American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 25, February, 2024 301 | P a g e BORROWING AS A LANGUAGE PROCESS Shatov Ivan Alexandrovich Termez State University Abstract: This article examines the processes of borrowing as a language combination. Territorial dialects, together with their own word creation, can enrich themselves by borrowing from other forms of existence of their national language (literary standard, other territorial dialects, from different types of social dialects), non-literary vernacular, etc., as well as from other national languages, including their literary and non-literary forms. Keywords: concept, borrowing, languages, jargon, argot, system. Introduction The concept of “borrowing” is nothing more than the transfer of a word, phrases, word- formation models, i.e. nominative unit from one communicative-linguistic system to another. A communicative-linguistic system, which is called the form of existence of a language (or linguema), can be: a literary language, territorial dialects, professional languages, group jargons, conventional languages (argot), thieves' jargon, vernacular, etc. The problem of borrowing has always been one of the most controversial in lexicology. And currently, different authors can find directly opposite assessments of borrowing. Some authors consider the increase in the number of borrowed words in the Russian language to be an abnormal phenomenon that pollutes this language and impedes the development of its word-formation capabilities [1]. Others believe that borrowing expands the composition of Russian vocabulary, and not only does not suppress the development of the language, but also leads to the deployment and improvement of the borrowing language’s own resources. This is manifested in word formation using borrowings, in the emergence of new, borrowed word-formation means and, finally, in the activation of unproductive word-formation means of the borrowing language during tracing [1]. In addition, borrowing contributes to the improvement and development of the language, introducing into it precision of expression, emotional, expressive and stylistic diversity. In linguistics, there is no unambiguous definition of borrowing, but many researchers note the predominance of nominative vocabulary among borrowings, both based on the material of literary languages and dialects. The study of foreign language vocabulary and, more broadly, language borrowing has a fairly wide tradition in both domestic and foreign linguistics. Purely linguistic issues related to this industry are considered in many works in conjunction with problems of cultural and socio-economic contacts of countries and peoples. The general problem of borrowing elements of one language by another includes a complex set of issues of various, in particular, non-linguistic nature. According to L.P. Krysin, the most relevant of them are the following: 1) what linguistic phenomenon is called American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 25, February, 2024 302 | P a g e borrowing; 2) reasons for borrowing; 3) types and types of migrating elements; 4) types and types of foreign words as the most frequently and regularly borrowed language units; 5) mastery of words in the borrowing language and different aspects of this mastery; 6) signs of mastering a foreign word, allowing it to be considered a borrowing, the question of defining a borrowed word, isolating it from the concept of “foreign word” [2]. As during the 19th - first third of the 20th centuries. valuable observations of linguists on certain foreign words and groups of words (in each specific language) were accumulated, material concerning the interaction of different languages was collected, tasks associated with the general theoretical understanding of lexical borrowing as a process characteristic to a greater or lesser extent of all natural languages Words in Russian can have one or more lexical meanings. Words that have the same lexical meaning are called unambiguous, for example: Smell, -a, m. Property of a substance perceived by the sense of smell. Smell of flowers. Nice smell. Memorize, -learn, -teach; memorized; Sov., that. When learning something, remember it firmly. Learn the rule. A memorized gesture (repeated many times, which has already become automatic).//ness. memorize, -ay, -ay. Medicinal, oh, oh. Intended for treatment. Medicinal products. Medical institutions. Words that have two or more lexical meanings are called polysemantic, for example: Sleeve, -a, pl. -a, m. 1. A piece of clothing that covers the arm up to or up to the elbow. Short sleeves. 2. A water stream separated from the main channel. River branch. 3. Pipe or intestine for draining liquids, gases, granular solids (special). Firehose. Bury, -nus, -burst; owls, what (colloquial). 1. Poking, immersing, hiding. Bury your head in the pillow. 2. trans., then Immerse yourself in some activity, carefully examining something; go deeper into reading (disapproved). Bury yourself in a book. Words of all independent parts of speech, except numerals, can be polysemantic. The specific meaning of an ambiguous word can only be determined in context, in combination with other words, for example: Children playing in the garden. — Young artists, graduates of the Shchukin School, are playing today. — The sun's rays play on the surface of the water. In the first sentence, the word “play” means “frolicking, having fun, having fun”, in the second it means “perform on stage”, and in the third it means “to manifest oneself, to reveal oneself in some way.” The meanings of words are recorded in explanatory dictionaries. Several meanings of one word are given in one dictionary entry, sequentially, under numbers. If a word has a figurative meaning or an emotionally expressive connotation, this is recorded in the interpretation and relevant examples are given: Finish baking, -eku, -eat; -yok, -ekla; -echenny (-yon, ena); owls, who what. 1. Bake until fully cooked. Finish the pie. 2. transfer To pester (colloquial). Finish with comments.