American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 23, December, 2023 145 | P a g e KELTIMINAR CULTURE (Based on New Sources) H.H. Egamberganov Doctoral student of Karakalpak State University Abstract This article is supposed to highlight the sources and data obtained in the course of new studies of the Keltiminar Neolithic culture. In the course of the work carried out by the staff of the Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of Ruz, the Uzbek-Polish, Uzbek-French international archaeological expeditions, the monuments of Ayakagitma, Ayakagitma 2, Mount Sultan Uvais, examined the location of individual finds. In addition, the paper highlights the approach to the question of the genesis of the Keltiminar culture in the light of the emergence of new data. Keywords: Neolithic era, Keltiminar culture, VII-VI millennium BC, S.P. Tolstov, A.V. Vinogradov, lower reaches of the Amudarya, Kyzylkum, Ayakagitma, Ayakagitma 2, Sulton Uvais, genesis. Introduction It is known that Kaltaminor culture is of great scientific importance in the study of the material culture of Neolithic communities, which is the final stage of development of the stone age of the personal history of the territory of Uzbekistan. The study of this culture began in the late 30s of the last century by the well-known archaeologist S.P. Tolstov with the discovery of the Jonboss 4 Neolithic monument in the Okchadarya basin of the lower Amudarya [1], and continued in the following years due to the research of A.V. Vinogradov [2]. The culture of Kaltaminor communities in the Lower Zarafshan oasis was studied by O'Islamov [3]. On the basis of these studies, the Kaltaminor communities lived not only in the Akhchadarya basin at the foot of the Amudarya River, but also in the neighboring Uzboy, the ancient valleys of the foothills of the Zarafshan River, Ustyurt, the inner regions of Kyzylkum, South-West Kazakhstan, the Eastern Caspian, Aral Bay, Balkhan and Mangishloq borders, and they had their own unique culture. it became known [4]. The culture of the communities that lived in such vast areas entered the science under the general name - the culture of Kaltaminor historical and cultural communities. A.V. Vinogradov made a scientific analysis of the large amount of archaeological materials obtained and found out that this culture contains several cultural options with a local character. These are local cultural options such as Okchadarya, Lower Zarafshan, Lavlakan [5]. The local cultural variant of Lavlakan inland Kyzylkum was separated by A.V. Vinogradov and E.D. Mamedov and scientifically based [6]. Above, we gave information about the study of the old ancient valleys of the Lower Zarafshan oasis and the monuments related to the culture of the Kaltaminer communities (southern valley-Mohandaryo, Khojayli, Katta and American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 23, December, 2023 146 | P a g e Kichik Tuzkon). Monuments of Kaltaminer communities in Echkiliksoy, Oyakogitma (eastern and western basins) and Daryosoy, considered the Northern basin of Lower Zarafshan, were studied by A.V. Vinogradov and included in scientific treatment (1981). [7] Main Part Now, based on the content of our article, we would like to inform you that the research of the culture of the Neolithic communities of Kaltaminor continues in recent years and up to the present day, and in these researches, new cultural materials are obtained, and by comparing the previous information with the materials of the neighboring regions, it allows to illuminate new aspects of the culture. We would like to start this with information about the discovery of its unknown middle basin (Chorbakti oasis) in the complex of ancient basins of the Lower Zarafshan oasis by A.V. Vinogradov in the 80s of the last century. More precisely, scientific staff of the Khorezm Archaeological Expedition of the Institute of Ethnography of the FA of Russia (A.V. Vinogradov), the Faculty of Geography of TashSU (E.D. Mamedov), the Department of Archeology of SamSU (M.D. Djurakulov, B. Amirkulov, N. Kholmatov) in cooperation in their research in 1984-1986 identified the core. Chorbakhti oasis, one of the ancient riverbeds of the Zarafshan river, is located between the northern and southern riverbeds (at a distance of 50-60 km from the city of Gazli). About 60 Mesolithic and Neolithic monuments were found in the oasis. These archaeological materials were thoroughly interpreted by N.U. Kholmatov, and the results were included in the scientific report [8] Among them, the collections of stone objects of the Chorbakti 11, 23, 27, 41 found sites showed a sharp difference from the cultures of the local Kaltaminor communities. The typological analysis of stone tools made it possible to draw a conclusion that the stone industry of these places is a pointed-bladed industry, with its characteristics, it is close to the culture of the Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic communities of the mountain and mountain slopes of Central Asia. This difference is explained by the fact that the Chorbakti monuments of stone scrapers, scrapers made of firewood, pone-like weapons, flint weapons were found in the stone industry. Another scientific significance of the material culture of the Chorbakti communities is that until now there was no chronological link between the material culture of the Late Paleolithic communities of Samarkand and the Neolithic communities of Sazogon. There was a gap, and Chorbakti sources filled this gap and became a connecting chronological link. The materials of the remaining Neolithic monuments in the oasis represent a similarity to the material culture of Kaltaminore communities[9]. Since the first years of the independence of our republic, cooperation in archaeological research with advanced scientific centers abroad has been established. In particular, international archaeological expeditions began to be conducted to study the personal history and material culture of Stone Age communities. In particular, in the Ayakagitma Neolithic monument of the Lower Zarafshan oasis belonging to the Kaltaminore communities (located in the eastern part of the Ayakagitma basin, which is considered to be a component of the ancient northern basin of the Lower Zarafshan) 1995-2005 Uzbekistan-Poland American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 23, December, 2023 147 | P a g e (K.Shimchak, M.Khojanazarov), 2005 - In 2012, research work was carried out by the international joint archaeological expeditions of Uzbekistan-France (F.Brunet, M.Khojanazarov)[10]. Modern methods were used in the research, and