
was made as regard to using GIS to address health issues. 
This research is an attempt to fill the identified gap in 
knowledge and to provide continuity in the subject area 
for other researchers.    
Geographic Information System (GIS) forms a good 

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Am. J. Geo Spat. Technol. 1(1) 1-6, 2022

information system in addressing such issue of  lack of  
fairness in the spatial distribution. This has been used 
by many researchers of  this kind in addressing spatial 
analysis problems in the world. This study therefore, finds 
it important to apply Geographic Information System 
(GIS) tools to analyze the spatial distribution of  health 
care facilities in Dass Local Government Area, with a 
view to identifying areas that are not sufficiently provided 
and improving the spatial distribution of  and equitable 
access to healthcare facilities in the study area. This 
is important because the health status of  residents has 
implications on their productivity and the development 
of  the local government.
There are three tiers of  health services that Nigeria 
operates namely; Primary Health Services, Secondary 
Health Services and Tertiary Health Services. 

MATERIALS AND METHOD 
Study Area 
The geographical location of  Dass Local Government 
Area is approximately latitude 9.448 to 12.705 N latitude 
and 10.055 to 10.880 E longitudes. It is bordered by Tafawa 
Balewa LGA to the south-east and north-east, and Toro 
LGA in the North-west and South-west. It has an area of  
about 737 square kilometers with a total population of  
2006 people (Dai et. al, 2004). Dass LGA has 12 wards 
namely; Polchi, Bununu south, bununu East, Bununu 
north, bununu west, dott, bundot, wandi, zumbul/lukshi, 
Baraza/Durr, Bajar/Bagel and BununuDass.
Research Protocol 
The first step in conducting this study involves collecting 
information from records in government files from 
Dass Primary Health Care Department in Dass Local 
Government in order to identify all the settlements with 
health care centers in the study area. Study visit conducted 
in all wards in the study area to find out the availability or 
otherwise of  the health care center so that no settlement 
with health care center is excluded.
The second step involves taking coordinates (Latitude 
and Longitude) of  the various health care centers using 
Global Positioning System (GPS) that enable mapping. 

The third step involves collecting population data of  
Dass Local Government and various wards in Dass from 
National Population Commission.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 
Spatial Distribution of  Health Facilities in Dass 
L.G.A 
The study of  the distribution of  health care facilities is 
important as it enable us to establish a pattern to show 
the distribution of  health facilities in the study area. 
Table 1 gives the geo-data base of  the healthcare facilities 
across the wards in Dass local government area. It can be 
seen from the table 1 that there are 12 wards comprising 
fifteen healthcare facilities in the local government both 
private and public 
From the table 2 above it can be seen that 12 out of  the 15 
health facilities were owned by the Public, which means 
they were maintain and manage by the state government 
or the local government. While the remaining ones are 
owned and maintain by private individual be it a personal 
or organizational. This shows that majority of  the health 
facilities are public because majority of  the people are in 
the rural areas cannot afford to pay fees for services in the 
Private clinics. This is in line with what Eniolorunda, and 
Dankani, (2012) observed, that access to health facilities 
is centered on economic accessibility and pointed out that 
25% of  the population in extreme poverty lacks access to 
health services. Also, health workers mostly if  not living 
nearby usually, shun away from working in the rural areas. 
Furthermore, running a private clinic requires enormous 
sum of  money and skill that might not be obtainable in 
the rural areas.
Table 3 gives the summary of  the services rendered by 
each health facilities in the study area. All the health 
facilities offer Outpatient Services and Antenatal Services, 
some offer Routine Immunization Services, some offer 
Outreach Services, all offer Community Management 
of  Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) and Family Planning 
and Inpatients Services. This has implication in terms of  
utilization since only General Hospital Dass offer various 
services where other health facilities do not offer such as 

Table 1: Geo- database of  the health care facilities in Dass L.G.A Bauchi State.
S/NO Name of  Health Facility Ward Latitude Longitude
1 Bazali Primary Health care Polchi 9.984 9.533
2 Dumba Clinic and maternity Polchi 9.981 9.540
3 General Hospital Dass BununuDass 10.000 9.516
4 Magayaki Clinic BununuDass 10.088 9.670
5 Primary health care dass Bununu south 10.083 9.500
6 Gaskoli Dispensary Baraza/durr 10.033 9.383
7 Zumbul Primary Health care Zumbul 9.415 9.969
8 Bundot Primary Health care Bundot 9.515 9.968
9 Wandi Primary Health care Wandi 9.616 9.985
10 Dot Primary Health care Dott 9.983 9.516
11 Bajar/Bagel Primary Health care Bajar/bagel 10.133 9.467
12 Kwaltukurwa Primary Health care Kwaltukurwa 9.933 9.550
13 Waziri Patent Bununu north 10.167 9.483
14 Bilyaminu Othman Private Clinic Bununu east 10.017 9.550
15 Primary Health care Bununu Bununu west 10.017 9.083

