American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 26, March - 2024 1 | P a g e MILITARY ART AND COMMANDERSHIP SKILLS OF AMIR TEMUR Kholmonov Mansur Narzilloyevich Tashkent State Pedagogical University named after Nizami Teacher of the Special Training cycle of the Faculty of Military Education Abstract The article provides information about the military art and skill of Amir Temur as a commander and various tactical actions in the deployment of a military army and methods of transferring a combatant army to khujum. Keywords: mahurat, khujum, warrior army, military art, armor, amir ul-umaro, Military Council. Introduction Military history recognizes Amir Temur as one of the world's most skilled captains. Amir Temur dastaval was an army commander, a skilled military commander, creating a powerful and belligerent army of his time, improving its composition and order, methods of transition to khujum. It began to be studied in the world from the 16th century and in Russia from the 19th century. M.I.Ivanin, S.Lidsky, A.Yu.Yakubovsky, A.A.Semyonov, V.The studies of cherevansky, Tilman Nagel, Harold Lemb, Lynn Von Pal, Marotstsi Djastyn noted the complex personality of Amir Temur and highly regarded his military captaincy skills. Diplomatic relations with European countries began after the defeat of the Turkish sultan Yıldırım Boyazıd, and the prince was described by the Kings of the Western powers as a “European haloskor”, “the most honorable and most exalted Tsar Temurbek”. The famous French sculptor traveled to Istanbul in 1853, through which he created a gold statuette in 1898 due to his reverence for Sahibqiron. The sculptor created statues of five zabardast sarkardas, including Julius Caesar, Amir Temur, Napoleon Bonaparte, Frederick the Great, George Washington. Amir Temur made sculptures in gold, and in 1900 the sculpture was exhibited at the Paris exhibition L. Kerenning was given in his work "Amir Temur salatanati" by professor A. Saidov clarified and told Uzbek readers about this, identifying a statue made of this legendary Gold. The sculpture was also exhibited at the 2010-2011 exhibition of works at the Orse Museum in Paris, as well as at the museum exhibition in Los Angeles (2010), Madrid (2011).[1] Master's military leadership skills In H. Dadaboev's pamphlet "Military skills of Amir Temur", the content and essence of scientist Amir Temur's contribution to the development of military art, the structure of the army and the different aspects of its management system American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 26, March - 2024 2 | P a g e from the system of Genghis Khan's army, the results of famous battles directions, map of the location of the army, comments are given. Amir Temur was not only a statesman, but above all a skilled military commander and a world lover. The master's military skills are rarely studied in Uzbekistan. In addition, while reflecting on his military skill and contribution to the development of world military art, the structure of his army and the management system in it are different from the system of Genghis Khan's army. In particular, it mentions the activities of the mashvarat (military council) in the state, military positions, i.e., the division of the army into ten, hundred, thousand and tumans, which were headed by ten, hundred, thousand and tuman begis.[2] According to Amir Temur's decree, four of the famous army commanders were appointed as first-rank commanders, i.e. beklarbegi, and one of the noble amirs was given the position of “Amir ul-Umara” and he served as the supreme commander, that is, Amir Temur's deputy. Three hundred and thirteen begs headed the various units of the army, the first one hundred of them held the positions of ten begs, the second hundred held the positions of hundred begs, and the third hundred held the positions of thousand begs, and the districts were occupied by the children, grandsons and emirs of Sahibqiran, Sheikh Nuriddin, Haji Saifuddin, Shahmalik. , Allahdad, Jahanshah and other famous commanders led by “Tuzuklar”.[3] The fact that H. Dadaboyev revealed the structure and composition of Amir Temur's army through drawings based on information from historical sources has a special scientific value. Amir Temur improved the structure of the fighting army, that is, by making changes to the Mongolian military management system, it was divided into tens, hundreds, thousands (Hazara), tens of thousands (districts). and the army was led by ten-bashi, hundred-bashi, thousand-bashi and tumanbegs.