//nesov. bother, -ay, -ay. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 25, February, 2024 303 | P a g e Polysemy (from the Greek πολυσημεία - “polysemy”) - polysemy, multivariance, that is, the presence of a word (unit of language, term) of two or more meanings, historically conditioned or interconnected in meaning and origin. In modern linguistics, grammatical and lexical polysemy are distinguished. So, the shape of the 2nd person unit. Parts of Russian verbs can be used not only in their own personal meaning, but also in a generalized personal meaning. Wed: “Well, you’ll shout out everyone!” and “I can’t shout you down.” In such a case, we should talk about grammatical polysemy. Often, when they talk about polysemy, they primarily mean the polysemy of words as units of vocabulary. Lexical polysemy is the ability of one word to serve to designate different objects and phenomena of reality (associatively related to each other and forming a complex semantic unity). Turkic borrowings (Turkisms) have a wide meaning in the Russian language. This term in linguistic science summarizes Russian words that came to us simultaneously from all Turkic languages - either directly or indirectly (most often from Persian and Arabic). And today in the Russian language there are hundreds of full-meaning words of Turkic origin. Thematically, they cover all areas of life. This is explained by the close contact of the Turkic peoples with Russian culture and way of life over several long historical periods. Let's look at the main periods of borrowings from Turkic languages, consider the distinctive features of each of them and give specific examples. Turkic words of the pre-Mongol period The key layer of Turkisms in our language covers the period of the Mongol-Tatar invasion in the 13th-14th centuries. But there is a group of Turkisms of the 12th century - several words that deserve special attention. These are general concepts of everyday and cultural meaning, some of them are noted as words of Bulgarian origin. Bogatyr. The name of the original Russian, strong and wise hero of the epics of reality comes from the ancient Turkic baatur and the Danube-Bulgar batur. The meaning of the word is “brave,” “hero,” or “military leader.” Horde. The word appeared in our vocabulary even before the invasion of the Mongol-Tatar conquerors - from the Polovtsians (presumably). The original meaning of the word “horde” was an alliance of nomadic tribes or a gang/disorderly crowd. Tent. A word that has spread in a number of Slavic languages (including Russian, Serbian, Bulgarian, Polish, Slovenian). Initially, it is of Persian origin (catr - “barrier, tent”), and came to us through the Turkic languages. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 25, February, 2024 304 | P a g e Master. The history of the word dates back to the period of the Tatar-Mongol invasion. It originally appeared in the Persian language (“hoja” - lord), from where it migrated to the Turkic dialects. Quiver. A striking example of direct borrowing in the military sphere is the Russian word “quiver”, which originates from the Tatar kolcan, kulcan. Latest borrowings After the Mongol-Tatars, the leading reason for the spread of Turkic words was the strong influence of the culture of the Ottoman Empire. That is why many borrowings from the 16th- 19th centuries are of cultural and everyday origin (drum, heel, iron, trap, etc.). Hypocrite. By this word we mean a hypocritical person, but in Turkish chadzy means “pilgrim”. It is believed that "bigot" also comes from Arabic. Fuel oil. Originally an Arabic concept (where makhzulat means “waste”; fuel oil is waste generated during oil refining), which later came through the Turkic languages. Dunce. Another word common in all Turkic languages. The Tatar word “bilmes” means “ignoramus” or “ignoramus,” and the Kyrgyz word “bilbes” means “fool.” Attic. The word is taken from Turkish/Crimean Tatar and Karaite languages. In the first case, the word cardak meant “balcony”, in the second - “upper room”. Drawing conclusions, I came to the following conclusion: foreign words are in great demand in the professional activities of our parents and in the vocabulary of younger schoolchildren. My research also showed that both adults and junior schoolchildren could not manage in their speech without using words of foreign origin, since everyone actively uses them in their speech. Borrowings into the Russian language from other languages cannot be avoided, because people from different countries actively cooperate with each other. The problem is not borrowing, but who uses it and how. The use of foreign words, like others, is regulated by lexical norms. Therefore, when choosing words, people should pay attention to meaning, stylistic coloring, usage, and compatibility with other words. Violation of any one of these criteria can lead to a speech error. References 1. Krysin L.P. Russian word, one’s own and someone else’s: Studies in modern Russian language and sociolinguistics. – M.: Languages of Slavic Culture, 2004. – 888 p. 2. Krysin L.P. Foreign words in modern Russian. – M.: Nauka, 1968. 3. Shadieva D.K. Changing the format of Russian-language media in UZBEKISTAN // International Journal of the Art of Words. – 2021. – T. 4. – No. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 25, February, 2024 305 | P a g e 4.Shadieva D.K. Extrapolation and study of trends in changing norms of the Russian language //Modern problems of philology. – 2022. – P. 133-138. 5. Shatov I. A. FORMS OF ORGANIZATION OF EDUCATIONAL WORK IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AT SCHOOL //SCIENCE AND WORLD. – 2013. – P. 59.