American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 16, May, 2023 238 | P a g e THE PECULIARITIES OF WORD STRESS IN UZBEK, KARAKALPAK AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE *Elenora Khalmuratova A Second-Year Masters’ Degree Student at the Department of English linguistics, Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh Annotation As we know, word stress is the emphasis we place in a specific syllable of a word when pronouncing it. In English words that have more than one syllable, we usually don't pronounce every syllable with the same weight, so each syllable in a word can be stressed or unstressed. It is natural that word stress can be different from one another in other languages. Word stress, also called lexical stress, is an important suprasegmental feature in English because it determines so many other aspects of pronunciation. First, word stress determines which vowels in a word are pronounced with a clear vowel vs. schwa. The article is devoted to give data about the divergent peculiarities of word stress in three languages ( Uzbek, Karakalpak as well as English). Keywords: stress, pitch, acoustic signs of a dynamic accent, the tension, the muscles of the speech organs, an accent, percussion, suprasegmental feature. Introduction Let’s first to find out about the features of stress in English. Stress is one of the most important speech tools used by English speakers to communicate meaning. English speakers use stress to highlight information they think is important. In addition, every English word with more than one syllable or word part has a defined stress pattern. The four basic types of word stress that lead to proper intonation in English are: Tonic stress. Emphatic stress. Contrastive stress. New information stress. The primary stress is the one syllable in the word that sticks out the most. It is longer, louder, and higher in pitch. A syllable is the smallest unit of a word that usually has one vowel in it, and one or more consonants Stress is emphasis given to certain syllables in words. In English, stress is produced with a longer, louder and higher pitched sound than unstressed sounds. The word 'banana' has stress on the second syllable, the word 'photographic' on the third. The main classification of word stress is based on its phonetic nature. Languages are divided into the following three types (in some sources four types) according to the duration of sounds (mainly vowels), whether the pitch is higher or lower, and prosodic characteristics: 1) Other factors of rhythm in determining the accented syllable are related to duration or tone which are important languages that have a dynamic accent. For instance: English, Uzbek and Russian languages have dynamic word stress. This type of accent is based on the American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 16, May, 2023 239 | P a g e pronunciation of one of the syllables in the word, especially the vowel sound in it, with a strong accent. A strong beat and a loud voice are acoustic signs of a dynamic accent, and the tension (pulling, straining) of the muscles of the speech organs that create this sound is considered a physiological sign of such an accent. Having a strong accent on a dynamically stressed syllable makes it stand out from other syllables in the same word. 2) Languages characterized mainly by the tone of the accented syllable are languages with tonic or musical accent. For example: Chinese, Japanese, Serbian are tonic languages. A syllable with this type of stress differs from unstressed syllables by a change in tone. So, in the tonic accent, the frequency of the tendons is accelerated, and the tone of the voice is raised. 3) In some languages, the duration of the stressed syllable is more important than other factors. Languages of this type have quantitative emphasis. For example: Czech and Greek languages. This type of accent is characterized by prolonged (continuous) pronunciation of the vowel sound in the accented syllable1. Several of the above phonetic (physical-acoustic) signs are involved in the word stress of most languages, but one of them, sometimes two, is the leading sign for this language. For example, S. Jalilov compares this situation within the framework of Russian and Uzbek languages2. Word stress in the Russian language does not have a tonic (musical) stress sign, all other signs are present, there is a prolongation, the main quality (acoustic) signs of the vowel in the syllable are preserved, and percussion is also involved. It can be clearly understood by comparing the following examples, 1. the last syllable is stressed in all the words gold (Uzb.) and karatin (Russian), ovsin (Uzb.) and apel sin (Russian) 'uli, all accented syllables have the vowel i, but the vowel i in the Russian words karantan, apel sin is pronounced longer than the i in the Uzbek words gold, ovsin. We can see such a difference in the comparison of the u vowel in the stressed syllables of the words tema (Uzb.) and meduza (Russian), mangu (Uzb.) and mangusta (Russian).There is not have a musical empathis in Uzbek language, but it has a long mark and a beat. These marks allow you to distinguish the stressed syllable from the unstressed syllables in the same word. It should also be noted that the length of word stress is not the same in Russian and Uzbek languages, the sign of word stress in Russian is more noticeable than in Uzbek. We have seen this above in the comparison of the words gold and quarantine, ovsin and apelsin. So, in Uzbek word stress, zarb (word stress) takes the first place, so it is appropriate to evaluate it as dynamic stress. If we take into account the fact that languages are enriched by borrowing words from other languages, dynamic accentuation is characteristic of almost all languages. The word "dynamics" is derived from the Greek language and means "power". In linguistics, a somewhat strong and long pronunciation of a vowel that has received an accent in the word 1 Anne Cutler “ Errors of stress and intonation”. –England, p 73-74 2 Jalilov S. hozirgi o’zbek adabiy tili(fonetik va fonologiya).