American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 13, Feb., 2023 199 | P a g e CITY IMPROVEMENT SYSTEM TERRITORIES Abdullaeva Kamilla Djavdatovna Tashkent University of Architecture and Construction Annotation: This article discusses the main aspects and systems of improvement of urban areas. Keywords: City improvement, complex improvement, landscaping territory, architecture, aesthetics, cultural genesis, ethnogenesis, autochthonous ethnic groups. Improvement of cities is one of the urgent problems of modern urban planning. It solves the problem of creating a favorable living environment with the provision of comfortable conditions for all types of activities of the population. The improvement of cities includes a number of measures to improve the sanitary and hygienic conditions of residential buildings, transport and engineering services to the population, artificial lighting of urban areas and equipping them with the necessary equipment, improving the urban environment through landscaping, as well as sanitation facilities. The improvement of cities is inextricably linked with urban planning and is one of its most important components. The level of improvement development has a significant impact on the working conditions and recreation of the population. The system of landscaping and gardening includes a set of programs and plans, the components of which are closely interconnected. In this aspect, comprehensive improvement means the development and implementation of the set of activities that are aimed at creating and developing aesthetics and a socio-ecological organized urban environment. The most important components of this environment are putting in order the courtyard facades of buildings; architectural and planning organization of the territory; reconstruction; lighting of territories, buildings, structures, green spaces; placement of small architectural forms and urban design objects; placement of advertising, elements of visual communication and information. In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the landscaping and improvement of urban areas by the authorities of Russian cities and their utilities. This cannot but rejoice, because the modern resident of a big city does not have many places left for relaxation and unity with nature. At the same time, all such works are regulated by a specially created Concept of integrated landscaping and landscaping. territory describing the requirements for planting trees and shrubs, changing the terrain, installing fences, placing small architectural forms and organizing lighting. This document divides all possible urban spaces into three groups: • Public spaces regularly visited by a large number of city residents. This includes malls, movie theaters, college campuses, and government agencies. https://св-строй.рф/ozelenenie-i-blagoustrojstvo-territorii.html https://св-строй.рф/ozelenenie-i-blagoustrojstvo-territorii.html https://св-строй.рф/ozelenenie-i-blagoustrojstvo-territorii.html https://св-строй.рф/ozelenenie-i-blagoustrojstvo-territorii.html American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 13, Feb., 2023 200 | P a g e • Residential areas. This group includes house territories, car parks, kindergartens and schools. • Recreational areas - squares, boulevards, parks, specially organized recreation areas. • In addition to the types of planting mentioned above, when landscaping urban areas, well-known flower beds, flower beds and flower beds are also used . At the same time, the choice of the type of landscaping depends on the territory with which the work is being carried out. It is unlikely that a curtain of large trees would be appropriate on a small street, and a small single flower bed in a park with vast free spaces. In most cases, specialists combine several types of plantings, resulting in a harmoniously formed space in which all elements are connected not only with each other, but also with urban development. • In the conditions of the city, two types of landscaping are used: stationary and mobile . Stationary gardening is the usual planting of plants in the ground, with mobile plants planted in special mobile containers - flowerpots, containers. Both of these types are equally used to create architectural and landscape objects: gardens, flower beds, squares, indoor areas with flowers and trees. Stationary and mobile gardening is arranged on natural and artificial relief elements, roofs and even building facades. The principles of landscaping and beautification of urban areas applied to each of these three groups differ markedly, but the main requirement remains the mandatory planting of green spaces. Only trees, shrubs and lawns are able to harmoniously complete the urban landscape, making it more relaxing and natural. Well, do not forget that green spaces are just beautiful and useful from the point of view of ecology. The concept of "landscape designer" appeared relatively recently, but several centuries ago there were specialists involved in landscaping and landscaping of urban areas. Of course, the cities of that time cannot be compared with modern cities in terms of scale and density of development, however, the types of planting trees and shrubs developed by them remain relevant to this day. There are several main ways: • Row planting is the simplest landscaping method in which trees are planted in a single line along a road or pedestrian area. Can be found on any street in any city. • Alley planting - this method involves planting trees in two lines at regular intervals. It is recommended to use trees of the same age and species, however, alleys that combine two or three different species can look spectacular. Most often used for landscaping streets and parks. • Group planting (curtain) - several trees accentuated planted in open space. Often the composition of the curtain includes shrubs and perennial flower plants. • Single landing (tapeworm). A tree with a spectacular crown shape or a beautifully flowering shrub used as a visual accent of a small area. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 13, Feb., 2023 201 | P a g e • A lawn is the simplest and most common type of landscaping in an urban space. Today, lawns can be found literally everywhere, including factory areas. They are divided into three types: ordinary, parterre (from one type of grass, requires additional care) and annual Mauritanian (combines cereal grasses and annual flower plants, does not need to be trimmed). • Hedges - can be used as natural fences for flower beds and lawns, as well as for decorative purposes. Protective hedges are usually created on the basis of thorny bushes. If we are talking about social facilities, then the work on landscaping and landscaping of urban areas is usually taken over by the city administration. But in the case of the adjoining space or the territory of a private enterprise, the choice of the contractor remains with the customer. In large cities (and especially in Moscow) today there are many companies offering services of this kind. However, in order to make the right choice, you need to find out