American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 23, December, 2023 163 | P a g e TRADITIONS AND LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF STATE ADMINISTRATION IN THE SELJUKS Muxiddin Karimberdiyev Assistant of the Department of "Social Sciences and Sports" of the Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology +99894 152 32 26 Annotation In this article, the Seljuks state administration, history and duties of management officials are highlighted. Keywords: State administration, historical ¬sources , Khorezmshah, Yemen, small Seljuks, Mustavfis , Salahdar, Ishraf Divan, Tugra Divan. Introduction Turkestan, which is considered one of the most ancient cultural centers of humanity, has always stood out for its development despite the ups and downs of historical development. And, of course, life was boiling outside the cities and villages - in the steppe deserts. That is why in the life of the people of Turkestan, the sedentary, semi-sedentary and nomadic lifestyles have existed side by side and are extremely dependent on each other. The peoples who lived in the oases and valleys of Khorezm, Zarafshan, Fergana, Kashkadarya, Surhandarya lived mainly in a sedentary lifestyle for thousands of years, but naturally, nomads and semi-nomads lived in the surrounding deserts. At the same time, it is also known that powerful political dynasties have grown up in the nomadic environment. This is especially evident in the case of the Seljuk dynasty 1. There are a number of historical sources on the history of the Seljuqs , among them "Al- ahkom as-sultaniya wal-walayot ad-diniya" by al-Movardi ("Sultanate rules and religious administrations"), "Politics" by Nizamulmulk, Sadriddin Ali Husayni's " Zubdat at- Tawarikh", "History of Salojaqa", "Saljuqinama" by Zahiriddin Nishopuri, "Hudud ul-Olam" by an unknown author, "Muruj az-Zahab" by Mas'udi, "Tarihi Mas'udi" by Abul Fazl Bayhaqi, "Zain ul" by Abu Said Gardizi. -akhbar", Ibn al-Asim's works "Al-Kamil fit-tarikh" should be highlighted. The works and memoirs of XIII century historians, statesmen who lived in this period, al-Bundari, al-Ravandi, Abul Faraj, ibn Bibi, Juvaini and others, are also of great importance in the study of this period. The Seljuks belonged to the Turkic Oghuz people by origin and lived in a nomadic way in the middle reaches of the Syr Darya. Oguz tribes were divided into several clans. One of these clans was the Qiniq clan, whose leader was a man named Sal-juq ibn Dokak. Historians, especially Ibn al-Asir, described Saljuq as a talented and opinionated leader. For certain 1Azamat Zia. History of Uzbek statehood . - T.: Sharq, 2000 . - B. 124. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 23, December, 2023 164 | P a g e reasons, they settled in Jand region in 925 and then converted to Islam. There are different levels of struggle with other nomadic Turkic peoples 2. was founded by the grandson of Seljuk, Sultan Togrulbek . Seljuk Turks In the 20s of the 11th century , they received many properties from Mahmud Ghaznavi in Khurasan in exchange for their military services. However, the Ghaznavids later sent an army against them and captured Arslan Israel ibn Saljuq and kept him in a military fortress in India (he died in custody in 1032). After many successful battles against the Ghaznavids, the Seljuks captured Nishapur and proclaimed their leader Togrulbek as the sultan (1038). After the victory in the battle of Dandanakon , he was declared the ruler of Khorasan. Asta - slowly the Seljuks Khorasan , Khorezm , West _ _ Iran , Azerbaijan , Iraq ( with Bag ʻ dod together ) . to themselves _ they explained . _ In Baghdad A sermon was delivered in the name of Togrulbek . The Abbasid caliph al-Qaim (reign: 1031-1075) handed over power to Tughrulbek, was forced to recognize him as the sultan and "King of the East and the West" and gave his daughter in marriage to him. Togrulbek Rayi and his brother Chagribek Davud (990-1060) made Marv their capital. In 1050, Togrulbek moved the capital from Rai to Isfahan. Alp Lion and Malikshah dominions during the Seljuks Small Asia and close in the east strong o rnashib _ received _ They defeated the 200,000-strong army of the Byzantine emperor Roman IV Diogenes (1071), conquered all of Asia Minor (1071-81), and later Syria and Palestine. Armenia, Georgia, Shirvan were also subdued. During this period , Balkh , Termiz (1044), Bukhara , Samarkand (1089), and later the Ferghana Valley were united under the Seljuks. Even the Karakhanids of Eastern Turkestan recognized their superiority. Alp Arslan moved the capital from Isfahan to Marv. The Seljuk forces also