American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 16, May, 2023 89 | P a g e THE GEOPOLITICAL LANDSCAPE OF THE WORLD Hojimurodova Shaxnoza Dilmurod qizi Student of the Faculty of International Economic Relations, Kimyo International University in Tashkent Annotation This article covered the field of geopolitics, which encompasses the most urgent issues of today's modern era, and the issue of modern trends, their characteristics, and factors affecting their formation. Keywords: Geopolitics, science of geopolitics, history, geopolitician, Rudolph Chellen, Civilizational approach, Versailles, national interest, national development, trends, concepts, Western culture. Introduction Global integration processes in the 21st century are changing the ideological and ideological image of the world and are demanding a new way of thinking. Nowadays, there is growing interest in a relatively new science for us, which was named geopolitical science at the beginning of the 20th century. The modern stage of world history is characterized by strong shifts in the balance of power in the world arena due to many situations, both the world political process and the development of Central Asian countries. The passage of time requires a comprehensive explanation of the development of world events and foresight. It is no coincidence that modern geopolitics overcomes geographic, economic, and ideological determinism as an analytical science by expanding the set of main factors determining the behavior of states in international relations. Geopolitics is relevant for today's countries. Because it helps to understand the ideological nature of perception of external and internal political processes in the public mind. Geopolitics requires certain knowledge at the borders of geography, history, economics, ethnology and other disciplines. This is necessary for a professional analyst not only for the competent analysis of space and time events, but also for the development of predictions, scenarios and development strategies. At the same time, as the classics of geopolitics testify, a geopolitician should have a high general educational culture and, most importantly, a generator of new ideas. The consistent development of geopolitics leads to the introduction of not only political, but also economic, socio-cultural, environmental and other aspects into its field. Although the concept of "geopolitics" was introduced to the science for the first time by the Swedish scientist Rudolf Chellen, the name of the German scientist Friedrich Ratzel is mentioned in the scientific sources related to the science as the "father" of the science. Geography, political science, history, ethnogeography, sociology are of great importance in the development of science. If the object of science is to understand the geopolitical American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 16, May, 2023 90 | P a g e structure of the world and international secular propaganda, its subject is the analysis of the development of events that reflect social and political processes at various levels in society, their emergence, movement and change. . The science of geopolitics has developed mainly under the influence of three different scientific approaches. Supporters of the civilizational approach express the opinion that human history is developed not by states or large empires, but by different cultural and religious communities - civilizations. In general, the ideas of the representatives of this current should be implemented in order to achieve leadership of the coastal states in the world political scene compared to the continental (inland) states. Geographic determinism is the oldest existing approach to geopolitics. Proponents of this idea believe that the natural environment (climate, soil, river, sea, etc.) influences world history and the way of life of people Geopolitics is aimed at developing the idea of control over all existing views (territory). This science is distinguished by the fact that it studies the main directions and forms of establishing control over the territory by the state or the union of states. The territory controlled or planned to be controlled is called geopolitical space. In addition, there are geopolitical concepts such as balance of power, political space, border, geopolitical interest. From the point of view of geopolitics, human history consists of a fixed sequence of different geopolitical periods. In September 1814-June 1815, the political situation that arose in Europe with the French Revolution and the defeat of Napoleon's army was studied at the Congress of Vienna, and this process led to the beginning of a new - Viennese geopolitical era. On June 28, 1919, the Versailles era in geopolitics began with the signing of the treaty and the end of the First World War in Versailles, France. The fourth geopolitical era began with the signing of the Potsdam Treaty in 1945 in Potsdam, Germany, in connection with the end of the Second World War. On December 8, 1991, the signing of the Treaty of Belovezh, marking the official dissolution of the USSR in the Belovezh Forest Reserve in Belarus, triggered the