American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 22, November, 2023 51 | P a g e FROM THE HISTORY OF ESTABLISHMENT KOREAN COLLECTIVE FARMERS IN FERGHANA VALLEY Shavkatbek Mahammadyunusov Doctor of Philosophy in Historical Sciences (PhD), Andizhan State University, Republic of Uzbekistan Abstract: This article describes the forced resettlement of the Korean people from the Far East to Central Asia, especially to the areas of Ferghana Valley in the late 30s of the 19th century and the creation of Korean kolkhoz in Andizhan, Namangan and Ferghana. Keywords: Far East region, Korean people, Central Asia, Ferghana Valley, forced resettlement, Sovet State, Council of Peoples commissars, solution, Uzbek SSR, Uzbekistan, kolkhoz, special settlers, Korean collective kolkhoz. Introduction The policy and practice of voluntary-compulsory relocation of the population, which was founded during the rule of the Russian Empire and started to be implemented in a new form in the first years of the Soviet power, was further enriched during the administration of I.Stalin and began to be implemented on a large scale. In the 30s of the 20th century, during the collectivization of agriculture in the former Soviet Union, people who opposed or protested the construction of a collective farm in various degrees were exiled from their country according to social characteristics. RESEARCH METHODS Since the second half of the 1930s, mass-forced relocations in the country began to be carried out according to the national characteristics of certain population groups. For example, persecution against Finns in the Leningrad Region and Karelian ASSR, Poles in Ukraine and Belarus, Kurds and Iranians in the Caucasus, and Koreans in the Far East intensified. In the criteria of "reliability" in relation to citizens, social origin was relegated to the second level, and national symbols took the main place. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS In the early 1930s and early 1950s, the practice of deporting certain peoples and ethnic groups became a common practice in the Soviet country. Mass relocations became an important component of solving many problems of a political, economic, social and ethnic nature in the Soviet state. The pretext for the relocation of Koreans was that Japanese militarists, in the process of preparing for the war against the USSR, began to relocate local Koreans from the regions of American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 22, November, 2023 52 | P a g e Korea bordering the USSR to other regions, fearing that they would help the Red Army. The leadership of the USSR followed the same path and decided to relocate the Korean population of the Far Eastern border zones to other areas. The Koreans were given the explanation that their relocation was not a reprisal, but a measure to protect them from a possible Japanese attack. In fact, the Soviet state distrusted the Koreans as well as the Finns and Poles, and was afraid of their spying on the Japanese. The relocation of Koreans from the Far East is based on the decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (b) and the USSR Central Committee of the USSR No. 1428-326-ss of August 21, 1937 "On the deportation of Korean residents from the border regions of the Far East" and of the Soviet of People's Commissars of the USSR No. 1571-356-ss of September 17, 1937 and September 28, 1937 It was carried out according to the decisions No. 1647-377-ss "On the deportation of Koreans from the territory of the Far East". According to these decisions, more than 172,000 people of various nationalities were deported from the Far East, most of them Koreans, 7,000 Chinese, about a thousand Germans, Poles and Baltics, and about a thousand war repatriates prisoners of war, refugees and immigrants who were returned to their homeland after their civil rights were restored) organized. In 1937, 95,526 people were deported from the Far East to Kazakhstan, 76,525 to Uzbekistan, and the rest to other Central Asian republics and the Stalingrad region [1.p.92.]. According to the information of the archive department of the NKVD of the Uzbek SSR, until November 13, 1937, 16,307 Korean families, consisting of 74,500 people, were transferred from the East region to the Uzbek SSR [2.p.246.], and they were settled in the regions of the Uzbek SSR in the following amount: 7,861 families in the Tashkent region - Uzong 37321 people; 1940 families - 9147 people to Samarkand region; 823 families - 2804 people to Fergana region; 314 families - 1526 people to Namangan region; 829 families - 3541 people to Andijan region; 243 families - 972 people to Bukhara region; 8 families - 29 people to Surkhandarya region; 1198 families - 5799 people to Khorezm region; 2993 families - 12831 people to Karakalpakstan ASSR. In addition, 99 families consisting of 530 people were given to various people's commissariats to work in regional centers and cities of the Uzbek SSR [3.p.31-32.]. According to the archival document on Korean families settled in the territory of the UZSSR until November 15, 1937, 16,307 Korean families out of 74,500 people relocated to Uzbekistan were settled in the regions of the Fergana Valley. According to the above archival information, 1,995 families or 7,973 Koreans were settled in the regions of Fergana Valley. According to the decision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of the USSR dated November 17, 1937 No. 115-2043 "On benefits for agricultural relocations", the farms that are being relocated should hand over their livestock, grain and other agricultural products to the preparation offices at the exit point, receive appropriate receipts, and at the place of new relocation it is indicated that they can accept livestock and agricultural products of the value indicated in these receipts. At the same time, the decision stipulated that the collective farms that incorporated the newly relocated farms (according to the number of American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 22, November, 2023 53 | P a g e added farms) will be exempted from agricultural tax, cultural levy, insurance payments, and strict state obligations on grain and rice for a period of 10 years [12.p. 17-19.]