took control of the lands of Yemen and Bahrain on the Arabian Peninsula . During Malikshah's rule, the Seljuk state was very strong in terms of military and politics. At this time, the capital was again moved to Isfahan. At the end of the 11th century , the Seljuk state included a large area from Eastern Turkestan to the Mediterranean Sea and the Sea of Marmara. This country is located between China and Byzantium. The Seljuks had a great service in stopping the Crusaders' marches to the East. From the end of the 11th century , the Seljuk state began to disintegrate. As a result of the 1st Crusade, the Seljuk state was separated from Georgia, Shirvan and the coastal regions of Asia Minor, Syria and a part of Palestine (1096-99). Several independent sultanates separated from the Seljuk state. For example, the Sultanate of Kermon (1041- 1187), Sultanate of Sham (Syria) (1074-1117), Sultanate of Konya and other Seljuk sultans gave iqto to the leaders of Oguz and other Turkic clans and brave warriors. For example, Malikshah divided the kingdom into 12 provinces and gave them to emirs and army chiefs. Talented people with large properties tried to be independent. After Malikshah's death (1092 ), the struggle for the throne began between his sons. The brothers Sultans Mahmud (reign: 1092-94), Barqiyoruk, Malikshah II (reign: 1104-25), Ghiyaziddin Muhammad (reign: 1105- 2Sagdullayev. A. History of Uzbekistan. Book 1. - T.: Donishmand ziyasi, 2021. - P. 387. https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%CA%BBg%CA%BBrulbek https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saljuq https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandanakon https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuroson https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xorazm https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroq https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag%CA%BBdod https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag%CA%BBdod https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag%CA%BBdod https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag%CA%BBdod https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag%CA%BBdod https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%CA%BBg%CA%BBrulbek https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balx https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxoro https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarqand American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 23, December, 2023 165 | P a g e 18) suppressed the rebellions of some governors, along with the Ismaili movement, especially against the Hashshashis. who are forced to fight. The great Seljuk state was divided into eastern and western parts as a result of the struggle for the throne. Western Iran, Iraq , and Azerbaijan, which entered the western part, were ruled by Sultan Mahmud (reign: 1118-31), son of Sultan Ghiyaziddin Muhammad, under the name of the Iraqi Sultanate (1118-94). He made Hamadan his capital. The eastern part consisted mainly of Khurasan, Seistan, Khorezm and Mowarounnahr, and it was ruled by Sultan Sanjar, the youngest son of Sultan Malikshah, and its capital was Marv. During the peak of Sanjar's power, the Western Seljuks were also under his political influence, and the Ghaznavid state was subordinate to him from 1117. However, Sanjar's power weakened as a result of the invasion of the Karakhitans from the east to Movarounnahr, and in the famous Battle of Qatvan near Samarkand (September 9, 1141), they together with the Qarluqs crushed the combined army of the Seljuks and the Karakhanids. It was separated from the main part of Movarounnahr first, and then Khorasan. Qutbiddin Muhammad from the Anushtegins, especially during the time of Atsiz, Khorezm separated from the Seljuk state and restored its independence. Without a horse, he even captured the Seljuk capital Marv and besieged Nishapur (1141-42). After the death of Sanjar (1157 ), the rule of the Seljuks in Khorasan ended. Khurasan came under the rule of the Ghuz (Oghuz). In 1117, the Sultanate of Sham (Syria) of the Seljuks, and in 1187, the Sultanate of Kermon were also terminated. From the second half of the 12th century , the Khorezmshahs dealt strong blows to the Iraqi sultanate of the Western Seljuks. Khorezmshah Takash crushed the Iraqi sultanate and annexed it to his state (1194). Only the Sultanate of Konya (Anatolia or Rum) in Asia Minor ruled until the beginning of the 14th 3century . This state left a deep mark in the history of our country . exercised complete control over Islamic Central