American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 26, March - 2024 90 | P a g e GENETIC ANALYSIS: ORIGIN OF HOMONYMIC LINES IN THE UZBEK LANGUAGE Ranokhon Mutalibjonovna Khudjaeva, Ph.D., Associate Professor of TSUULL Abstract: This article describes the etymology of the origin of homonyms in the Uzbek language. In addition, the linguistic features and historical roots of their emergence are studied. The article uses the methodology of etymological analysis, as well as a genetic approach to the study of language, which allows us to establish connections between words and their historical evolution, including migration, cultural exchange and other factors that affect the semantics and origin of words. The results of the research allow a better understanding of the historical development of the Uzbek language and its interaction with other languages. Keywords: etymological-genetic analysis, homonyms, Uzbek language, linguistics, language history. Introduction The study of language etymology provides valuable insight into the fascinating world of language evolution and its deep connections with human ancestors. One such interesting case is the existence of homonyms, which has “puzzled” linguists for centuries. The emergence and preservation of homonyms in any language is a riveting phenomenon. Homonyms are words that sounds and forms are the same but have different meanings. Researching the origins of homonyms requires an interdisciplinary approach based on linguistics, historical research, and genetic analysis. While embarking on this journey into the “mysterious” world of homonyms in the Uzbek language, it is worth noting that the development of such a complex language phenomenon often occurs in the context of cultural appropriation, migration and interaction between different communities. Semantically related homonyms may or may not have a common meaning. Not all grammatically identical homonyms are necessarily lexically related. Homonyms formed by conversion or phrasing, as well as homonyms that have a genetic connection through additions or random combinations of forms, have semantic consistency. Etymologically, homonyms resulting from the matching of different words are considered to be semantically unrelated. Homonyms, related or unrelated in origin, may be monosyllabic or disyllabic in structure1. According to their etymology, they are divided into two groups: groups with the same or different origins: 1 Горелов В.И. Лексикология китайского языка. – М.: Просвещение. 1984. – С.123. 216. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 26, March - 2024 91 | P a g e Genetic analysis in the context of linguistics involves the systematic study of language features and their interrelationships to shed light on the historical development of language. By studying the origin of words, the dynamics of their development, linguists determine the laws of language evolution, which justify their origin going back to the distant past. This approach will be particularly useful in unraveling the “mysteries” related to homonyms in the Uzbek language. The deep historical roots of the Uzbek language, which is mainly spoken in Uzbekistan and its surrounding regions, go back to the Turkic languages. Throughout its development, it came into contact with various languages, including Persian, Arabic, Russian, and Turkish dialects. These influences inevitably shape the language, leaving their mark on its vocabulary and syntactic structures. The existence of homonyms in the Uzbek language shows a complex picture that has emerged as a result of centuries-old cultural and linguistic influence. Lexical homonyms of unrelated origin occur to varying degrees in different languages and are determined by each language’s lexical richness, internal and external sources of vocabulary richness, as well as geographic, chronological, and sociological factors. Some of the homonyms of different origins in the Uzbek language have not been assimilated into the lexicon of the language, and some of them have been assimilated. In this respect, the levels of semantic, phraseological and word-formation efficiency of these homonyms are weaker compared to the English language. The reasons for this are as follows: First of all, the lexicon of the Uzbek language did not develop widely due to the strict language policy and purism (purification tendency aimed at cleaning the language from foreign language elements) conducted during the “Shoro” period. Accordingly, the number of homonyms with different origins is also small. The small number of homonyms recorded in the “Homonym’s dictionary of the Uzbek language” mainly belong to homonyms with different origins. Secondly, homonyms of different origins have not been absorbed and assimilated into the lexicon of the Uzbek language as in the English language, this process is slower in the Uzbek language. Because homonyms of different origins in the Uzbek language are borrowed from languages of different systems, and they do not correspond to the grammatical structure and typological features of the Uzbek language. Homonyms of different origins in the English language are mainly adopted from languages belonging to the same family, and as a result of long historical development, their assimilation into the English lexicon was easy, and this H o m o n ym s (a cc o rd in g to t h e et im o lo gy ) homonyms of different origins homonyms of the same origin American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 26, March - 2024 92 | P a g e had a positive effect on their effectiveness. It can be observed that homonyms of different origins in the English language came from French, Scandinavian, Indo-European, German, and Latin languages, and homonyms of different origins in the Uzbek language came mainly from Arabic, Persian, and Russian languages. This also has its own scientific basis, and homonyms of different origins are related to geolinguistic factors. That is, the colonial policy and conquests of certain periods of history directly affected the language of that land. To better understand this, the theory of “language contacts” can be applied. Substrate, superstrate, and adstrate processes are important in the comparative analysis of the efficiency of homonyms of unrelated origin. As a result of social, economic and cultural relations with neighboring countries, languages have influenced each other. The origin of the first, second, and third words in the lines of homonyms, that is, etymologically going back to the same language, creates homonymic