American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 28, May - 2024 60 | P a g e DISTINCTIVE FEATURES IN SEMANTICS AND WORD FORMATION Zebuniso Ramazonova Uzbekistan State World Languages University Faculty of English 2 Senior Teacher at the Department of Methodology of Teaching English Tashkent, Uzbekistan Abstract The purpose of the research is to study and determine the peculiar features of anthroponyms, to define semantic aspects, ways of their formation, culture-specific characteristics. It also suggests varied classifications comparing different languages. This study used descriptive-analytic, comparative method, semantic analysis, partially componential analysis methods. Keywords: anthroponyms, proper names, word formation, affixation. abbreviation, blending. Introduction In the lexical system of a language, the role and importance of anthroponyms are crucial from grammatical, semantic, historical, cultural and psychological points of view. Proper names are not just a means created to name an object in reality, but also a necessity for the millennial development of mankind; today the study of problems associated with anthroponyms acquires relevance and significance in the lexical layer of any language. The study of anthroponyms was carried out over a long period (XVII-XX centuries) diachronically, mainly the etymology of atroponyms was deeply studied, that is, their origin, structural and semantic changes over time (Gardiner, 1954, Yonge 1863). In an anthroponymic study many scientists conduct their research based on A. V. Superanskaya's theory. In his works, the connection between a person's name and his life subsequently served as an impetus for the study of proper names within the framework of the theory of linguistic personality. The scientist believes that “onymy, like other linguistic units, enters into a relationship with any events surrounding a person (Superanskaya, 2012:36). As evidence, factors related to human life and activity that influence onomatopoeia are listed. Firstly, names related to landscape and atmosphere, natural phenomena: Gromov - taken from “grom” - thunder in Russian, Ozerov - taken from “ozero” which means “lake” in Russian language, Yashin - which means “lightning” in Uzbek, To’lqin -which means “waves” in Uzbek. These examples can be found in all languages. Secondly, names based on biological factors: Xromoy (meaning is “lame” in Russian), Krivonogiy (meaning is bow-legged in Russian), Nafasboy (meaning is “breath” in Uzbek), Ochilbek (meaning is “to be open” in Uzbek. There names are ususally given to people who have breathing problems). Thirdly, American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 28, May - 2024 61 | P a g e names related to material and spiritual culture (in this case, the names used in the same period by the same group of people/nation were understandable to everyone). Fourthly, names associated with social phenomena occurring in society: names of ceremonies, awards, scholarships. Fifthly, names that entered into tradition under the influence of fashion (Superanskaya, 2012:42). It is worth noting that the sources of proper names can be both animate/inanimate objects in reality, and concrete and abstract concepts, in which the choice is in the hands of a person, when he wants it and, therefore, if necessary, any thing or concept can become proper names. S. I. Garagulya believes that the sources of names are open and dynamic and that they will always be in motion and change (Garagulya, 2010, 126). That is, the sources of the name are not fixed, it is believed that the created name lives like a living organism, wears out and goes out of use, its durability is not fixed, it is unknown when and in what way it will disappear. On the other hand, V.V. Oshepkova argues that the principle of preference for anthroponyms underlies the widespread and longer use of a given name (Oshepkova, 2004, 195). For example, while some names in English (Alexander, Arthur, Barbara, Benedict, Brian, Helen, Catherine, Mary, Paul, Richard, Sarah, Wilfred, William, etc.) have not lost their value for several centuries, some recent names such as Apple, Ivy, Knight, Rainbow, Tabisha are difficult to say about life expectancy. One of the pressing problems of modern anthroponymy is the study of the structural and semantic features of nouns and the specifics of their structure. It is known that related nouns also take part in the formation of nouns - noun, adjective, verb, adverb and other categories of words. Nouns are divided into the following types depending on which category of words they are formed through: 1) Desubstant (which is based on nouns): Blossom - English “blossom” - flower, bloom, Calista - Latin “calix” - bowl, Hebe - ancient Greek “Hebe” - youth, Peter - ancient Greek “Petros” - stone