Asia and the Middle East from 1040 to 1157. For most of its history, the empire was divided into a western and an eastern half and had no single capital or political center. In the east, the headquarters of the Seljuk dynasty was Marv in present-day Turkmenistan. In the west, various cities where Seljuk rulers lived from time to time served as Ray, Isfahan, Baghdad, and later Hamadad. These western lands were called the Sultanate of Iraq. From 1118, most of the Seljuk rulers of Iraq recognized the rule of the great Seljuk Sultan Sanjar, who ruled in Marw and was known by the title "al-sultan". Azam "The Greatest Sultan". The Seljuk rulers of Iraq are often referred to as the "Little Seljuks" 4. Much of the ideological character of the Seljuk Empire was derived from the earlier Samanid and Ghaznavid kingdoms, which in turn emerged from the Persian-Islamic imperial system of the Abbasid Caliphate. This Persian-Islamic tradition was based on the ideas of kingship formed in the Islamic framework of pre-Islamic Iran. A small part of the public symbol used by the Seljuks was Turkic, i.e. tugra. The inhabitants of the Seljuk Empire considered this Persian-Islamic tradition more important than the customs of the desert. 3https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuqilar_imperiyasi 4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 23, December, 2023 166 | P a g e It is recorded that different emblems and flags were used by the Seljuks in different periods. The early Seljuks used their traditional symbols, but gradually adopted local Muslim symbols and flags. The official flag of the empire was probably a black flag similar to that of the Abbasid Caliphate. The flag is decorated with symbols that are superimposed or superimposed on the flag 5. Let's talk about the Seljuk government. A representative of the Seljuk dynasty stood at the top of the state in the position of supreme ruler. He had the title of Sultan (Sultan ul-Azam). In his name, sermons were read and coins were minted. The throne was inherited from father to son. His rights and duties included the distribution of property, land and water, appointment to important state and administrative positions, keeping abreast of state income and expenditure, and controlling the activities of subordinate officials and servants. Also, the Supreme Governor had to monitor the applications and complaints against his officials and servants , the income of officials, tax payers, and the activities of their leaders. The development of the country, the construction of artificial irrigation systems, the construction of bridges, the improvement of villages, the knowledge of the condition of crops, the construction of fortresses, new cities, the construction of high buildings, the construction of rabots (hotels) along the main roads, the opening of madrasas, etc. implementation of measures necessary for the development of the state was also the responsibility of the Supreme Ruler. At the top of the Seljuk state was the supreme ruler - the sultan (sultan ul azam). The administrative system of the Seljuks was divided into two: dargahs and devans , like those of the Samanids, Karakhanids, and Ghaznavids . The main positions in dargokh are listed as Ulug Hajib, Khoris Amir (Amiri Kharis), Salakhdar, Khos Vakil, Alamdar, Zhondor, Tashtdar, Sarhang, Mirokhur. The prime minister's office is at the top of the central administration. There were official departments such as Dewani Tugro, Dewani Istifa (Department of Finance), Dewani Ishraf (Department of Control), Dewani Arz (Military Ministry). Governors of provinces also had their own devans. The governors were appointed by the sultan, and they were in charge of all areas related to the life of the region: finance, taxation, court, military affairs, and punishment agencies. The administrative system at the district and city levels was almost the same 6. In the Seljuk government, especially during the reign of Sultan Sanjar, military commanders played a major role in the government. Most of the military commanders and generals were from different clans and tribes (Oghuz, Turkmen, Khalaj, Chigil, etc.). The class of military commanders exerted their influence on the government led by Sultan Sanjar and demanded to act according to their will. The position of the military commanders became stronger after the defeat of Sultan Sanjar in the Qatwan desert 7. 5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire 6https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuqilar_imperiyasi 7 Bohodir Eshov . History of statehood and administration of Uzbekistan . - T.: New century generation , 20 12 . - B. 112. