American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 39, April - 2025 89 | P a g e ANALYSIS OF PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES IN OBSTETRICS-GYNECOLOGICAL WORDS IN UZBEK AND ENGLISH Rasulova Nilufar Abuvossiyevna Docent, PhD Department of Practical Aspects of the English Language UzWSLU nilufar_rasulova@uzswlu.uz +998917408115 Abstract This article presents the ideas that word formation is the formation of a new meaningful word by adding an affix to the root morpheme, that the main task of word formation is to increase the new vocabulary of the language, and that the greater the vocabulary of the language, the more fluent and colorful the speaker's speech will be. This research used the descriptive qualitative method. Contrastive analysis is used to describe the result of the study between English and Uzbek suffixes that had been compared. Keywords: Affix, suffix, prefix, prefixation phenomenon, word classes, word formation, lexical unit, morpheme. Introduction One of the most important issues in modern linguistics today is the process of word formation, which is still a subject of discussion and debate, without losing its complexity. Word formation is the creation of new lexical units based on the possibilities and materials available in the language. Word formation contributes to the constant enrichment of the vocabulary of the language. As stated by Kolanchery (2015) that there are two kinds of morphemes, free morphemes are the morphemes that can stand alone as independent word and bound morphemes cannot stand alone as a word, it needs to attach to a base [6., p.60-69]. It means that there are two types of morphemes: free morphemes and bound morphemes. Free morphemes that occur on their own without any morphemes necessarily attached to them. Free morphemes can stand by themselves as single, thoroughly independent words, for example, eat, date and dog. Bound morphemes only appear in combination with others in most cases free morphemes. These morphemes are bound because they cannot stand alone and necessarily attached to another form. For instance "–ment" as in management or "un– " as in unhappy. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 39, April - 2025 90 | P a g e Any word formation is the result of the motivational relationship between the motivating base (formation basis) and the motivated words through a certain motivational means (formant). Thus, any word formation consists of the relationship of three elements: formation basis + formation means = formation. Thus, word formation is said to be the formation of a new meaningful word by adding an affix to the root morpheme. As we know, the main task of word formation is to increase the new vocabulary of the language. The greater the vocabulary of the language, the more fluent and colorful the speaker’s speech will be. Of course, affixes, that is, suffixes, come to our aid in this process. In English, affixes are divided into prefixes, that is, prefixes, and suffixes, in turn. We have identified the following prefixes and suffixes from the composition of words related to obstetrics and gynecology in the Uzbek language. befarzand bepusht farzandsizlik qizlik homilador bachadon We have identified the following examples from masterpieces of Uzbek literature: Ko‘zim to‘ldi bugun qonli yoshima, Befarzandlik sitam qildi boshima. “Nurali” Birinchi marta yuzlariga dog‘ oralab, homiladorlikning nishonasi sezilgan kezlarda eshikdan kirardi-yu, Valini mahkam quchoqlab, yuzlaridan cho‘pillatib o‘pardi. R.Fayziy “Shohi darparda” As a result of our scientific research, we found such kind of prefixes in English: They are Complex composition: amni/o (amnion, amniotic fluid) cephal/o (head) cervic/o (cervix) chori/o, chorion/o (chorion) colp/o (vagina) culd/o (rectouterine pouch) embry/o (embryo) episi/o (vulva) esophag/o (esophagus) fet/i (fetus, unborn offspring) fet/o (fetus, unborn offspring) glact/o (milk) gravid/o (pregnancy) gynec/o (woman) hyster/o (uterus) lact/o (milk) American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 39, April - 2025 91 | P a g e mamm/o (breast) mast/o (breast) men/o (menstruation) metr/o (uterus) metri/o (uterus) nat/i (birth) nat/o (birth) obstetr/o (midwife) olig/o (scanty, few) omphal/o (umbilicus, navel) oophor/o (ovary) ov/o (ovary) ovari/o (ovary) ovul/o (ovary) par/o (to bear, labor, childbirth, give birth to) part/o (to bear, labor, childbirth, give birth to) perine/o (perineum) pseud/o (false) prim/i (first) pseud/o (false) puerper/o (childbirth) pylor/o (pylorus, pyloric sphincter) salping/o (uterine tube) terat/o (malformations) uter/o (uterus) vagin/o (vagina) vulv/o (vulva) Suffixes: -a (no meaning, noun ending) -al (pertaining to) -amnios (amnion, amniotic fluid) -arche/o (beginning, first) -cyesis (pregnancy) -e (noun ending, no meaning) -gen (substance that produced, agent that produced) -genic (producing, originating, causing) -graphy (process of recording) -ic (pertaining to) -is (noun suffix, no meaning) -itis (inflammation) American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 39, April - 2025 92 | P a g e -logist (specialist who studies and treats, physician who studies and treats) -logy (study of) -oid (resembling) -oma (tumor) -parous (having given birth) -rrhea (discharge, flow) -rrhexis (rupture) -salpinx (tube or uterine tube) -stenosis (constriction, narrowing) -tocia (birth, labor) -tomy (incision, cut into) -um (noun ending, no meaning) -us (noun ending, no meaning) -version (turned, turning, for example turning the fetus) amni/o or amnion/o amnion, amniotic fluid chori/o chorion fet/o or fet/i fetus, unborn child gravid/o pregnancy lact/o milk nat/o birth omphal/o umbilicus, navel par/o or part/o bear, give birth to, labor, childbirth puerper/o childbirth cephal/o head esophag/o esophagus - passway from the pharynx to the stomach terat/o malformations prim/i first pseud/o false pylor/o pylorus, pyloric sphincter ante before micro small multi many nulli none post after rrhexis rupture tocia birth, labor pre before amnios amnion, amniotic fluid cyesis pregnancy a, e, is, um, us noun suffix, no meaning American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 39, April - 2025 93 | P a g e carcin/o cancer cephal/o head episi/o vulva esophag/o esophagus hydr/o water hyster/o uterus olig/o scanty, few pelv/i pelvis, pelvic cavity prim/i first pylor/o pylorus son/o sound trache/o trachea dys painful, abnormal, difficult, labored intra within neo new poly many, much pre before al, ic pertaining to cele hernia gen substance or agent that produces or causes genic producing, originating, causing graphy process of recording, radiographic imaging itis inflammation logist one who studies and treats (specialist, physician) logy study of oma tumor rrhea flow, discharge stenosis constriction or narrowing tomy cut into, incision -gravida Pregnancy Nulligravida (never pregnant), primigravida (first- time pregnant), multigravida (many pregnancies) -para Live birth Nullipara (no live births), multipara (many live births) Part/o, toc/o Labor/birth/delivery Prepartum, postpartum (before and after delivery), dystocia (difficult delivery) American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 39, April - 2025 94 | P a g e Combining Forms in Obstetrics and Gynecology • cervic/o: Refers to the neck or cervix, particularly the neck of the uterus, which plays a crucial role during childbirth and gynecological examinations. • Colp/o: Denotes the vagina, an essential part of the female reproductive system, involved in sexual intercourse and childbirth. • Gyn/o, Gynec/o: Pertains to women and is often used in terms related to female health, such as gynecology, the medical practice dealing with the female reproductive system. • Hyster/o: Refers to the uterus, a vital organ for fetal development during pregnancy. • Oophor/o, Ovari/o: Both terms relate to the ovaries, which produce eggs and hormones essential for reproduction. • Salping/o: Refers to the fallopian tubes, where fertilization typically occurs. Additional Combining Forms • Men/o, Menstru/o: Relates to menstruation, the monthly cycle that prepares the female body for potential pregnancy. • Vagin/o: Refers to the vagina, emphasizing its role in both reproductive and sexual health. • Amni/o, Amnion/o: Pertains to the amniotic sac, which surrounds and protects the fetus during pregnancy. • Fet/o: Refers to