American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 40, May- 2025 6 | P a g e OSTEOARTHRITIS (ARTROSIS): OVERVIEW & CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT Ismoilov Farrux Dilshodovich 2-sonli Aftors, Davolash ishi fakulteti 536-guruh Elmurodova Sarvinoz Gʻulomjon qizi 1-son Davolash ishi 202-guruh Mamashukurova Munisa Batirjon qizi 2-sonli Davolash ishi fakulteti 535-guruh talabasi Rakhmonov Shokhimordon Sherkul ugli Scientific Supervisor: Assistant Samarkand State Medical University Universitet: Samarkand State Medical University Abstrat Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive cartilage breakdown, subchondral bone changes, osteophyte (bone spur) formation, and joint dysfunction. It is the most common joint disorder, especially in older adults. Keywords: Osteoarthritis, Degenerative joint disease, osteophyte, Conservative Treatment. Introduction Etiology (Causes) Primary (Idiopathic) OA - Most common in people over 50 - No specific cause, but risk factors include: * Aging * Female gender * Obesity * Genetic predisposition * Joint overuse or repetitive stress Secondary OA - Due to an identifiable cause: * Previous joint injuries (trauma) * Joint infections * Congenital joint deformities American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 40, May- 2025 7 | P a g e * Hormonal imbalances * Inflammatory joint diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, gout) Pathogenesis Cartilage loses elasticity and develops cracks. Subchondral bone hardens and may develop microfractures. Joint space narrows; osteophytes form. Synovial fluid production decreases, leading to joint stiffness, pain, and limited motion. Clinical Features (Symptoms) - Pain: Initially with movement, later even at rest - Stiffness: Especially in the morning or after periods of inactivity - Crepitus: A grating or cracking sound during movement - Limited range of motion - Joint deformity in advanced stages Diagnosis 1. Clinical Examination: Tenderness, joint line pain, stiffness (especially in the morning), range of motion assessment and deformity. 2. Imaging: - X-ray: Shows joint space narrowing, osteophyte formation, subchondral sclerosis, and bone cysts - MRI/CT: Helpful in early stages to assess cartilage and soft tissue damage 3. Laboratory tests: normal ESR/CRP in the absence of inflammation Classification (Kellgren and Lawrence): 0 - No radiographic features I - Doubtful joint space narrowing, possible osteophytes II - Definite osteophytes, possible narrowing III - Moderate narrowing, multiple osteophytes IV - Severe narrowing, large osteophytes, deformity Conservative (Non-Surgical) Treatment 1. Medications: - NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen, diclofenac, meloxicam) to reduce inflammation and pain - Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) for mild-to-moderate pain relief - Chondroprotective agents: Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate (controversial evidence) - Intra-articular injections: * Corticosteroids — for flare-ups * Hyaluronic acid — for joint lubrication 2. Physical Therapy: - Ultrasound therapy, magnetic therapy, electrophoresis - Heat and cold therapy for pain and stiffness American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 40, May- 2025 8 | P a g e 3. Exercise & Rehabilitation: - Low-impact aerobic exercise (e.g., swimming, cycling) - Stretching and strengthening exercises - Water-based therapy (aquatic therapy) 4. Lifestyle Modifications: - Weight loss to reduce joint stress - Use of orthopedic shoes, braces, walking aids - Activity pacing — avoid prolonged standing or repetitive movement 5. Complementary Therapies: - Acupuncture - Manual therapy - Some use herbal or traditional remedies (though not always evidence-based) Expanded Conservative (Non-Surgical) Treatment Options 6. Nutritional Support & Supplements: - Omega-3 fatty acids: May have mild anti-inflammatory effects. - Vitamin D: Important for bone health; deficiency can worsen symptoms. - Collagen peptides: Some studies suggest potential benefit in cartilage support. - Antioxidants: Vitamins C and E may support joint health, though evidence is limited. 7. Patient Education & Self-Management: - Providing patients with information about the disease, prognosis, and treatment options improves adherence. - Self-management programs and mobile apps can support daily exercise and pain tracking. 8. Assistive Devices: - Canes, walkers, and joint braces reduce load on affected joints. - Orthotic insoles can improve gait mechanics in knee or hip OA. 9. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): - Helps patients cope with chronic pain. - Reduces depression and improves quality of life when combined with physical treatment. 10. TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation): - A non-invasive method for pain relief using low-voltage electrical currents. - Can be used at home or in physical therapy settings. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 40, May- 2025 9 | P a g e Disease Course & Prognosis Osteoarthritis progresses slowly over time. Early-stage OA can be managed effectively with conservative measures. In late-stage disease with severe pain and disability, joint replacement surgery (e.g., total knee or hip arthroplasty) may be considered. Conclusion Osteoarthritis is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders in the population, with a prevalence of approximately 20%. This condition is particularly more frequent in individuals aged 40–60 years. The prevalence of osteoarthritis increases with age. Research indicates that in people over the age of 65, one in two individuals is diagnosed with osteoarthritis, and nearly all individuals over the age of 75 are affected. Statistical data reveals that osteoarthritis is present in 26% of women and 12% of men, with the incidence being significantly higher in women compared to men, with a ratio of approximately 1:10. This highlights the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. With modern therapeutic approaches, it is possible to preserve joint function and improve the quality of life for individuals affected by osteoarthritis. References 1. Hunter DJ, Bierma-Zeinstra S. Osteoarthritis. The Lancet. 2019 Apr;393(10182):1745- 59. 2. Hochberg MC, et al. American College of Rheumatology 2019 Guideline for the Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and Knee. 3. Firestein GS, Budd RC, Gabriel SE, et al. Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology. 10th ed. Elsevier; 2017 4. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. AAOS Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Osteoarthritis of the Knee (Nonarthroplasty). 5. UpToDate: Treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) - uptodate.com 6. Medscape: Osteoarthritis Overview - medscape.com 7. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Guidelines: Osteoarthritis: care and management. 8. Lila AM, Mazurov VI, Martynov AI, et al. Resolution of the consensus of the Russian Federation experts on the diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis, 2022. Modern Rheumatology Journal. 2022;16(6):106–116. DOI: 10.14412/1996-7012-2022-6-106-116. 9. Karateev AE, Polishchuk EY, Lila AM, Polyakova J. Long-term nimesulide use in osteoarthritis: NORMA study. 2024. 10. Filatova YS, Solovyov IN. Some aspects of anti-inflammatory therapy of osteoarthritis. Modern Rheumatology Journal. 2023. 11. Rakhmanov Sh. Sh.// Comparison of Conservative and Surgical Treatment Methods for Lumbar Disc Herniation// American Journal of Bioscience and Clinical Integrity(2024) 40-45. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 40, May- 2025 10 | P a g e 12. Raxmonov Sh.Sh./Tizza bo’g’imi old xochsimon boylam jarohatlarining artroskopik autoplastika usuli bilan tiklashda qo’llaniladigan “tugma” ning boshqa usullardan afzalligi// Journal of Healthcare and Life-Science Research Vol. 3, No. 11, 2024.55-58.