. On January 13, 1938, the decision of the UZSSR "On measures to organize labor activities of displaced Koreans" [12.p.23-27.]. A number of benefits were established for Korean collective farmers placed in the territories of the republic based on the benefits to the displaced population defined in the decision of the USSR MIK and ISS dated November 17, 1937. Accordingly: a) to ensure that the amount of grain, seeds, and potatoes handed over to the preparation offices at the previous place of residence to Korean evacuees who submitted personal receipts, to allocate 2,300 quintals of grain for distribution until January 1938 for these purposes; b) ensure that the Korean displaced persons are provided with livestock based on the type and weight of the livestock they have handed over to "Zagotskot" or "Glavmyaso" organization in their previous places of residence; c) No later than January 10, 1938, it was decided to organize a food loan of 3 centners of grain for each family regardless of their needs [12.p.24.]. According to the decision of the Central Committee of the UzKP(b) dated March 14, 1938 "On organizational and economic strengthening of collective farms of displaced Koreans in the Uzbek SSR", in 1938 34 independent collective farms consisting of 4,790 Korean family farms were established, and 12,366 hectares of land were cultivated by them. In addition, 3,598 Korean families were placed in 117 collective farms that already existed. In general, in 1938, 9,347 Korean farms were organized into collective farms [13.p.1.]. Korean kolkhozes named after Marks, Ilyich, Stalin, Kaganovich, Dzerzhinsky in Andijan region, Kirov collective farms in Oltinkol region, "Communism" collective farms, "Mayak" collective farms in Fergana region, "Utrennaya Zarya", "New Life" in Kokand region. Ortoq", Chkalov collective farms, "October 20 Yearly" collective farm in Margilon district, "Yangiy'l", "Pakhtakaynar", Okhunboboev collective farms in Tasloq district, "VKP(b)" collective farm in Kuva district [14.p.206.] . "Utrennaya Zarya" collective farm in Kokand district is mainly made up of Koreans, it has a total of 61 farms. These farms are provided with full housing due to the houses received from the former Yusupov state farm. In 1939, the People's Commissariat of Land Affairs of the USSR planned to build 28 one-room houses for Koreans on this collective farm. The "New Life" collective farm in Ko'kan region was also established by Koreans and consisted of 43 farms in total. These farms were provided with housing due to constructions carried out in 1938. In general, in 1939, there were 249 Korean farms in the collective farms of Kokand region [14.p.329.]. And 2800.5 tons of wheat, 941.4 tons of barley, 7229 tons of rice, 84.7 tons of corn, 8.6 tons of sorghum, 10.4 tons of millet, 300 tons of legumes, 98 tons of peanuts, 6668 tons of potato seeds were allocated as loans. Also, for the 1st and 2nd quarters of 1938, working animals and fodder were allocated as a loan. In particular, 8 horses, 2880 kg of oats, 7200 kg of hay to Kokand region, 5 horses, 1800 kg of oats, 4500 kg American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 22, November, 2023 54 | P a g e of hay to Margilan region, 300 horses, 108 000 kg of oats, 270 000 kg of hay to Korean collective farms across the republic. separated [13.p.2.]. At the beginning of 1938, the number of collective farms established from Korean farms in the USSR was 39, and 4134 farms were united in them. Also, the number of Korean farms placed in addition to the existing collective farms was 4246. For example, 1 new collective farm was established in Ko'kan region, 56 farms joined it, 114 farms joined existing collective farms, 82 Korean farms joined 1 new collective farm in Margilan region, 85 Korean farms joined existing collective farms in Voroshilov region, and there are 85 Korean farms in Andijan region. 200 households joined collective farms, 300 households in Namangan region [8.p.28.]. According to the information of November 29, 1938, there were 15 collective farms founded by Koreans in Namangan region. The names of the collective farms and the number of farms in them were as follows: 1) named Telman - 30 2) named Voroshilov - 24; 3) Okhunboboev - 16; 4) Kalinin - 14; 5) named after Stalin - 12; 6) "Society" - 11; 7) named after Dzerzhinsky - 10; 8) named after Lenin - 10; 9) "Red flag" - 8; 10) "United" - 8; 11) "Lenin road" - 6; 12) "Union" - 4; 13) "White gold" - 3; A total of 170 farms were members of collective farms [15.p.40.]. Even by March 1939, there were deficiencies in the timely supply of materials and funds for the construction of some Korean collective farms. One of such farms was 13 Korean transplanted farms of the "Krasnyy partizan" collective farm in Jalakuduq district. Galiaskarov, the chairman of the executive committee of Jalakuduq district, is entrusted with the immediate solution of the problems of these Korean extractive farms [16.p.43,46.]