as a result, a large amount of archaeological materials, such as stone, bone tools, ornaments, pottery, many animal, bird, fish bones, especially the remains of domesticated animal bones, were obtained. In the summer of 2005, the staff of the Uzbek-French international archaeological expedition (F.Brunet, M.Khojanazarov, K.Shimchak, B.Safullaev and others) carried out archaeological research in the Lower Amudarya Okchadarya basin and on the slopes of the Sultan Uvais mountain range. In particular, Sultan Uvayis discovered a Paleolithic site near Kyzylkala on the southern slope of the mountain range, and obtained an interesting collection of stone objects from the 23rd and 24th Stone Age sites [11]. The study of the material culture of the Neolithic communities of Kyzylkum region continues unceasingly[12]. For example, in 2021, the employees of Samarkand Archaeological Institute H. Hoshimov, A. Rajabov carried out field archaeological research around Ayakagitma bog of Kyzylkum region, and in this process they found a new Ayakagitma 2nd Neolithic monument on the northern side of Ayakagitma bog. Excavations were carried out in the monument, and a 40-centimeter thick cultural layer was studied. Stone objects (370 pieces) were found in the cultural layer, and microfauna, ocher and campfire remains were studied[13]. It should be noted that in the following years and at the same time, researches dedicated to the study of aspects of the material culture of Kaltaminor communities are being published in the scientific literature. In particular, a number of articles were published by Z.N. Kholmatova on the pottery used by Kaltaminore communities in their lives. These articles contain information on the shape of pottery from Kaltaminore and the patterns reflected in them. The results of the comparative comparison of the shapes and patterns of the ceramics of the local cultural variants of Kaltaminor community culture (Aqchadarya, Lavlakan, Lower Zarafshan) and their differences from each other are reflected in this data. Emphasis is placed on the role of pottery in the cultural relations of Neolithic communities[14]. Also, researchers such as H.Egamberganov, O.R.Nazarov, and S.Kholikov are currently conducting research on issues such as the history of the study of the Kaltaminor culture, the Neolithic cultures studied in the Kaltaminor culture and neighboring regions, and the role of the Kaltaminor culture in the history of Khorezm [ 15]. It is known that in the early studies, the origin of the material culture of the Neolithic communities of Kaltaminor, especially the Lower Zarafshan oases, was connected with the culture of the Mesolithic communities of the Eastern Caspian [16]. Later, V. M. Masson, G. F. Korobkova expressed an opinion that the formation of the culture of the Kaltaminor communities was based on local cultures that have not yet been identified in research, and this opinion is also supported by A. Vinogradov [17]. A.V. Vinogradov acknowledged that certain aspects of the culture of the Mesolithic and Neolithic communities of Kyzylkum were embodied in the modern culture of Samarkand, and that Samarkand is geographically close American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 23, December, 2023 148 | P a g e to Kyzylkum, and tried to connect the roots of the culture of the Mesolithic-Neolithic communities of Kyzylkum to local cultures. Over time, monuments related to the culture of Mesolithic and even Paleolithic communities were discovered and researched in the inner regions of Kyzylkum, Lower Zarafshan oasis [18]. The new sources obtained in the research of these monuments showed the correctness of the opinions expressed by V. M. Masson, G. F. Korobkova, A. V. Vinogradov about the roots of the formation of the material culture of the Neolithic communities of these regions[19]. Therefore, we express the opinion that the culture of the Mesolithic and Neolithic communities of the Kyzylkum region, the Lower Zarafshan oasis was formed autochthonously on the basis of the culture of the communities of the Samarkand region. As mentioned above, the internal areas of Kyzylkum differ from the culture of the surrounding Kaltaminer communities due to the uniqueness of the stone industry (microlithic elements, double-sided arrowheads), and in this respect, Lower Zarafshan, even the Middle Zarafshan oasis, Karatepa mountain. the massif is close to the culture of the Neolithic communities of the northern slopes, the monuments of the early Mesolithic period researched in the oasis of Lower Zarafshan Chorbakhti (near Gazli) in the stone industry of Samarkand, in particular, the monuments of the Central Asian mountain region have the tools typical of the stone industry (core-shaped scrapers, pon-shaped weapons, sewing area) the presence of scrapers, nuclei treated on the sides, fire weapons with different side edges) and the similarity of the raw materials of stone weapons (black flint-shale) provide a scientific basis [20]. Thus, the new information presented above serves to illuminate new aspects of the material culture of Kaltaminor communities and shows how promising the research of the culture of these communities is in the future. Research Novelty and Conclusion 1. In the Lower Zarfshan Chorbakhti oasis, a series of monuments related to Mesolithic communities were researched. 2. In the study of Kaltaminor monuments, the method of dividing the cultural layer into micro layers was used, and new stratigraphic information was obtained; 3. Radicarbon analysis samples were taken from the cultural layers, and on this basis, the chronological date of Kaltaminor culture was made older compared to previous studies (7th-6th millennia BC). 4. The most important thing is that among the remains of animal bones taken from the cultural layer, a modern method was used and the bones of domesticated animals were identified, thus raising the issue of domestic livestock farming in the life of the Kaltaminor communities. 5. Samples of fragments of pottery from the early Neolithic period were found in the study of the shoe monument. References: 1.Толстов С.П. Древней Хорезм. М., 1948. С. 68-77 2.Виноградов А.В. Неолитические памятники Хорезма //МЭХ, вып.8. М., 1968. С. 31- 38; Виноградов А.В. Древние охотники и рыболовы Среднеазиатского междуречья // ТХЭ, Т. ХIII. М., 1981. 173 с. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 23, December, 2023 149 | P a g e 3Гулямов Я.Г., Исламов У., Аскаров А. Первобытная культура и возникновение орошаемого земледелия в низовьях Зарафшана. Ташкент,1966, 123 с. 4.Бижанов Е.Б. 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