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Table 2: Distribution of  Health Care Facility by Ownership
S/NO Name of  Health Facility Ward Type of  Facility by Ownership
1 Bazali Primary Health care Polchi Public
2 Dumba Clinic and maternity Polchi Public
3 General Hospital Dass BununuDass Public
4 Magayaki Clinic BununuDass Private 
5 Primary health care dass Bununu south Public
6 Gaskoli Dispensary Baraza/durr Public
7 Zumbul Primary Health care Zumbul Public
8 Bundot Primary Health care Bundot Public
9 Wandi Primary Health care Wandi Public
10 Dot Primary Health care Dott Public 
11 Bajar/Bagel Primary Health care Bajar/bagel Public 
12 Kwaltukurwa Primary Health care Kwaltukurwa Public 
13 Waziri Patent Bununu north Private 
14 Bilyaminu Othman Private Clinic Bununu east Private 
15 Primary Health care Bununu Bununu west Public 

Figure 1: Map of  dass local government area showsing health centers

Figure 1: Map of  dass local government area showsing health centersby ownership type

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Eye Clinic, Integrated Monitoring and Childhood Illness 
(IMCI), Pharmacy, Physiotherapy, Prevention of  Mother 
to Child Transmission (PMTCT), Gynaecology and 
Obstetrics. Patients must opt for the use of  the services 
which are not accessible to many patients, more especially 
those from dispersed settlements.
Table 3 gives the summary of  the services rendered by 
each health facilities in the study area. All the health 

facilities offer Outpatient Services and Antenatal Services, 
some offer Routine Immunization Services, some offer 
Outreach Services, all offer Community Management 
of  Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) and Family Planning 
and Inpatients Services. This has implication in terms of  
utilization since only General Hospital Dass offer various 
services where other health facilities do not offer such as 
Eye Clinic, Integrated Monitoring and Childhood Illness 

Table 3: Health Facilities by Type of  Services Rendered
S/NO Name of  Health Facility Ward Type of  Services Rendered
1 Bazali Primary Health care Polchi Antenatal, Outpatient cases. 
2 Dumba Clinic and maternity Polchi Antenatal, Outpatient and Inpatient. 
3 General Hospital Dass BununuDass With the exception of  Orthopaedic cases Dass 

General Hospital handles all kind of  services.
4 Magayaki Clinic BununuDass Antenatal cases
5 Primary health care dass Bununu south Antenatal, Outpatient cases.
6 Gaskoli Dispensary Baraza/durr Antenatal, Outpatient and Inpatient.
7 Zumbul Primary Health care Zumbul Antenatal, Outpatient cases.
8 Bundot Primary Health care Bundot Antenatal, Outpatient and Inpatient.
9 Wandi Primary Health care Wandi Antenatal, Outpatient and Inpatient.
10 Dot Primary Health care Dott Antenatal, Outpatient cases.
11 Bajar/Bagel Primary Health care Bajar/bagel Antenatal, Outpatient cases.
12 Kwaltukurwa Primary Health care Kwaltukurwa Antenatal, Outpatient cases.
13 Waziri Patent Bununu north Antenatal, Outpatient cases.
14 Bilyaminu Othman Private Clinic Bununu east Antenatal, Outpatient cases.
15 Primary Health care Bununu Bununu west Public 

(IMCI), Pharmacy, Physiotherapy, Prevention of  Mother 
to Child Transmission (PMTCT), Gynaecology and 
Obstetrics. Patients must opt for the use of  the services 
which are not accessible to many patients, more especially 
those from dispersed settlements.
Result of  Nearest Neigbour Analysis
The result of  the Average Nearest Neighbor (ANN) 
analysis revealed that, the overall distributions pattern of  
the Health Centers in the wards in Dass local government 
is clustered with Z-score (critical value) of  -4.563132. 
Therefore, given the z-score of  -4.56313240348, there is 
a less than 1% likelihood that this clustered pattern could 
be the result of  random chance. At p-value of  0.000005, 
using observed Mean Distance of  364.6445 Meters 
and Expected Mean Distance of  630.4964 Meters; the 
Nearest Neighbor Ratio is 0.578345 and hence concludes 
that the result of  their spatial distribution of  the filling 
stations is random.
Average Nearest Neighbour Summary 
Observed Mean Distance: 364.6445 
Expected Mean Distance: 630.4964
Nearest Neighbor Ratio: 0.578345
Z-score: -4.563132
P-value: 0.000005
Report of  Special Autocorrelation Analysis
The result of  the Special Autocorrelation (Moran’s I) 
reveals that, Given the z-score of  1.178209, the pattern 
of  distributions of  the Health Centers wards in Dass 
Local Government does not appear to be significantly 
different than random. The result of  the Moran’s index 
value is 0.182322 with a P-value of  0.238714 at variance 
of  0.033169

