American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 14, March, 2023 127 | P a g e THE VARIETY OF ANTHROPOGENIC LANDSCAPE AND THE SCIENTIFIC THEORETICAL BASIS OF THEIR CLASSIFICATION Nazarov Maksud Geldiyorovich Karshi State University, Associate Professor of Geography Department, PhD. Abstract The article analyzes the doctrine of anthropogenic landscapes and their theoretical foundations, as well as their scientific and practical significance through the classification of anthropogenic landscapes. Keywords. Landscape, natural resource, gene pool, geosystem, natural anthropogenic landscape, anthropogenic landscape, cultural landscape. Introduction Landscape is a natural system that strongly reflects human relations, has and regenerates natural resources, and preserves the gene pool, the environment in which people live and work, a natural laboratory and a source of aesthetic perception. Also, the landscape serves as a territorial basis for human economic activities and their habitats. Purpose and Tasks Classification of anthropogenic features of natural landscapes by determining their diversity, structure, and researching their theoretical foundations. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were assigned to the research work: - to analyze the concept and classification of anthropogenic landscapes based on research conducted by foreign and local scientists; - improvement of the scientific-theoretical and methodological bases of anthropogenic modification of landscapes; - analysis of the diversity of anthropogenic landscapes through a systematic analysis of a series of taxonomic units. The Main Part Despite the fact that anthropogenic landscape classification works have been carried out (F.N. Milkov 1973-1986; N.N. Johansen, 1970; N.I. Aktartseva 1977; K.A. Drozdov 1988, etc.), it has not been fully resolved because the problem is more diverse and complex. A deep and detailed analysis of any classification object is one of the important tasks. F.N. Milkov suggests dividing all anthropogenic landscape into classes. Taking into account the type of human activity and the extent to which it is reflected in the landscape as the main American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 14, March, 2023 128 | P a g e characteristic, it divides them into 3 types of landscape, which are as follows. 1. Industrial landscape. 2. Road landscape. 3. Agricultural landscape. The class of anthropogenic landscape is divided into subclasses according to its origin, for example, agricultural landscape, agricultural landscape, horticultural landscape, grassland landscape. They, in turn, are divided into types depending on which landscape zone they are located [4]. According to A.G. Isachenko (1991), the influence of human activity on the landscape and its theoretical problems emphasizes that the landscapes changed by man should be related to the natural landscape, and that various natural landscapes can be applied to classifications and offers a classification that qualitatively reflects much larger units of the altered landscape. These classifications are divided into 4 groups of landscapes according to their origin [3]. 1. Conditionally unchanged (primitive) landscape. They are a landscape that is not directly affected by human influence from an economic point of view. Only traces of the weak and indirect influence of human activity can be seen in them. 2. Weakly modified landscape. These are mainly landscapes that have been extensively affected by human activities (such as hunting, fishing). In such a landscape, human activity affects only some components, and the natural connectivity is intact and can restore its previous state. 3. Disrupted, heavily modified landscapes. Many components of the landscape in this group have changed, leading to significant disruption of the landscape structure. 4. Cultural landscape. It is a landscape that is rationally used and has economic efficiency, which is related to the activities of human life and is rationally used on a scientific basis. The change of the landscape under the influence of the cultural landscape and human activity in general is also mentioned in the work of P.I. Gulomov (1985). He argues that no matter how much the landscape is changed, it remains a natural product and social laws never develop on the basis. The author believed that all the geographical landscape on Earth was formed under the influence of human economic activity [12]. According to I.M. Zabelin, the anthropogenic landscape itself is divided into two: natural anthropogenic and cultural landscape. Human activity affects the natural anthropogenic landscape once, and then begins to develop under the influence of natural laws. Over time, they can gradually return to their previous natural state, but re-"stimulation" by humans can slow down this process or completely lose the ability to recover [10]. Sh.S. Zakirov said that not all of the above classifications are perfectly developed. Because the study and research of anthropogenic landscape is one of the most complex and urgent issues in modern landscape science [11]. On the one hand, its complexity is related to the complex structure and multifactoriality of the studied object-landscape, and on the other hand, it is related to the diversity of human activity and its effects. Some types of human activity can cause strong deep changes in a small area, while some types can cause weak changes in large areas. Also, some species can affect large areas for many years and cause strong changes. One of these types of human activity is agriculture, and it is important to American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 