or “Petra” - ladder, pearl - English word for “pearl”; 2) Deadjective (based on adjectives): Fiona - in Gallic “fionn” - beautiful, good-looking; Hilary - in Latin “hilaris” - cheerful; Justin - in Latin “Justus” - beautiful; Melanie/Melanie in ancient Greek “melas” - black, wheat; Happy - in English “happy" - happy; 3) Deverbal (based on verbs): Alexis - in ancient Greek “alexein” to protect; Philomena - in ancient Greek “phileo” - to love; Werner - in ancient Greek “warnon” - to warn. Besides, anthroponyms can be mono-rooted or double-rooted. Let’s see it in examples: The basis of the name Bridget is one word - brigh - strength of Celtic origin; Kenneth - caioneach in Gaulish - graceful, beautiful; Linne - hlynn in Old English which means a strong stream. Examples of double-rooted nouns: Henry - in Old German heim - house + richi - leader, owner, master; Kenward - in Old English cene - brave, courageous + weard - protection; Rowena - comes from the German hrod - glory, + Wynn - fun. The antoponymic lexicon is constantly and steadily changing. According to A.V. Superanskaya, B.e. Shtalman, N.V. Podolskaya and A.X. Sultanov, the anthroponymic lexicon is enriched in the following ways: American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 28, May - 2024 62 | P a g e 1.Use of ready-made names or stems of names in other languages: Luther is a German name in the USA, Eloise is a French name in English countries, Natasha is a shortened form of the Russian name Natalya, Sasha is a shortened form of the Russian name Alexander/Alexandra common in the USA. 2. By artificial word formation from words related to the language - Freedom, Hunter, Apple, Ocean, Autumn, etc. 3.Through methods of reformulation of eminent nouns: the astionym London as the anthroponym London (female name), the astionym Paris as an anthroponym can be used for both sexes, the hydronym Nile as a male name, etc. (Superanskaya, 2009, 71) . Enriching anthroponyms in the above-mentioned ways is a fairly simple and natural process, characteristic of all languages and eras. It is worth noting here that the cross- linguistic migration of proper names occurs more easily than that of cognate nouns, and even simple familiarity with the named object may be sufficient. On the other hand, cognates must have important cross-cultural connections, so that they can migrate to other languages, must be intimately familiar with the concept or reality they represent, and can only be learned when necessary. While names such as Albert, Anne, John, George, James, Jessica, Mary, Michael, Robert, Ursula are major components of the Old English anthroponymic system, names such as Bunny, Dax, Jess, ha, Kai, Latisha, Lulu, Luv, Sonnet, Sullivan are considered to be new names whose durability or survival in the anthroponimic system is unknown. Speaking about the typological features of English anthroponyms, it is important to consider proper names that are formed with the help of compounding. In the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries, compound names were rare in England, for example, John William Whitting, John Philip Capel, Thomas Maria Wingfield and others. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, naming with two or more names (compound names) became much more common, especially among girls' names. Such names of two or more words were considered at that time as one name: Mary Ann, Mary Jane, Sarah Jane, etc. Modern names formed from the combination of two female names appeared much later: Anella (Ann(e) + Ella), Marianne (Mary + Anne), Saralinda (Sara(h) + Linda), etc. Formation of a new name by blending (the creation of a new word or phrase by crossing two similar parts of a word or phrase) is now still considered a productive method, and the desire to give a sonorous, short and meaningful name was the reason for this. Gradually, such names were forced out of use, limiting the phenomenon of naming girls to double names, such as Mary Ann, Mary Jane, and even today this phenomenon is rare among both the British and Americans. So far we have been discussing about the evolution of names of the full or initial form used in documents in formal/official style. Initial or full forms also have arbitrary or derivative forms, which are mainly used informally among close circles in relation to friends, loved ones, and relatives. It is impossible to find the exact number of derivatives. This is explained by the nature of their use: people’s fantasies for creating names, which they use to address friends, loved ones, close relatives, children are varied and diverse. The main ways of forming derivatives are the methods of abbreviation and affixation. Short names are formed American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 28, May - 2024 63 | P a g e by abbreviation: Ben (