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 23, December, 2023 167 | P a g e All of the above-mentioned officials had duties assigned to them. For example: Sallahdar - the armorer in the palace, especially the things belonging to the sultan. Khos wakil is the manager of dargokh affairs. Alamdar - holder of the Sultan's banner. Jondor-Sultan and dargokh security. Chashnagir was the person responsible for the sultan's food. In the Seljuk state, especially during the Great Seljuks Toghrulbek, Alp Arslan, Malikshah, and Sanjar periods, there was a great rise in economic and cultural life. Crafts developed: textiles, pottery, jewelry, glassmaking, blacksmithing, tanning, and carpet weaving were developed. The great silk money passed through the central cities of the vast kingdom. Trade relations with the countries of Eastern Europe, Byzantium, India, and China developed rapidly. Malik Shah exempted the merchants of Khurasan and Iraq from paying customs duties to revive trade between East and West . Oil products are brought to Turkestan through the Caspian Sea. Internal trade is also developed. The country introduced a dinar minted from pure gold (red dinar). In addition, there were local dinars (rukni) and copper dirhams. The service of the prime minister was also of special importance in the Seljuk government system. He headed the activities of all the existing devans (ministries) while standing at the top of the central administration (devani ala). He was responsible for controlling the work of the treasury, finance, tax, and production institutions belonging to the state. According to the sources, the prime minister is described as rais ur-ruaso (chief of the chairmen), said ur- ruaso (eldest of the chiefs), it can be said that his activities were related to all areas of the country's domestic and foreign policy. For example, he had the right to communicate and negotiate with the rulers of dependent countries and representatives of foreign countries on behalf of the sultan . On the other hand, it is natural that the activity on such a large scale took a toll on him. That is why the prime minister worked through his special representatives and supervisors. He also had the authority to hire, pay, and fire employees. So, the prime minister has a lot of rights. At the same time, he had no rights regarding the distribution of land and property. This authority remains at the disposal of the sultan. Princes and princesses also had their ministers. However, the famous Nizamul Mulk (1018 or 1020-1092), who served as prime minister of the Seljuks, pointed out that this situation is against the interests of the state : " When the work of kingship falls into the hands of women and children, you know that the kingship will leave that house." Speaking about devans, it should be noted that they are divided into two categories : dynastic and official devans. As the name suggests, the dynastic cabinet was related to the activities of the ruling house, and was involved in the management, calculation, and taxation of property, land, water, treasury, etc. belonging to it. The official offices are those in the following order: the office of tugro, the office of resignation, the office of honor, the office of arz. The Tugro department was considered the most important among these departments, and its head was in the position of the deputy prime minister. In this divan, decrees, decisions, official correspondence and documents of the supreme ruler were prepared and then distributed to him for sealing. Sending official documents to places, receiving documents from them, sending letters to foreign countries, and ensuring confidentiality of American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 23, December, 2023 168 | P a g e state documents were under the control of the employees of this cabinet . Not everyone could be hired for this service . The next ministry is Istif, that is, the Ministry of Finance. State revenue, taxes, duty and other financial income, their separate registration is at the discretion of the same cabinet. This ministry was engaged in collecting taxes in the appropriate lists and amounts through its local departments , recording the work done in separate notebooks. Departments have submitted separate and detailed reports to the center on each activity, such as tax collection . It can be seen from the fact that its employees (mustawfis) directly interfered and controlled even the income and expenditure of the Retirement Office, the state of the treasury, the calculation of the available cash, the expenses, salaries, and allowances of the dependents of the state. . Another