DISCUSSION
The major findings in the analysis shows that the 
health centers were not evenly distributed in the local 
government which much emphasis for concentration of  
the health centers in the local government headquarter.
The result of  the spatial statistical analysis returned 
five values within the software interface: Observed 
Mean Distance, Expected Mean Distance, Nearest 
Neighbour Ratio, zscore and P-value respectively and it 
calculated for the L.G.A the average nearest neighbour 
ratio automatically by dividing the observed average 
distances by the expected average distances with expected 
average distances being based on a hypothetical random 
distribution with the same number of  facilities covering 
Dass L.G.A.
Figure 1 shows that there is less than 1% (0.01 level 
of  significance) likelihood that the spatial pattern of  
the distribution of  health care facilities in Dass Local 
Government Area is clustered in the local government 
headquarter and this could be as a result of  random 
chance and it may not be unconnected with the clustering 
number of  Health facilities in the local government 
headquarter. This analysis was used by Bogoro (2018) and 
found that the spatial pattern of  distribution of  health 
facilities in Bogoro L.G.A of  Bauchi State, Nigeria is 
dispersed which differs with what is obtainable in Dass 
L.G.A of  Bauchi State. The reason for this contrast might 
be because in Dass L.G.A, government did not worry 
about fairness in the number of  health care facilities in 
other part of  the local government thereby concentrating 
them in the headquarter.
In contrast, similar studies on spatial distribution on 

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health such as [Ichoku et al, (2011), Khalid et al, (2022)., 
Hazrin et al (2013), Samli et al, (2020)  and Almohamad et 
al, (2018)]were conducted in different part of  the country 
and the result returns similar when compared to that of  
Bogoro (2018). Only result from Tali et al. (2017) shows 
a clustering of  health facilities and that may be due to 
clustering of  health centers in one part of  the study area. 
Also, another findings shows that there are less 
private hospitals in the study area which may cause 
overconcentration of  patients in the public hospitals and 
less ratio of  Doctor per patient in the hospital which is 

Figure 1: Nearest Neigbour Analysis Figure 2: Special Autocorrelation Analysis 

against the WHO 2021 standards. 
Limitations 
The researcher conducted a GIS based field analysis using 
Global Positioning system. The researcher did not ask 
patients and health workers directly about the conditions 
of  the health centers; the researcher particularly relied on 
GIS analysis report that presented the result based on the 
hypothetical analysis.
This study was limited to identifying the patterns of  
distributions of  health centers and their ownership types 
in the study area. Time and financial constraints did not 

permit the researcher to interview both patients and 
staff  to ascertain on the level of  facilities as well number 
of  health workers per hospital and the punctuality of  
the staff  which can be identified as a major gap for 
subsequent research and for researchers to fill. 
It is recommended that knowledge of  GIS tools should 
be given to all and sundry as the world is becoming 
more of  computerized one. This will help government 
and individuals in the identification of  health centers 
everywhere and to reach hospitals based on the type of  
services rendered and the type of  illness the person might 
have since it is stored in the GIS environment and can be 
accessed everywhere.

CONCLUSION
This research examined the spatial distribution of  health 
care facilities in Dass Local Government Area. The spatial 
pattern of  the distribution of  health care facilities in Dass 
Local Government Area is clustered; this could be as a 
result of  farming activities in the area. This might as the 
result of  the fewer number of  health facilities. There is 
less fairness in spatial distribution of  health care facilities. 
9 wards out of  12 wards have at least one health facility 
and a maximum of  2. There are a total of  15 health 
facilities: 13 are public health facility and only three are 
owned by private individuals. 

Recommendation 
In view of  the hardship experienced by the people 
in the health service delivery which could be due 
overconcentration of  patients and inadequacy of  
physicians, government should focus on creating new 
health centers in villages rather than the local government 
headquarter as well as recruitment and re-training of  
medical staff  so as to reduce the wide ratio that already 
exist between the population and health care personnel. 
This will reduce waiting time, enhance attention to patient 
by medical personnel and will improve good access to the 
health facilities.
There is the need for government to show fairness in the 
distribution of  health facilities in the local government. 
This will assist in decongesting people in the local 
government headquarter.

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