-Nukus:2011. –p.52-53 American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 16, May, 2023 240 | P a g e structure is a dynamic accent. In some languages, as a result of dynamic stress, unstressed vowels in words undergo positional changes. That is, when the accented vowel sound is pronounced loudly and violently, the pronunciation of unaccented vowels becomes vague, brevity, and unclear. This situation can be observed in the pronunciation of some words in Slavic languages, for example, in Russian. In the Uzbek language, word stress is distinguished from unstressed syllables in most cases by the frequency of the stressed syllable and the accent. According to the researches, it is not the high frequency or duration of the sound that is important in Uzbek word stress, but the accent in it. Within the Acoustics3, dynamic emphasis never overwhelms percussion and sustain at the same time. However, there are some exceptional cases where the tonic and dynamic stress have the same degree in Scandinavian languages. The definition of word stress in the Uzbek language is based on a perceptual measure, which has been proven by the examination of special instruments. However, while English and Uzbek accent is defined as dynamic accent, it is distinguished by the movement of physical components on the initial, middle and final syllables in polysyllabic words. Because the components of word stress are interrelated, it is not correct to expect a stressed syllable to always be high, long, and high-pitched. According to some sources, the accent in the Uzbek language has its own essence, apart from the accent. That is, the quantitative feature of the vowel is also important in the occurrence of lexical stress. For example, in the words sa:ap-sariq or ma:azza, linearity prevails over word stress. If we take this idea into account, we should add the Uzbek language not only to the family of languages with dynamic accent, but also to the family of languages with quantitative accent. According to Vrabel, the English language, like a number of other languages - German, French, Ukrainian, has a dynamic word stress due to its phonetic nature. Undoubtedly, the typical tone and duration of the sound also affect the stress, but in English, the dynamic and tonic features of word stress are more important than the rest. It should be taken into account that the tonic element of the word stress is the rise of the syllable to a higher tone level, thereby ensuring that the syllable is distinguished from the rest of the syllables. The sign of quantity and quality of accent also has its own meaning. Word stress is a process closely related to the history of the language. If we look at the classical rules of English word stress in the Anglo-Saxon period, the level of complexity of stress is radically different from the norms of modern English stress. About this, Robert Stockwell and Donka Minkova say that the norms of the use of word stress were not a serious problem in the Anglo-Saxon period, and there was almost no need for special rules. Usually the first syllable is stressed: 'blossom, 'body, 'holy. At that time, most of the existing words were one- and two-syllable words. Despite this, polysyllabic words were formed due to the addition of words and suffixes from Latin, Greek and other languages. This situation caused confusion in the use of word stress. 3 Abduazizov A. Theoretical Phonetics of Modern English. –Tashkent, p 124. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 16, May, 2023 241 | P a g e The study of word stress problems has been one of the topical issues of general and comparative linguistics since the last century. Approaches to lexical stress, although the given definitions are different, they are aimed at a more in-depth analysis of the phenomenon of stress. So, there are three important factors in the formation of word stress in languages available: *the main tone of the voice; *beat (power or intensity of pronunciation); *duration (continuity); *high frequency of sound; Of course, not all of the above factors occur simultaneously in all accented languages. Based on this, the classification of accent according to its phonetic nature is determined by determining the dominant factor in the formation of lexical accent in a particular language. English and Uzbek languages are important for word stress. The word stress has divergent features in Karakalpak language. Comparing with English language, none of Turkish words consonants can not be occurred side by side at the beginning of the word unlike English such as think, though, theme and soon. But Russian borrowed words like stakan. Sxema, spirt may be faced with prosthesis or epenthesis, (istakan, isxema, ispirt) which adds sound, syllable at the beginning of a word without changing the meaning or the rest of words' structure4. According to L. V. Sherban's terminology, syntagm is a group of neighboring words that are closely related to each other in terms of content. When a syntagm consists of more than ten words, in a certain case, a single word in the text can serve as a syntagm. Example: Azanda/Jumis baslandi; Keshe azanda /Jumis baslandi. Paxta atizlari / tazalandi; Paxta atizlari/ jabayi sho’pten tazalandi. The words at the end of the sentence are given more emphasis and are spoken quickly. The syntagmatic speed falls on the words such as azanda, baslandi, atizlari, tazalandi.5 Logical pace has a different character than phrasal (syntagmatic) pace. Sometimes it is difficult for him. While speaking, attention is sometimes given more to one thing. Logical momentum falls on that focused word. It can change depending on the attention, the corresponding logic, the pace, the situation, the conditions. For example: Do you go to the 4 Taumuratovna, M. U. (2022). KARAKALPAK LEARNERS’PHONOLOGICAL ERRORS IN LEARNING ENGLISH LANGUAGE, THEIR REASONS CONSEQUENCE. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development, 8, 109-111. 5 Da’wletov A. “Til bilimi tiykarleri”. –Nukus, 2007. B.75-78. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 16, May, 2023 242 | P a g e library? Sen kitapxanag’a barasan’ba? In this case, in one situation, at the very least, a logical step can be taken and an answer to the question can be obtained; in the second situation, the middle word is moved and attention is paid to the subject (to the cinema, not to any other place, but to the library); In the third situation, the word "you" (sen) is stressed, and the focus is on who is the owner of the action (not another one, but you). In the last case, the word that sets the pace is said before the statement. (Did you go to the library?). Logical speed can sometimes violate the standard of verbal speed. For example: if we say awqattan son’, awqattan burin some words are not empathized such as son’, burin . Is it useful to take the medicine after a meal or is it useful to take it after a meal? If we say, soń, burin, the words will be logically empathized. In conclusion, it was found that there are many phonetic and phonological similarities and differences between the English, Karakalpak as well as A Uzbek languages, and they have not yet been fully analyzed, and word stress is certainly not an exception. Therefore, we think that it is necessary to discuss lexical stress in both languages in more depth in the future and to continue scientific research in this field. Used Literature: 1. Abduazizov A. Theoretical Phonetics of Modern English. –Tashkent, p 124 2. Jalilov S. “Hozirgi o’zbek adabiy tili(fonetik va fonologiya)”.-Nukus:2011. –p.52-53 3. Anne Cutler “ Errors of stress and intonation”. –England, p 73-74. 4. Sh. Xolmatov Ingliz va O’zbek tillarida so’z urg’usining o’ziga xos xususiyatlari. (magistlik dissertatsiyasi) 5. Taumuratovna, M. U. (2022). Karakalpak learners’phonological errors in learning english language, their reasons consequence. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development, 8, 109-111. 6. Da’wletov A. “Til bilimi tiykarleri”. –Nukus, 2007. B.75-78.