beginning of the latest geopolitical phase in the current era. In its place, the emergence of 12 independent states and their unification in the CIS; the collapse of the socialist system in the world; political changes in a number of European countries (FRG, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia); The main political changes characteristic of the period are the strengthening of the position of the NATO military bloc. As already mentioned, this period has not yet come to an end. It follows that a number of other political changes characteristic of the Belovezh era may occur. Ratsel noted the geopolitical importance of the sea as one of the units. In his book "The Sea, the Source of Power of Nations" (1900), Ratzel argued that full expansion would require a powerful force to develop naval power on a planetary scale. He called the Pacific Ocean the "ocean of the future" with its advantageous strategic position, unique resources and enormous size. It was in the Pacific zone that Ratzel predicted a conflict between the five leading countries of the world: England, the United States, Russia, China and Japan, while at the same time, in this conflict, space-continental forces would have an advantage over naval forces that did not have enough space as a geopolitical resource. emphasized. R. Challen. Rudolf Chellen, a Swedish geopolitical, state and political figure, was born in American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 16, May, 2023 91 | P a g e Skaraborg county (province) into a priest's family. After finishing school, he studied law at Uppsala University (1878-1888), where he defended his doctorate (1890); He taught at Gothenburg (1901-1916) and Uppsala (1916-1922) universities. He specialized in the study of public administration systems, for which he had to have extensive knowledge not only of public sciences, but also of history, political geography and political science. Acquainted with Ratzel's works, Chellen became his devoted admirer throughout his life, he developed his geopolitical ideas, introduced the term "geopolitics" to the science, defining it as the doctrine of the state as a geographical organism embodied in space. he riffed. However, unlike his mentor, Chellen considered geopolitics not an independent scientific branch, but an integral part of social and political sciences. In the 1960s, European geopolitical scientists became more involved in American scientific projects. There were several reasons for this. The most important of them is the severing of ties with pre-war geopolitical schools. Scientists in Europe were forced to accept the norms of the Anglo-Saxon approach. In the United States, these scientists were viewed not as the main developers of certain concepts, but as technical experts, executors of practical geopolitical research. Gradually, the work of European geopolitics turned into independent schools. Conclusion: In conclusion, geopolitics is relevant for the current countries. Because it helps to understand the ideological nature of perception of external and internal political processes in the public mind. Geopolitics requires certain knowledge at the borders of geography, history, economics, ethnology and other disciplines. At a new stage of today's development, geopolitics is increasingly enriched, filled with its own content, and actively contributes to changes in the modern world. It relies on the scientific foundations of many disciplines. Geopolitics is becoming a real tool for changing the world, and is the key to predicting the politics of leading countries and continents. Different understanding of geopolitics, high and wide involvement of different scientists in different periods with this science led to the foundation of the concepts of the founders of different schools, and as a result, these concepts became important in the geopolitics of states in modern international relations. It is appropriate to analyze and study the scientific and philosophical aspects of some of them. References: 1.https://arxiv.uz/uz/documents/darsliklar/geografiya/dunyoning-geosiyosiy-tizimi-va- uning-shakllanishi-10-sinf 2. Kolosov V.A., Mironenko N.S. Geopolitics and political geography: 3. Textbook for universities. – M.: Aspect Press, 2001 C.18. 4. Nartov N.A. Geopolitics: Textbook for universities / Ed. Prof. IN AND. Staroverova. – 2nd ed. – M.: UNITI-DANA, Unity, 2004.C.12. 5. Makoshev A.P. Political Geography and Geopolitics: Textbook. - Gorno-Altaysk, 2005, - C.53. https://arxiv.uz/uz/documents/darsliklar/geografiya/dunyoning-geosiyosiy-tizimi-va-uning-shakllanishi-10-sinf https://arxiv.uz/uz/documents/darsliklar/geografiya/dunyoning-geosiyosiy-tizimi-va-uning-shakllanishi-10-sinf American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 16, May, 2023 92 | P a g e 6. Colin Flint. Introduction to Geopolitics. Madison Ave, New York, 2006 P13. 7. Dugin A. Fundamentals of geopolitics. Arctogea. - Moscow. 1997-p.35. 8. Starikov N.V. Geopolitics. How it's done / N.V. Starikov - Eksmo, 2019 9-10-c 9. Jalilov A. Tulenova G. ―Geosiyosat‖ fanidan of the services of қўllanma. T. 2008 10. Zhalilov A.T. Geosiyosat. Tashkent. Academy. 2020 244 b