American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 18, July, 2023 91 | P a g e THE ROLE AND PLACE OF KENESARY KASYMOV IN THE NATIONAL LIBERATION STRUGGLE OF THE KAZAKH PEOPLE AGAINST THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE Sayyora Atadjanova Associate Professor, (PhD), International School of Finance Technology аnd Science, MCHJ Rozakhon Shoeva Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), International School of Finance Technology аnd Science, MCHJ Abstract: This article analyzes the national liberation struggle of the kazakh people against the Russian Empire on the example of the kazakh khan-chingizid Kenesary Kasymov. A historiographical review of the authors who studied the personality of Kenesary is given, situations revealing the character, patriotism, and personal qualities of the Kazakh Khan Kenesary are analyzed. The causes and consequences of the national liberation struggle of the Kazakh people against the Russian Empire are considered. And also some aspects of the life and work of Khan Kenesary Kasymov are revealed. Keywords: patriotism, character, tolerance, expansion, Genghisides, zhuz, great steppe, governor, capitalism, serfdom, uprising, separatism, tsarism. Introduction Today, in modern historiography of the study of the personality of Kenesary Kasymov, as the leader of one of the largest and longest national liberation uprisings in history, which engulfed the entire territory of the Middle Zhuz and parts of the Younger and Older Zhuzs unambiguously. Namely, it was the national liberation struggle of the Kazakh people against the invaders of the Russian Empire. And as G. M. Ibraev very correctly put it: .... Kenesary's personality aroused and will continue to arouse interest among representatives of Russian and foreign researchers, who quite correctly characterized this extraordinary personality, and even, which was not typical for that time, even admired him to some extent. Today, the personality of Khan Kenesary Kasymov is objectively covered in historical literature on the basis of archival materials and scientific research, this is also facilitated by the desire of the Kazakh people to restore their history, to rehabilitate the personality of the patriot Kenesary and his services to the Kazakh people, as well as the desire and knowledge of objective truth. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 18, July, 2023 92 | P a g e LITERATURE REVIEW When studying this topic and writing the article, generally accepted scientific methods were used, including historical, conceptual, comparative-analytical, problematic, and logical approaches to the problem. The above topics were studied by a number of scientists, both Kazakhstan and Russia, such as Valikhanov E., Ibraev G.M., Dilmukhamedov E., Kasymbayeva Zh.B., Burkitbay A. Kabuldinov Z.E., who managed to objectively approach the coverage of the personality of Kenesary Kasymov and analyze the national liberation struggle of the Kazakh people against the invaders. Also, officers of the General Staff of the Russian Empire made a great contribution to the study of this issue. Not being professional historians, in their notes, works, they managed to impartially highlight the personality of Kenesary and give their own characteristics as a person and as a commander of the national liberation uprising, as well as a patriot of their homeland. Among which it should be noted such works of authors as L. Meyer, M. Krasovsky, M. Venyukov and others. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Kenesary Kasimov is the son of Kasym Sultan of the Middle Zhuz, and also the grandson of Ablai, a descendant of Jochi Khan. Kenesary from childhood was brought up on the exploits of his grandfather, the image of Ablai was sung in the legends and songs of the Kazakh people. Therefore, Kenesary considered himself the successor of Ablai's deeds and his rightful heir. As E.Valikhanov writes: Kenesary devoted more than 20 years of his life to the exhausting struggle against tsarism, not a single political movement of the 19th century can be compared in terms of the power of its impact on the national self-consciousness of the Kazakh people, like the uprising led by Kenesary Kasymov. Contemporaries emphasize that Kenesary had an outstanding organizational and military leadership talent. In religious terms, he was not distinguished by excessive fanaticism, adhering to the faith traditional for the nomads of the Steppe - Islam of the Sunni direction of the Hanafi mashab. He spoke very little and in the presence of anyone he behaved with great nobility and dignity. He always knew how to listen to his interlocutor. He was distinguished by the highest degree of hospitality inherent in all nomads of the Great Steppe. Kenesary managed to create an army of 20 thousand people. Edige Valikhanov in his work “Kenesary”, based on archival material, objectively highlighted the personality of Kenesary, while, as the scientist himself writes, “did not focus on the war between the Kirghiz and Kazakhs (1846-1847), which ended with the Kirghiz capturing Kenesary and executing him. His head was handed over by the Kirghiz manaps to the Omsk governor Gorchakov. Subsequently, traces of the remains of Kenesary were lost. According to one version, the head of the last Kazakh khan is in the Russian Kunstkamera.” E. Valikhanov, in his work, tried to reveal the personality of Kenesary, as