ministry is the Ishraf Diwan. Its departments also operated in regions and cities. In a word, the essence of this service provides the concept of state control. The proof of this can be seen through the activity scope of the Ishraf service: control and verification of financial and tax accounts, general control over the properties belonging to the foundation, lands and waters belonging to the dynasty, valuable financial papers, mints, valid seals, market officials, tax collectors, control over village elders and other officials. The control was also secret in its place. Devoni arz is a unique military institution (Ministry of Military Affairs), which includes the salary and supplies (food and clothing) for the army, the list of the military, its updating, the composition of the military units, the type and size of their expenses, transport, military he was responsible for such things as provisioning during the campaigns, organizing military inspections in time. It is possible to clearly imagine how the work of 8this devan and the system of devans in general was carried out through the following example: if the salary of an army officer was to be increased or reduced, it was considered necessary to first agree on this with the financial and tax authorities. During the Seljuk era, the following dignitaries stood ready to serve the people and the sultan. The great hajib is the closest person of the supreme ruler, the official who coordinates the relations between the dargah and the divans, organizes official receptions; Amin hos - an official involved in the execution of sentences issued by the Supreme Ruler; Salahdar - an official who is responsible for keeping weapons in the palace, especially things belonging to the supreme ruler; Khos Vakil - the official who manages the affairs of the dargah; Jangdor is an amalor who ensures the safety of the sultan and the dargah. In addition, officials such as jomador, wine-bearer, chashnigir (responsible for the sultan's meals), sarhang, mirokhor, and tashtdar were also in the service of the dargah under the supreme ruler. 8https://www.facebook.com/UzbekVoice/posts/Saljuqilarkishiliking-eng-qadimgi-madaniy-ochaklarin-biri- hisoblanmish-turki/685300438339884/ American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 23, December, 2023 169 | P a g e The offices of the Seljuks were divided into dynastic and official offices. The dynastic councils were engaged in management and accounting related to the activities of the supreme ruler's household 9. If we come to the state of economic relations during the Seljuk period, we should not think about the economic relations of the whole kingdom, i.e., the area from Movarounnahr to the Mediterranean Sea, but focus on the aspects of this issue related to the region. In this sense, agriculture, which was of great importance for its time, developed, and mainly the expansion and improvement of artificial irrigation systems paved the way for this. For example, activities such as repairing dams, building new ones, building underground and surface water facilities, using advanced farming methods, and creating artificial water reservoirs are the main factors in the development of agriculture at that time. Achievements in the fields of grain growing, horticulture, policing, vegetable growing, cotton growing, and cocoon growing were less than in previous periods and in other regions. For example, melons, Jurjon (Gurgon) dates, sugarcane, lemons, Nisa grapes, quinces, eggplants, and Marv wheat were famous not only in the region, but also outside of it 10. In conclusion, we can emphasize that we can conclude the necessary parts of the Seljuk state's management methods from history, take the useful aspects and apply them to the development of our country. References 1. Azamat Zia. History of Uzbek statehood . - T.: Sharq , 2000 . 2. Bohodir Eshov . History of statehood and administration of Uzbekistan . - T.: New century generation, 20 12 . 3. Sagdullayev. A. History of Uzbekistan. Book 1. - T.: Donishmand ziyasi, 2021. 4. https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuqilar_imperiyasi 5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire 6.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire 7. https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuqilar_imperiyasi 9 Sagdullayev. A. History of Uzbekistan. Book 1. - T.: Donishmand ziyasi, 2021. - P. 394. 10 Azamat Zia. History of Uzbek statehood . - T.: Sharq , 2000 . - B. 131. https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saljuqiylar_imperiyasi https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saljuqiylar_imperiyasi