the fetus, the developing human from the end of the 8th week of pregnancy until birth. • Galact/o, Lact/o: Relates to milk production, crucial for breastfeeding after childbirth. Visual Representation of Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning Example Usage cervic/o neck, cervix cervicitis (inflammation of the cervix) Colp/o vagina colposcopy (examination of the vagina) Hyster/o uterus hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus) Common Prefixes • Ante-: Means before, often used in terms like antepartum, referring to the period before childbirth. • Ecto-: Indicates outer or outside, as in ectopic pregnancy, where the embryo implants outside the uterus. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 39, April - 2025 95 | P a g e • Post-: Refers to after or behind, used in postpartum, the period following childbirth. • Supra-: Means above, as in suprapubic, referring to the area above the pubic bone. Important Suffixes • -arche: Indicates beginning, often used in terms like menarche, the first occurrence of menstruation. • -asthenia: Refers to weakness, which can be relevant in various medical conditions. • -partum: Relates to childbirth, as in multiparous, indicating a woman who has given birth multiple times. Common Abbreviations • AB: Abortion, a medical procedure to end a pregnancy. • C-section: Cesarean section, a surgical procedure to deliver a baby through the abdomen. • EDD: Estimated date of delivery, the predicted date when a baby is due to be born. • IVF: In vitro fertilization, a process of fertilizing an egg outside the body before implanting it in the uterus. • NICU: Neonatal intensive care unit, a specialized area for the care of ill or premature newborns. We have identified the following examples from English literature: At some point our childlessness became an acceptable topic of Sunday-lunch conversation, not just between Tom and me, but more generally. The Girl on the Train by Paula Hawkins [3., 18] Provided she could see them periodically, that would not be a bad life, being an only child in a fine, rich, childless American family. How the Garcнa Girls Lost Their Accents by Julia Alvarez “You know, certain people are chosen to survive. I don’t know why, but you are one of those who must remember the past and tell those yet unborn. You must live.” Copper Sun by Sharon M. Draper [7., p.15] “The abortionist is the murderer, and any law banning abortion should identify the abortionist uniquely as such.” From Seattle Times. RESULT AND DISCUSSION In this part, we found the differences and similarites of suffixes between English and Uzbek languages in their form, function and meaning. There are as follows: 1. Differences of suffixes between English and Uzbek. https://www.amazon.com/dp/1594633665?tag=vocabulary01-20 https://www.amazon.com/dp/0945575572?tag=vocabulary01-20 https://www.amazon.com/dp/1416953485?tag=vocabulary01-20 American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 39, April - 2025 96 | P a g e Table 1 Differences of suffix and prefix between English and Uzbek in their form № Uzbek English prefixes 1. siz (suffix) bolasiz less childless (suffix) 2. be (prefix) befarzand un unchild (prefix) Conclusion As a result of our analysis, we found that suffixes such as -siz, -be in Uzbek and -un, - ;less in English create a negative connotation when added to words. In English, the phenomenon of prefixation is more typical for verbs. Prefixes can be added to both independent word classes and functional word classes. REFERENCES 1. Bushuy T.A., Safarov Sh.S. Til qurilishi: tahlil metodlari va metodologiyasi. –T.: ― Fan, 2007. 273–b. 2. Hojiyev A. O‘zbek tili so‘z yasalishi tizimi. –T.: ― O‘qituvchi, 2007. 167–b. 3. Paula Hawkins The Girl on the Train, Hardcover, 2015, P.18. 4. Rasulov R. Umumiy tilshunoslik. –Т. 2010. 230–b. 5. Safarov Sh. Pragmalingvistika. –Т.: ― O‘zbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi, 2008. 300–b. 6. Sherly Marliasari A Contrastive Analysis of Suffixes between English and Uzbek Languages Channing: English Language Education and Literature Vol. 3 No. 2, October 2018 Halaman: P. 60-69. 7. Sharon M. Draper Copper Sun, Atheneum Books for Young Readers, 2008, P.15