[4] Amir Temur divided the army into seven. Soldiers from 50 to 1000 were called “troop”, more than that were called “khol”, and the commanders were called “sardar” and “amir”. Also, Amir Temur divided the army into seven arms, provided the right and left arms with kanbul (reserve) troops.[5] The service of the cavalry was great in Amir Temur's army. They are divided into light, fast cavalry, which confuses the opponent, and heavy cavalry, which deliver the main crushing blow to the enemy. Amir Temur also attached special importance to foot soldiers. Because in most cases they were the first to start the battle. Compared to horsemen, they were considered to be a great force in shooting bow arrows and using their technical means in conquering fortresses. First of all, Amir Temur attached special importance to the selection of the commanders of each unit, he chose them, educated them and sent them his demands. He also demanded from experienced soldiers the qualities of determination, fearlessness, indifference, and acting according to the situation.[6] Horse archers were supplied to the army by nomadic herding tribes. From the settled people, there are pedestrians, those who do various jobs (such as digging ditches, carrying out farm work, delivering the necessary weapons), as well as those who operate military equipment American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 26, March - 2024 3 | P a g e (such as those who work with devices such as stone, fire, oil, and wall breakers). soldiers are prepared. The army consisted mainly of light and heavy cavalry, as well as infantry capable of fighting in plains and mountainous terrain. Each soldier, distinguished by the color of his equipment, clothes, and flags, knew his place on the battlefield under the guidance of his superiors. Amir Temur, who was used to conducting a special inspection of the army before each battle, paid special attention to the selection of battlefields and the weather. He strengthened the right and left wings. Because their service in encircling the enemy's army was great. He also created a strong reserve unit to deliver the main blow.[7] In 1391, before the battle with Tokhtamysh, Amir Temur created seven divisions in his army for the first time, appointing mature and experienced generals as the leaders of six of them. Sahibgiron marched north with his army and crossed the Tobol, Yayik (Ural) and Iyik (Ik) rivers. The battle between the two armies took place on Monday, June 18, 1391 in the area of Kunduzcha (now the town of Kondurcha between Samara and Chistopol).[7] One of the great contributions of Sahibqiran to the development of military art is the introduction of the cavalry unit - kunbul (kumbul), which was formed in order to flank the troops during the battle and attack them from the side. Such a completely new military unit was not in the army of great generals such as Alexander the Great, Hannibal, Louis XIV, Frederick the Great, Genghis Khan. Only in the order of battle of Napoleon Bonaparte's army was the part protecting the army's wings. H. Dadaboev agrees with the opinion of M. Ivanin that military experts studied the tactics of Napoleon's army of Temurbek (Ivanin M O voennom iskusstve - S. 163.).[8] Nizamiddin Shami and Sharafiddin Ali Yazdi describe the famous big battle between Amir Temur and Tokhtamish Khan on June 18, 1391 in Kunduzcha region as follows: in this way they walked before. Amir Sahibgiron organized the army and made the division of seven hands inevitable. It was done in such a way that it cannot be described. The first part belongs to King Mahmud Khan and was led by Amir Temur's commander-in- chief Amirzada Suleimanshah. The second (great) arm belonged to Sahibqiran, commanded by his (grandson) Amirzada Muhammad Sultan. At that time, Amir Temur came down with several troops. Third hand (right wing). Amir Temur's third son Mironshah and Amir Muhammad Khurasani commanded. Fourth hand. Amir Haji Saifiddin was appointed to the right wing qambuli (reserve and guard department). The fifth hand. Amirza Umarshayh was appointed to the left wing. And the hand and heart of his army (the central part) were appointed the emirs Berdibek and Khudoidad. The sixth hand. In the text, the Tuman, Hazara and Sada emirs belong to the right wing. Seventh hand. In the text, the Tuman, Hazara and Sada emirs belong to the left wing. When the innumerable army of Khotamish suddenly started to arrive, Amir Timur bravely and extremely calmly ordered his soldiers to march on foot and pitch tents in the desert. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 26, March - 2024 4 | P a g e This bravery and disregard for the enemy increased the danger and fear in the language of the captives.