14, March, 2023 129 | P a g e distinguish the landscape changed under its influence as a separate type in the classifications. The natural landscape, almost unchanged under the influence of human economic activity, is currently preserved only in the hard-to-reach areas of our planet. In various sectors and aspects of economic activity of the Earth's surface, and in large areas, the landscape has been and is being strongly influenced by anthropogenic influence. Therefore, in the analysis of the current state of the natural environment, mapping and classification of the landscape without analyzing the results of human economic activity, without taking into account the consequences of the change of the landscape under the influence of anthropogenic factors, will not be an opportunity to rationally use the natural resources of a certain area. Depicted landscape maps that depict natural complexes in the form of a landscape, which do not take into account the level of exploitation from the economic point of view, cannot provide accurate and correct information. As a result, landscape analysis remains a complex issue. From this point of view, the classification of the landscape in connection with human economic activity in the landscape maps made in recent years is of great theoretical and practical importance. Most geographers call the landscape created under the influence of human economic activity as an anthropogenic landscape. The concept of anthropogenic landscape was introduced into science by A. Gojev and M. Gorodkov, and the existence of anthropogenic landscape created in the process of economic use of the potential of the natural landscape of a certain area is recognized by almost all researchers-geographers, and this term is widely used in geographical literature. [2]. Some researchers recommend calling the landscape formed under the influence of human economic activity as a "changed landscape". However, the term "altered landscape" can be applied to both natural and anthropogenic landscapes. Because the landscape appeared as a natural product and was formed under the influence of natural factors and develops both without human influence and in the process of natural- economic development. Kashkadarya oasis is one of the areas where agriculture has been practiced since ancient times. For this reason, the natural landscape here has been changed due to human economic activity on much larger areas in historical periods [8]. The current landscape of the Kashkadarya basin is diverse due to its development and emergence. The term "current landscape" is a very broad concept. Depending on the size and color of the area, such a landscape may consist of only anthropogenic landscape [6]. In such cases, the term serves as a synonym for anthropogenic landscape. On the contrary, the structure of the landscape in the highland regions has practically not changed, and the current landscape is mainly a natural landscape. In general, for the current landscape of the Kashkadarya basin, it consists of a territorial combination of various anthropogenic landscape with a modified landscape to a certain extent. The landscape of the Kashkadarya basin was formed during historical periods and changed under the influence of human economic activity. Currently, in this area, especially in the Shakhrisabz-Kitab bog and in the areas around the riverbeds, the "primitive" landscape is not found at all. The diversity of the landscape of the Kashkadarya basin requires a certain arrangement, i.e., classification (classification) American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 14, March, 2023 130 | P a g e according to the nature of landscape-forming factors and the degree of change under the influence of anthropogenic factors [7]. Since the 50s of the 20th century, a number of scientists have dealt with the issues of regulating the current landscape according to the above-mentioned signs, but until now there is no generally accepted methodology and principles of such regulation [9]. Inadequate development of research methods and principles of anthropogenic landscape features does not make it possible to clearly define their zonal-regional classification, as in the case of natural landscape classification. Proposals for the classification of the current landscape according to the degree of change have been expressed by many geographers, and they differ from each other in most cases only in terminological aspects. P. Gulomov (1990) A.G. Based on Isachenko's works on landscape science, he states that it is appropriate to divide the landscape into the following landscape groups according to the degree of change, depending on the degree of change of the landscape under the influence of human economic activity [12]: 1. Almost unchanged, i.e. primitive landscape. Such a landscape includes a landscape that is currently not used for human economic activities. 2. Little changed landscape. Such a landscape includes a landscape in which extensive farming has affected some elements of nature (hunting, cattle herding, selective logging, vegetation cover, animal population). In such a landscape, the connections between the components of nature are intact, and changes can be reversed. 3. Disrupted (heavily modified) landscape. Such a landscape includes a landscape that, as a result of intensive spontaneous action, has significantly disturbed the internal relations between the components of nature, has acquired unfavorable characteristics for society, and is increasingly deteriorating. This type of landscape can be found in different zones, where secondary erosion, soil washing, salinization, waterlogging, compaction, drying of vegetation, and water and air pollution are common. 