from a potential contractor the following points: • how qualified are the specialists involved in landscaping and landscaping of urban areas; • does the company have the appropriate special equipment; • how wide is the range of plants planted on the territory; • whether the company has the required documents and licenses. But the main argument in favor of this or that organization is still examples of its work. It is worth at least to get acquainted with the portfolio of finished projects, and as a maximum - to visit the territories in which the company has already worked and see everything with your own eyes. Plants used in urban gardening must meet a number of special requirements. In addition to visual appeal, they are required to have a controlled form and growth rate, resistance to diseases, pests and physical damage. The pungent smell from trees and flowers, the presence of natural poisonous substances in them and the ability to give offspring far from the mother trunk, cracking asphalt, and other not very practical properties are undesirable. For example, in many cities they refused to plant poplars because of the fluff and fragility of trunks and branches that break from strong winds. When choosing plants, you need to take into account the duration of daylight hours in a particular city, the average ambient temperature and humidity, the presence and location of groundwater, and the types of soils. It makes no sense to plant southern plants in a city with a sharply continental climate; they will not survive anyway. It is best to use local species of flora, while taking into account that busy streets are not the best place for especially whimsical species of trees and plants. In addition, one should not forget about the architectural and artistic solution of the planted object. When landscaping specific urban facilities, it is necessary to choose such plants that are best able to solve the tasks. For example, if it is necessary to green a street built up with multi-storey buildings and at the same time protect facades from the sun, it is American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 13, Feb., 2023 202 | P a g e best to use tall trees - birch, linden, Norway maple, pine. If you want to create a shadow on the sidewalks, then it is enough to plant low or medium plants - bird cherry, mountain ash, Tatar maple. It should be borne in mind that the height of trees and shrubs of the same species in different conditions can vary greatly. For example, Moscow lindens in parks reach 31 m in height, and on city streets - only 9.7 m. Of great importance when choosing plants for urban gardening is the shape of the crown, especially in trees. It is very important when creating strict compositions - planting squares, streets, public buildings, etc. Some bushes and trees have a clear geometric shape of the crown, and some require its formation. Fir, sea buckthorn, spruce, wild rose, mountain ash, linden, thuja lend themselves well to shearing. Their use in landscaping can help create very interesting compositions. Another important selection factor is crown density . Trees and shrubs with a dense crown most effectively protect from sunlight, wind and snow. Plants with a transparent crown increase the play of light and shadow and are used in complex compositions as an addition to the architecture of buildings. Fir, bird cherry, elm, linden, oak, chestnut have a low-transparent crown. Transparent crown - pear, aspen, plum, acacia, apricot. The choice of herbs and flowers for urban gardening must also be subject to climatic and aesthetic requirements. The spectacular decoration of the city throughout the summer is provided by flowerbeds of quickly appearing and abundantly blooming alyssum , petunias, matthiola, iberis , lupine. Front flower beds, for example, in the city center in front of administrative buildings, are formed in spring and autumn from flowering plants - primrose, pinnate carnations, anemones and decorative leafy - feather grass, bergenia, hosts. • types of gardening; • sizes of lumps, pits and trenches for planting trees and shrubs; • size of recreational load; • soil and soil composition; • degree of technogenic loads and climatic conditions. • In the last 15–20 years, the situation has begun to change rapidly, not only in the capital, but also in provincial cities. The concept of complex improvement was developed, which included all works on landscaping and improvement of urban areas. The document includes requirements for reconstruction and plastic organization of the relief, planting new trees, shrubs and flowers on streets and parks, installation of fences, architectural lighting of streets or entire blocks, placement of small architectural forms and urban design objects. According to this concept, complex improvement affects three groups of urban spaces. • The first group is the public spaces of the city, that is, those that are actively visited by residents and are centers of citywide and local significance: theaters, cinemas, shopping centers, parks, squares, pedestrian zones. Plots and specialized areas of public development, such as government agencies, hospitals, campuses, are American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 13, Feb., 2023 203 | P a g e being improved in accordance with their industry focus. For example, in hospitals on the site - in a park or square - benches are installed for rest. • The second group is residential areas. Own requirements for complex improvement have been developed for them. At the same time, they will be different for adjoining spaces, for school or preschool institutions, for parking lots and public spaces inside residential areas. • The third group is recreational areas. These are parks, squares, boulevards, gardens, recreation areas. This group also includes specially protected natural areas - national parks, natural parks and forest parks. • Complex improvement in each individual case has its own specific requirements, but there is a certain common factor for all three groups - each of them necessarily provides for the planting of green spaces. It is they who help create a unified and harmonious landscape of the territory, improve the ecological situation in the city and simply decorate the streets. In the conditions of the city, two types of landscaping are used: stationary and mobile . Stationary gardening is the usual planting of plants in the ground, with mobile plants planted in special mobile containers - flowerpots, containers. Both of these types are equally used to create architectural and landscape objects: gardens, flower beds, squares, indoor areas with flowers and trees. Stationary and mobile gardening is arranged on natural and artificial relief elements, roofs and even building facades. LITERATURE 1. Denisov V.N., "Improvement of residential areas." 2015 2. Gritsenko A.S., Mutalova B.I. "Fundamentals of improvement of urban areas" Tashkent 2015 3. http: //arbor-landscape.ru . 4. V.A. Gorokhov " Urban green building" M., Stroyizdat , 2005 5. V.L. Mashinsky . E.G. Zalogin "Designing green residential areas" M. Stroyizdat, 2015.