[9] Amir Saifiddin, the commander of the 4th hand, was the first to run away from the opponents by charging his horse against the opponent. Amirzada Jahanshah blocked the path of an army. Kulinchak repulsed an army of the enemy. Amironshah also fled the enemy army in front of him. Osman Bahadir also showed courage. Sahibqiran organized the army of Muhammad Sultan and went on the attack, the prince Umarshaikh defeated the enemy in front of him. In this way, the Tokhtamysh army was defeated.[10] When the battle was heated, each hand attacked the opponent one by one from different sides of the opponent in such a way that one did not destroy the other. When the first hand was thrown into battle, it was obvious that the opponent would be confused. That is why the opponent threw several of his units against a unit consisting of well-trained, experienced and well-armed and protected fast cavalry and soldiers trained in many battles. Amir Temur, with his diversionary action, after a while threw his second arm, which looked like the one above, on the other weakened side of the opposing army. As a result, confusion began that we were attacked by Amir Temur's personal command in that part as well. In this way, other parts of the arms were thrown to other points of the enemy's army. In this way, Amir Temur defeated the innumerable army of Tokhtamish Khan, who was stunned, and forced them to flee to the desert.[11] Amir Temur Turkified the name and management of the army, names and positions. The names of state councils (military council) and military positions have changed. According to Amir Temur's decree, four of the famous army chiefs were first-rank commanders, i.e. beklarbegi, and one of the dongdar amirs was given the position of “Amir ul-Umara” and he served as the supreme commander, that is, Amir Temur's deputy. Major battles were led by Sahibkiran himself, and the holder of this position was announced before the battle. If the host has a blind spot, it is in order for the battle to end without chaos.[12] In Nizamiddin Shami's work entitled “Zafarnama”, the heroism of famous begs and emirs and the situation of warriors on the field are covered in this way: The heroes who see nothing else, who hear nothing but the song “Be born for death” when they hear the sound of drums and trumpets, go to the battlefield. In various studies, the number of the army is written in different ways, about 400 thousand, 700 thousand people, but the information is not clearly specified in the written sources. Sharafuddin Ali Yazdi calls the army “cherik”. The number of Cheriks is “countless”, “infinite”, and such a large army has not been seen in the world since Genghis Khan. Again, he calls all of them famous prices.[12] REFERENCES 1. Saidov A. Amir Temur oltin haykalchasining ijodkori // Moziydan sado. 2016. – 38b. 2. Sharafuddin Ali Yazdiy. Zafarnoma . 1996– 174, 256b. 3. Rui Gonsales de Klavixo. Samarqandga Amir Temur saroyiga sayohat kundaligi (1403- 1406). Mas’ul muharrir Muhammad Ali; so‘zboshi va izohlar muallifi M.Safarov; tarj. O.Tog‘ayev. – Toshkent: O‘zbekiston, 2010. 264 b. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 26, March - 2024 5 | P a g e 4. Nizomiddin Shomiy. Zafarnoma /Fors tilidan o‘giruvchi Yunusxon Hakimjonov. Tarjimani qayta ishlab nashrga tayyorlovchi va mas'ul muharrir A.O‘rinboyev. Izohlar va lug‘atlarni tuzuvchi H.Karomatov (geografik nomlar izohi O.Bo‘riyevniki). Hofizi Abruning “Zafarnoma”ga yozgan “Zayl”i – (“Ilova”)ni forsiydan o‘giruvchi va izohlarni tuzuvchi O.Bo‘riyev. Toshkent: O‘zbekiston, 1996. 528 b. 5. Axmedov B. Amir Temurning tarixdagi o’rni. Muloqot. 1996. 5.b 6. Cherevanskiy V. Amir Temur. Bolaligi. Jangovar yo‘li. Vafoti / Xurshid Do‘stmuhammad va Amirqul Karim tarjimasi. Mas’ul muharrir va izohlar muallifi Xurshid Davron. Toshkent: Yozuvchi, 1993. 224 b. 7. Dadaboyev H. Amir Temurning harbiy mahorati. Toshkent: Yozuvchi, 1996. 8. O’zbekiston milliy enseklopediyasi “Buyuk ajdodlarimiz” kitobi. 2001. 135b. 9. Ahmedov B. Sohibqiron Temur: hayoti va ijtimoiy-siyosiy faoliyati. - Toshkent: Abdulla Qodiriy nomidagi xalq merosi, 1996. 136 b. 10. Muhammadjonov A. Temur va Temuriylar saltanati (Tarixiy ocherk). – Toshkent: Qomuslar Bosh tahririyati, 1994. 1996. 11. Keren L. Amir Temur saltanati /Fransuz tilidan tarj. va izohlar muallifi: B.Ermatov; Maxsus muharrir: X.Sulton; So‘zboshi Lui Bazen. T.: O‘zbekiston NMIU, 2018. 248 b. 12. Рахманалиев Р. Тамерлан. Великий триумф и личность Тамерлана в контексте мировой истории. М., 2002.