he writes, "remove the veil of mystery" in relation to his personality with all its advantages and disadvantages. The author very reasonably and objectively analyzes the socio-economic relations in the development of the Kazakh zhuzes of that period of time and the political situation, and most importantly, considers the position of each chess piece on the world stage with their short- American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 18, July, 2023 93 | P a g e sightedness and ambitions. In particular, he indisputably believes that the traditional power of the khan and the sultans did not cope with their powers, therefore many separatist sentiments wandered, which is confirmed by many documents. The Khan's power could not cope with the introduction of innovations, new economic relations-capitalism, the old mechanism, the old thinking failed in the system, the traditional social structure hampered the renewal of the social, political and economic life of society. It is also known that many landlords in European Russia did similar work and launched fully functioning capitalist enterprises, but the flywheel of serfdom brought everything to naught, he also brought to naught the solution of the national question in other regions of the empire, when the free development of each depended on the will of the monarch or bureaucracy. The idea of creating Kazakh independent statehood was concretized in all spheres of his activity. But it so happened that his military art came to the fore, which distinguished all the steppes and which can be called the innate feeling of a fighter. It was considered important for the nomads to conquer the steppe space and time in order to become absolutely free, the feeling of freedom was an innate quality of the steppe dwellers. It was important for them to conquer space and time, to become absolutely free, because the feeling of freedom was also one of the innate qualities of the steppes. The nomads often measured the multidimensionality of the world by the degree of freedom, and in what guise it was for them, this is just a derivative. Thus, the steppes formed their own rules and norms of behavior, values that were reflected in the laws of the steppes. The energy of the spirit of the conqueror of space and time sometimes beat with unbridled force, sometimes burst into a formidable, inevitable state of endless conquest of more and more spaces, and in moments of calm, unusual, transcendental fantasies arose, when militancy exceeded all visible features of the rational. And then great nomadic empires were created and unbridled cruelty fell upon those who were not their own. Similar the spirituality of the steppe dweller guided the actions and the whole life of Kenesary Kasymov, determined the attitude towards people and the whole environment. The tsarist administration used various methods: when strengthening the political positions of one or another sultan, they subjected him to severe isolation; the strengthening of the political positions of the authorities was supported by military forces in the region; extensive measures were taken to build fortifications; an impressive tax pressure was applied, which was heavily reflected in ordinary nomads; intentionally carried out relocation of tribal structures and their fragmentation. All these measures were carried out with the participation of social strata of the Kazakh population loyal to the government. Thus, the whole way of life of the majority of the Kazakh population was violated, traditional ties between clans broke up, which in turn led to mutual insults, the order of nomadism was violated, which led to land disputes for many years. In September 1841, representatives of the three Kazakh zhuzes elected Kenesary Kasimuly as their khan. The dream of the Kazakh people to restore an independent state came true 60 years after the death of Khan Abylai. The tsarist government greeted this news with deep American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 18, July, 2023 94 | P a g e regret and anxiety. The uprising began to take on an element of greater organization and a mass character. By 1844, he was recognized as an all-Kazakh Khan was recognized by all the rulers of Central Asia. According to Zh.B. Kasymbaev, the uprising was suppressed, as the weakly armed detachments of the khan could not resist the well-trained and equipped regular units of the Russian army. In the 30s of the 19th century, tsarism managed to suppress the national liberation uprisings of Poles, Belarusians, Ukrainians and Lithuanians, gaining considerable experience. Kenesary's mistake was that he tried to simultaneously act on several fronts: against Russia, the Kyrgyz manaps, which significantly dispersed the depleted forces of the rebels. There was no unity and common coordinated actions among the sultan's class and the largest rulers of the clans. The suppression of the uprising opened the way for tsarism to wide-scale expansion into the lands of the Kyrgyz themselves, into the territory of Semirechye and South Kazakhstan. Prerequisites were created for the open conquest of Bukhara, Kokand and Khiva. After the suppression of this uprising, tsarism began new administrative reforms in order to more carefully control the restless nomads. In the plans for the conquest of Central Asia by tsarist Russia, Kazakhstan was a strategic point, as it is located between Russia, the