4. Cultural landscape. This type of landscape includes a landscape that has been rationally changed for a specific purpose (increasing biomass, for recreation purposes, building settlements, etc.) on a scientific basis and in the interests of society. In some studies, the concept of cultural landscape is used as a synonym for the concept of anthropogenic landscape. But not all the anthropogenic landscape created in the process of human use of nature can be a cultural landscape from an economic point of view. When dividing (classifying) the current landscape into systems, S.I.Abdullayev (1974) takes as a basis the priority features of natural and anthropogenic factors that form the landscape and, on this basis, divides the current landscape into the following main types [1]: natural (primary or "primitive"), natural anthropogenic, Based on the study of re-naturalized (restored) and changes under the influence of anthropogenic factors, we found it necessary to divide the current landscape in this area into the following groups. 1. Natural (primary) landscapes. The natural composition of this type of landscape has practically not changed due to the fact that it is not used in any branch of the economy, and it is characteristic for natural gradual development for them. These types of landscapes are American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 14, March, 2023 131 | P a g e currently preserved only for the highlands of the basin and partially in some areas of the Karshi desert. 2. Natural - anthropogenic landscapes. Because this type of landscape has been partially altered by human activity, the natural connections between their components are rarely disturbed or consciously managed. The natural-anthropogenic landscape is spread in the form of correctly and rationally used pastures in the mountainous and desert-plain regions of the Kashkadarya basin. 3. Restored (naturalized) landscapes. This type of the current landscape refers to the restored (naturalized) landscape on the lands that were changed by human activity in the past, but were later left unused for certain reasons. While the restored landscape develops under the influence of natural factors, anthropogenic features remain in them. Since the restored landscape has not been affected by anthropogenic factors for a long time, it is often difficult to distinguish them from the natural landscape. For example, according to the information obtained as a result of archeological research carried out in the Karshi desert, the age of the objects in the lands that were cultivated in the past belongs to the III century BC. Visual observations, field expeditions, and aerial photographs of this desert area show that there were many ditches and water structures associated with intensive farming in the past. The bottoms of ancient ditches and ditches stand out in the form of lowlands. In the historical past, the area of cultivated land occupied a large area, but due to historical, social and economic factors, such land became abandoned. As a result, landscape-forming factors and natural processes began to take place in completely natural conditions, and the process of restoration-naturalization of the landscape took place [5]. However, as noted above, anthropogenic signs are evident in the renaturalized landscape. The re-naturalized landscape in the Karshi desert has been called a relict cultural landscape. The emergence of the restored-naturalized landscape depends on the lack of opportunities for spontaneous development in the anthropogenic landscape. Due to the absence of these features, the anthropogenic landscape restores its natural features after being excluded from human activities. However, the re-naturalization of the anthropogenic landscape will not be exactly repetitive. Therefore, in the process of restoration of the anthropogenic landscape, not the original natural landscape, but a secondary landscape is created. From an ecological point of view, the natural landscape is one of the self-regenerating and purifying geosystems. Anthropogenic landscapes are anthropogenic landscapes that are managed and developed sustainably by humans, unlike natural landscapes. Anthropogenic landscape is formed under the active influence of man. F.N. Milkov (1973) suggests that a landscape in which any of the natural components has been radically changed should be called an anthropogenic landscape [4]. Because, due to the interdependence and interaction between the components of the landscape, the change of one of the components leads to the disruption of the connections between them, and the other components also begin to change to create mutual compatibility. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 14, March, 2023 132 | P a g e Conclusion. The anthropogenic landscape differs from the natural landscape by its stratification, as anthropogenic factors are expressed in the composition of the anthropogenic landscape. Thus, the anthropogenic landscape is a product of the complex of two directions of development: the natural evolution of the landscape and the direction of the influence of anthropogenic factors on it. As one of the main features of the anthropogenic landscape is related to the formation of the original landscape that was created and developed, their natural features should be taken into account for the first time when describing and separating them on maps. The emergence of certain types of anthropogenic landscape is directly related to the characteristics of the natural resources of this area. 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