. By the end of 1939, the housing problem was almost solved as a result of the republican government taking decisive measures to speed up the construction of housing for the resettled Koreans as much as possible. In 1939 alone, 4,910 farms were provided with housing [17.p.65.]. New Korean collective farms continued to be established in 1940 with the initiatives of Korean farms. In March 1940, 51 Koreans separated from the Molotov collective farm in the Jalakuduq district collective farm and established a new Korean collective farm called "Partsezd Uzbekistana 9". For the newly formed Korean collective farm, 108 hectares of land were allocated from the land fund of the Molotov collective farm. [18.p.63-65.]. In contrast to other regions, in the Fergana Valley, Koreans were mainly settled on the territory of existing collective farms and state farms, and the establishment of new collective farms consisting only of Koreans was not very popular here. For this reason, in the villages of the Fergana Valley, there were fewer problems in providing Koreans with housing and necessary farm buildings compared to other regions (Tashkent, Samarkand, Khorezm, Karakalpakstan ASSR). The Koreans settled in the cities and regions of the Fergana Valley are not legally resettled, they are referred to as "administrative resettled" in the official language, and no restrictions are imposed on them. That is, Koreans had equal rights with all free citizens, except that they did not have the right to return to their former places of residence. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 22, November, 2023 55 | P a g e In the first years after the mass deportations, despite the prohibitions of the administrative authorities, Koreans began to voluntarily move from the waterless, desert regions of Kazakhstan to the rice-growing regions of Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Of course, the relatively favorable conditions here for living and working were the main factor for most Koreans in Kazakhstan to immigrate to Uzbekistan. According to Vyacheslav Vladimirovich Kim, who currently lives in Andijan, his family was originally moved to the Kyzyl Horde region of Kazakhstan, and came to Uzbekistan from Kazakhstan in 1950. The reason for his arrival was the good conditions for making a living and farming here. The family consisting of 7 people (parents and 5 children) came and settled in the Kosygin collective farm in Stalin (Shahrikhan) district. They live in a one-room house vacated by local Uzbeks. His father, Vladimir Yunkhaevich (1925-2014), worked as a breadwinner on a collective farm. Later, after graduating from the technical school, he worked as a manager in a container warehouse. When they lived in the Shahrikhan region, they had extremely friendly and harmonious relations with the local Uzbeks. The Uzbeks greatly helped the Kimlar family to come and settle here. "Eastern Star" collective farm headed by Hwan in Shahrikhan region is made up of Koreans. The Koreans started rice farming in the uncultivated wastelands. At that time, the "Andreevka" kolkhoz, which was a part of Shahrikhan, and now corresponds to the territory of Bo'ston (former Boz) district, was founded only by Koreans, who were also mainly engaged in rice cultivation. The attitude of the local population to the transplanted Koreans in all places was friendly and cordial. Despite the brutality of the Stalin era, the resettled peoples also enjoyed the traditional hospitality of the Uzbek people. Koreans are well received in all regions and districts [9.p.6-7.]. In the 1950s and 1960s, the process of Koreans leaving the collective farms and starting their lives and work in the cities intensified. The main reason for this is the desire of Koreans to get education and better living conditions compared to the countryside. In this regard, the number of Koreans settling in the cities was more than the number of local residents of Central Asia. For example, while the majority of the urban Korean population of Uzbekistan was in the 1960s, in 1989, 79.8 percent of all Koreans in the republic lived in cities. However, in 1939, only 15.4 percent of Koreans lived in cities. For comparison, in these years, the share of urban residents in the total population of Uzbekistan increased from 23.1 percent to 40.7 percent [19.p.139.]. Groups of Koreans began to appear in all the cities of the valley. In particular, it increased significantly in Kokand (1.1 percent) and Andijan (0.9 percent). [20.p.71]. Koreans began to take an active part in the socio-political, economic and cultural life of Uzbekistan from the time they were resettled. In the 1960s-1980s, a large number of highly educated Korean specialists worked in various state institutions and organizations in Fergana, Andijan and Namangan regions. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 22, November, 2023 56 | P a g e CONCLUSION In general, on the eve of the Second World War and during the war years, mass deportations in the Soviet state intensified. During these years, a certain part of the forcibly displaced peoples was brought to the Uzbek SSR. It should be noted that during this period, the people deported to Uzbekistan became the second region in the whole country in terms of resettlement. The reception and accommodation of such a large number of people in wartime conditions would undoubtedly present great problems to the republican government. Adaptation of the peoples who were forcibly resettled to Uzbekistan to the conditions in the new environment and their participation in the socio-economic processes here is one of the important issues in historiography. 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