Central Asian khanates and China. Ancient trade routes passed through Kazakhstan, and what is not unimportant, military operational lines also ran through Kazakhstan. Only by securing our positions here and pulling up our troops here, it was possible to start carrying out campaigns against the Central Asian khanates and a further offensive against Central Asia and approaching in the southeast close to the borders of China and constituted the most important task of the Central Asian policy of tsarism, brilliantly resolved by him during the 20-40s of the XIX century. And the fact that the Kazakh zhuzes did not consolidate into one powerful force to resist tsarism played into the hands of the Russian Empire. The Russian Empire divided the entire aggressive policy of Central Asia into 4 stages, slowly and thoughtfully carried it out, since the Anglo-Russian rivalry in Central Asia also played a significant role in the foreign policy of tsarism. It took the Russian Empire 10 years to suppress the uprising led by Kenesary Kasymov. So the freedom-loving Kazakh people did not want to submit to the tsarist government. For centuries, the freedom-loving spirit of the steppe dweller was formed here, the sublimated energy of the spirit of the conqueror of space and time sometimes beat with unbridled force, sometimes broke into a formidable, inevitable state of endless conquest of more and more large spaces, great nomadic empires were created. Such spirituality of the steppe dweller guided the actions and the whole life of Kenesary Kasymov, determined his attitude towards people and the whole environment. E. Valikhanov characterizes Kenesary as follows: “Kenesary knew how to be a worthy master of his squads. The spirit with which they were animated would be the envy of any commander of the European troops ... swift in his raids, like an all-crushing steppe hurricane, Kenesary did not stop at any obstacle. On the contrary, every obstacle, it seemed, only irritated his inflexible will and made him more impetuous, bolder in his undertakings, until, finally, all the obstacles on the way to achieving American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 18, July, 2023 95 | P a g e the desired goal were crushed before his energy. All these qualities were highly honored in Kenesary by our nomads, and the hearts of his comrades-in-arms beat with boundless, to the point of selflessness, devotion to their leader. It should be noted that he had the character and traits of a creator, a creator of the Kazakh state, which had to act on equal terms in a number of free neighboring states, incorporating all the best achievements of civilization. E. Valikhanov cites interesting facts of Kenesary's tolerance for various nationalities and their devotion to him: “Together with them (that is, Kazakhs) there were five Russians, four Bashkirs and six Tatars.” But besides them, there were also runaway Russian soldiers - Beleshev and Malkin. So, about Malkin, it was written in a report: “Kenesary, having married him to a rich bride, made him the head, giving him 40 people under his command ... Now they say that Khusni (Bashkir) served as the first Yesaul at Kenesary, and Kichik (that’s how the Kazakhs called Malkin from Kenesary’s entourage.) served as the second ... Kichik became famous there as a wrestler, Kenesary Khan gave him the name Batyr-Murat. CONCLUSION In his scientific article Kabuldinov Z.E. cites the statements of historians and officers of the Russian Empire, characterizing the personality of Kenesary: And I. Ivanin, a major specialist in the military history of Russia, also could not resist laudatory odes to the Kazakh ruler: “Justice requires telling the truth, and although Kenisara was an enemy of Russia until his death, I will not sin against my homeland if I call him “the last batyr of the steppe.” One of the officers of the General Staff, V. Potto, compared Kenesary with the head of the highlanders' movement, Imam Shamil, who: "greatly shook the influence of Russia". And his other colleague, Captain N. Fomakov, enthusiastically wrote about him: “The smart, brave descendant of Ablai, Khan ... managed to make all the attempts of the Siberian detachments against himself futile, since he gained some fame in these countries as a leader.” Definitely Kazakh Khan Kenesary Kasymov is a great khan and a patriot of the Kazakh people. REFERENCES: 1. Ibraev G.M. Russian and Soviet historiography about the uprising of Kenesary Kasimuly//G.M.Ibraev, G.A.Zharimbet, K.D.Narymbaev//Young scientist.-2018-No. https://moluch.ru/archive/200/49098/ 2. Valikhanov E. Kenesary. Moscow - "Young Guard". 2004.234p. 3. Valikhanov E. Kazakhstan in the 20-40s of the XIX century. Alma-Ata 1992. 4. Dilmukhamedov E. The uprising of the Kazakhs under the leadership of Kenesary. Almaty. https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/6517 5. Burkitbay A. The death of Khan Kenesary: truth and fiction// https://e- history.kz/ru/news/show/31806/ 6. Kabuldinov Z.E. Atambaev, hands off Khan Kenesary!// https://e- history.kz/ru/news/show/4067/ 7. Kasymbayeva Zh.B. The last campaign of Khan Kenesary and his death.-Almaty, 2002.142p. https://moluch.ru/archive/200/49098/ https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/6517 https://e-history.kz/ru/news/show/31806/ https://e-history.kz/ru/news/show/31806/ https://e-history.kz/ru/news/show/4067/ https://e-history.kz/ru/news/show/4067/