series with the same origin. For example, if analyze the homonymic line “Ҳад” in the Uzbek language, both homonyms in this line have been adopted into Uzbek from Arabic word “Ҳад”, and first meaning of this homonym ҳад1 means “limit, boundary”, and ҳад2 has been adopted from the Arabic word “relief form, piece” and currently used as a mathematical term in Uzbek and used as a meaning “member”: If the etymological origin of the first, second, etc. words in the lines of homonyms belong to different languages, the origin of the homonyms in this line is considered independent. For example, in the Uzbek language, (Ранг1)- paint, paint color (from the Tajik language), (Ранг2)- a military term (from the French language) adopted and formed a homonymic line: The homonymic lines of different origins includes homonyms belonging to the same word group, belonging to different word groups, and words borrowed from two or more different languages (sometimes and at different times) due to the fact that the pronunciation is the same in the languages under the influence of certain phonetic reasons, or due to linguistic and appears under the influence of extralinguistic factors. For example of this: Карам1 assimilated to the Uzbek language from Arabic ҳад (had) - border, limit. ҳад (had) - member (math.term.) assimilated to the Uzbek language ранг2 (Rang - military term (from French) ранг1 (color - paint, paint color (from the Tajik language) American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 26, March - 2024 93 | P a g e (Arab.) - compassion, kindness; Карам2 (Taj.) noun – vegetable; Нафас1 (Arab.) noun – breathing; Нафас2 (unkn.) noun – very short time. Under the influence of borrowed words, the use of a lexical unit belonging to its own layer, which exists in English and Uzbek, decreases in speech, gradually it may go out of daily use or its level of use may be limited and become an inactive layer. That is, a borrowed word can displace a word belonging to its class in the process of historical development. This is an important linguistic (intralinguistic) factor in the emergence of homonyms of different origins. For example, there are many words that have undergone semantic changes in the Uzbek language. In particular, the homonym кўр1, first mean the imperative form of the verb “to see”, and second meaning is the opposite homonym кўр2 also means “blind”. The word хотин1 (хатун, жотун) were used in the ancient Turkic language only in the sense of “queen, king’s wife”, and now this word has a second meaning, хотин2 is used in the sense of “wife of a husband who is a representative of any social class”. Jacob Grimm2 evaluated this situation as follows: “Languages did not develop on the basis of an eternal and immutable law of nature, but they developed rapidly along with the prosperity of nations, and sometimes slowed down as a result of the decline of those nations, and they experienced moments of prosperity and boring moments of stagnation”. Any socio-political event in the history of mankind, of course, have its influence on the language. Extralinguistic factors are also indicated in scientific literature as one of the important factors in language development. A. Hojiev’s3 “Лингвистик терминларнинг изоҳли луғати” gives the following definition: “Extralinguistic factors (lat. extra - external + French. linguistigue - specific to the language). Conditions of objective reality influencing language development. Such extralinguistic conditions in the development of the language primarily include socio-political factors”. Following diagram has shown homonyms assimilated to the Uzbek language: 2 Гримм Якоб. Опроисхождении языка // Хрестоматия по истории языкознания XIX-XX веков /составитель Звегенцов В.А./. – М.: 1956. – С.63. 3 Ҳожиев А. Ўзбек тили морфологияси, морфемикаси ва сўз ясалишининг назарий масалалари. – Т.: Фан, 2010. – Б. 165. 7% 3% 14% 3% 34% 7% 3% arabic/russ arabic\ital\Persian-Tajik arabic\Persian-Tajik arabic\unknown arabic\engl arab\russ\unknown arab\greek Persian-Tajik\russ Pers-Taj\french Pers-Taj\unknowm Pers-Taj\unkn\russ pers-taj\unkn\engl pers-taj\greekЮНОН greek\lat lat/french lat\germ American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 26, March - 2024 94 | P a g e Homonyms of different origins that have been adopted into the Uzbek language initially entered our language in connection with the above factors. In particular, cases such as the Arab invasion and the dominant role of the Arabic language in our country, even its recognition as the “state language” in past times, and later the role of the “lingua franca” which can be compared with the influence of the “Latin language” for the English language. In connection with this, words with etymologically unrelated words entered the English language from the Latin language, and to the Uzbek language mainly from the Arabic language, and as a result, homonymic lines appeared. Under the influence of long-term economic and cultural relations and social relations with neighboring countries, the Uzbek language has acquired homonyms of different origins. Homonyms of different origins assimilated to the Uzbek language from the Persian-Tajik language. It should also be noted that as a result of globalization and integration. In this aspect, the Uzbek language has more commonality and generality than the English language. Unlike English, homonyms of different origins in the Uzbek language retain the feature of homonymy both at the language level and in a certain sense, at the speech level. In particular, when homonyms of different origins occur within a word group, they retain their homonymy outside the context, even when grammatical forms are added to it. For example, in grammatical forms such as ранг, рангни, рангга, рангнинг, the word “ранг” lives in the language as an etymologically unrelated homonym. So, the above-mentioned and analyzed criteria clearly show the comparative-typological characteristics of the English and Uzbek languages in the lexical system, especially the common and different aspects of homonyms of different origins in both languages. REFERENCES 1. Миртожиев М. Ўзбек тилида омонимларнинг пайдо бўлиши. Дисс... канд. филол. наук. – Т.: 1963. 2. Muminov A.М. Lexicology Of The English Language. Мехридарё. –Т.: 2008. – 161 р. 3. Худжаева Р.М. Инглиз тилидаги генетик боғланмаган лексик омонимлар изоҳли луғати. “Фан ва технология” нашриёти. – Тошкент: 2017. 176 Б. 4. Ҳожиев А. Ўзбек тили морфологияси, морфемикаси ва сўз ясалишининг назарий масалалари. Фан. – Т.: 2010. – Б. 165.